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1. Voltage Operated
2. Current Operated
CURRENT OPERATED
VOLTAGE OPERATED
Stabilizing voltage
The voltage developed across the CT secondary during maximum fault condition.
Vs ≥ If * ( Rct + (2 * RL))
The maximum fault current (IF ) or Maximum short circuit current is the base value for
design the substation system. The Equipment specifications and relay settings are
calculated based on the Maximum fault current value of the system.
The Maximum fault current is specified in the standard for each system voltage
380 kV 63kA
230 kV 63kA
115 kV 40 kA
34.5 kV 25 kA
13.8 kV 21 kA
IF - 60kA
Consider 3000/1 Tap used for Bus bar protection and Rct = 4.65 ohms
Example:
RL at 75 dec C = RL ( 1+ ∞ 20 (T2-T1))
Stabilizing voltage
Vs ≥ IF * ( Rct + (2 * RL))
Vs = 21 X ( 4.65 + ( 2 X 1.88 ))
= 177 volts
Therefore in maximum fault current the voltage developed across the CT secondary at the
relay end is 275 V.
Calculate voltage actually need to operate the relay or total voltage drop in the secondary
circuit during the Maximum fault condition
Is = 0.091 A
This is the secondary current drop during the fault condition. In other words this is the
current enough to operate the protection relay.
This voltage and current is too small compared to Maximum fault current and
corresponding voltage.
This secondary operating current can achieve even leakage or through fault.
So we have to decide the fault current at which the relay should operate
Shunt Resistor
Say The primary fault current 742A at which the relay should operate.
This is called bias value and up to this value relay should not operate.
To achieve this condition add some resistance and increase the Is secondary leakage current
value.
So select the 2700 ohms Variable resister and adjust the value.
Adjust the resistance value according to our primary operating fault current requirement .
Vs = 175 V
Ir = 0.20A
=888 Amps should be develop in primary and 0.266 Amps should be flow through the
Secondary circuit to operate the relay with this setting.
CT SUPERVISION RELAY
The CT-1 load current will start to flow through both relays.
This is not a fault current but it causes unnecessary trip. To avoid this trip CT supervision
relay is used.
The voltage setting of this relay is very low with time delay.
So this relay will operated for leakage current and its contact short the CT.
Main relay setting is Grater then this value and instantaneous. So for heavy internal busbar
fault Main protection will operate immediately.
Open 'R' phase CT will save by metrosil mounted near the CT marshaling box.
METROSIL
During Heavy fault condition Protection relay will immediately clear the fault . If fault not
clear and secondary fault voltage will damage the relay.
This kind of situation Metrosil will short the CT secondary circuit and save the relay coil.
Some times circuit is open due to relay coil damage. In this situation if fault occur heavy
voltage will develop and CT get damage. To avoid this metosil will short the circuit and save
the CT.
Metrosil should withstand the for voltage develop due to maximum shout circuit stability
voltage Vs.
1. Calculate the Primary operating current for relay setting value current
3. Drown out the CT supervision Relay to reduce the load for Primary injection kit.
4. Drown out the Main protection relay and circuit will short in side and get closed path.
5. Open the metrosil one side wire ( Don't short the Metrosil)
5. Slowly inject the primary current and reach 0.2 Ampls secondary
6. Now inset the Protection relay let it operate and measure the current.
7. Primary current value will if Metrosil , Resistor , CT supervision relay are include in the
circuit.
1. Calculate the Primary operating current for relay setting value voltage
CT ratio = 3000/1
3. Drown out the CT supervision Relay to reduce the load for Primary injection kit.
4. Drown out the Main protection relay and circuit will short in side and get closed path.
5. Open the metrosil one side wire ( Don't short the Metrosil)
5. Slowly inject the primary current and reach 0.2 Ampls secondary
6. Now inset the Protection relay let it operate and measure the Voltage.
Don't inject the current continuously to the relay. Because relay will get
damage.
PROCEDURE FOR
BUSBAR DIFFERENTIAL STABILITY
1. Check the polarity P1-P2 and S1-S2 for the Incomer panel and the feeder panel physically
and verify it as per the drawing.
2. Check the CT ratio of Bus differential core for Incomer is same as for the Feeder.
3. Connect the primary injection kit one end of the cable to Phase A of the Incomer Panel and
other end of the cable to Phase A of the feeder panel.
4. The circulation of the current should flow from the incomer secondary to the feeder
secondary current circuit.
5. Check the FT switches links for the corresponding CT circuits are closed.
6. Inject 10% (for eg. Say 50A and ct ratio 500/5A) of the current through the test kit.
7. Measure the current flowing thro FT in Incomer Panel A Phase CT circuit. (Approximately
it will come 0.5 A)
8. Measure the current flowing thro FT in the Feeder panel A phase CT circuit. (Approximately
it will come 0.5 A).
9. Measure the Current flowing in the Relay is 0 Amps and the relay will not sense any fault
current for trip. This shows the Stability of the Differential relay.
10. Switch off the primary injection test kit.
11. Now to check the operation of the relay, swap the polarity S1-S2 for any one the incomer CT
circuit or the feeder CT circuit.
12. Inject the current again in the same phase; the relay will operate to trip the circuit. Measure
the current in the Relay (Approximately it will come 1A), it reads summation of the incomer
and feeder secondary current to operate the relay. This shows the Sensitivity of the
Differential relay.
13. Turn off the Injection test kit.
14. Normalize the CT circuit back as per the system.
15. Similarly follow the above same procedure for B phase and C phase and also for the other
Outgoing feeders