Cl;lr;rj;jpid cWjp nra;Ak; tPl;Lf;fha;fwp Njhl;lk;

rkr;rPuhd czTf;F goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; Xh; Kf;fpa mq;fkhFk;. ,it ek;
clYf;Fj; Njitahd itl;lkpd; kw;Wk; jhJf;fis nfhLf;ff; $bajhFk;.
cztPl;lhsh;fspd; ghpe;Jiug;gb jpdrhp xU kdpjd; ruhrhpahf 85 fpuhk; goq;fs;> 300
fpuhk; fha;fwp cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ jpdrhp ehk; 30 fpuhk; goq;fs; kw;Wk;
120 fpuhk; fha;fwpfs; kl;LNk cl;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
ekJ njspthd ghh;itf;Fk;> tpopfspd; eyDf;Fk; itl;lkpd; “V” vd;W
nrhy;yg;glf;$ba caph;rj;Jfs; kpfTk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa caph;r;rj;Jf;fs; fPiu
tiffs;> fhul;> guq;fp> rh;f;fiu ts;sp Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpfk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. itl;lkpd;
“rp” rj;J> gr;irf; fha;fwpfshd fPiufs;> gr;irkpsfha;> Kl;il NfhR kw;Wk; jf;fhsp
Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf mstpy; cs;sJ. ,r;rj;Jf;fs; clypd; Neha; vjph;g;Gr; rf;jpf;
fhuzpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
jtpu Rz;zhk;G kw;Wk; gh];gu]; rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j fha;fwpfshd gPd;];>
nte;jaf;fPiu. nts;shp> jf;fhsp> Kl;ilf;NfhR Mfpatw;iw mjpf mstpy; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ ekJ vYk;G tsh;r;rp jq;F jilapd;wp tsh;r;rp ngWfpwJ. kdpjdpd;
MNuhf;fpa tho;tpy; ,Uk;G rj;Jk; Kf;fpa gq;F ngWfpd;wJ.
nghJthfNt fha;fwpfs; ehh;r;rj;J kpFe;jitahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ekJ
clypy; Flypd; mirTfs; vspjpy; J}z;lg;gl;L cl;nfhs;sg;gLk; czTfs; vspjhf
nrhpf;f cjTfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ehk; fPiufs; mjpfk; cztpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ
tapW rk;ge;jkhd cly; eyf;NfhshWfs; kyr;rpf;fy; Nghd;wit Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

tPl;Lf; fha;fwp Njhl;lk; mikj;jy;

tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; mtuth; Njitf;Nfw;g tPl;bd; egh; vz;zpf;if> taJ> cj;jpNahf
Neuk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g nrbfspd; Njh;T NtWgLk;. rpwpath;> Kjpath; ,Uf;Fk; tPl;by;
fPiutiffs; mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk;. mYtyfk; nry;gth;fs; tPl;by; fha;fwpfs; mjpfkhf
Njitg;gLk;. vdNt tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;ij mtw;wpw;Nfw;g guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tPl;L Njhl;lj;jpd; miktplk;

Njh;T nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; tPl;L tshfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mJ ghJfhg;ghfTk;>
epyj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ Kjy; mWtil nra;tJ tiu Rygkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,ilapilNa
fpilf;Fk; kpff; Fiwthd Neuq;fisAk; gaph; guhkhpg;gpaw;;nfd;W xJf;fp epiwthd gad;
ngwyhk;. tPl;Lf; fha;fwpj; Njhl;lj;jpw;nfd;W xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT epyk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$l mtrpakpy;iy. ek;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; fpilf;Fk; fhy Neuq;fisg;
nghUj;Jk; ekJ jpl;lkpl;l fha;fwpj; Njitf;F Vw;gTk; Njhl;lj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpd; msitg; nghWj;J tPl;Lf; fha;fwpj; Njhl;lj;ij rpwpa> nghpa kw;Wk;
eLj;ju Njhl;lkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;L guhkhpf;fyhk;.
tPl;Lf;fha;fwp Njhl;l tbtq;fs; ,t;thW jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw
,y;iy. Mdhy;> nghJthfNt ehk; ,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpw;Nfw;g mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
rJukhf tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk; mikg;gij tpl nrt;tfkhf mikg;gJ ehk; VJthf guhkhpg;G
gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; mikAk;.
nghJthf Ie;J egh; cs;s xU FLk;gj;jpw;F 5 nrd;l; epyk; (200 rJu kPl;lh;) tUlk;
KOtJk; gad; ngwg; NghJkhdjhFk;.

Ntypapd; tpjk;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpw;fhd mikg;Gj; jpl;lk; tFf;Fk; Kd;> ek; tPl;bd; gpd;Gwk; cs;s
fhypahd epyj;ij Rw;wpYk; ey;y ghJfhg;ghd Ntyp Nghl Ntz;Lk;. Ntyp NghLtjd; %yk;
me;epah;fs;> ML kw;Wk; khLfs; GFe;J tplhky; jLf;fg;gLtNjhL Ntypapy; ehk; glUk;
fha;fwpg; gaph;fis gaphpl gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk; tbtikj;jy;

kz; Neh;j;jp nra;jy;

kz;zpy; cs;s G+r;rp G+rzq;fis mopf;f ehw;wq;fhypy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; njhO cuk;
nrk;kz; Nghd;wtw;iw ey;y R+hpa ntg;gj;jpy; fha itj;jgpd; cgNahfg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. 50 fpNyh njhO cuj;jpy; 2 fpNyh biuNfhnlh;kh tphpb> 2 fpNyh
R+NlhNkhdh]; vd;Wk; caph; G+Q;rhz nfhy;ypia fye;J itj;J 1 khjk; fopj;J
Clfj;jpy; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. neLq;fhyg; gaph;fshf kh> rg;Nghl;lh> ney;yp
Nghd;wtw;iw Njhl;lq;fspd; Xukhf elT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd kuq;fspy;
,Ue;J epoy;fs; kw;w gFjpia ghjpj;jy; $lhJ.
Njhl;lj;jpd; ,ilapYk; kw;Wk; Xug;gFjpapYk; NghJkhd msT ghij tpl Ntz;Lk;.
Xt;nthU ghj;jp fiufspYk; Nth; (gPl;&l;> Ks;sq;fp> kuts;sp> Nridf; fpoq;F>
Nrg;gq;fpoq;F> rpWts;spf;fpoq;F> ngUts;spf; fpoq;F) tif gaph;fis Njh;T nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
nfhj;jky;yp> nghd;dhq;fd;dp> kzj;jf;fhsp kw;Wk; nte;ja fPiu Nghd;w fPiu
tiffis ghijfspd; mUfpy; gaphplyhk;.
gaph; thpir Kiw kw;Wk; Row;rp Kiwfis rhpahf gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
%iyg; ghfq;fshd ,lq;fspy; NjdP $L mikj;jy; kfue;j Nrh;f;iff;F rpwe;j top
tFf;Fk;.
xd;W (m) ,uz;L vU Fopfs; mikf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; tPl;L fopTfis
kf;fr; nra;J gaph;fSf;F ,l Ntz;Lk;.
G+r;rp kUe;J njspj;jy; $lhJ. vdNt GOf;fis fz;lTld; vLj;J mopj;J tpl
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; 2 kpy;yp Ntg;g vz;nza; fye;J njspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

tpij Neh;j;jp
ePhpy; %o;Fk; tpijfisNa Njh;e;njLj;J tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpijfis Neha;
G+Q;rhzq;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;f caph;f;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfshd l;iuNfhnl;hkh tphpb xU
fpNyh tpijf;F 4 fpuhk; mstpYk; R+NlhNkhdh]; g;Nshurd;]; xU fpNyh tpijf;F 10
fpuhk; vd;w mstpYk; fye;J gpd; 24 kzp Neuk; fopj;J tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpijfs;
tPhpaj;Jld; Kisj;J tsu caph; cukhd mNrh];ighpy;yk; xU fpNyh tpijf;F 100 fpuhk;
vd;w mstpy; fye;J tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Neubahf tpijf;fg;gLk; fha;fwpf;fhd tpij Neh;j;jp

ntz;il> nfhj;jtiu> jl;ilg;gapW Mfpa tpijfis Njitahd msT
mNrh];ighpy;yk; vd;w Ez;Zaph; cuj;Jld; fyf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; tpijia Nrhw;Wf;
fQ;rpAld; Njitahd msT fye;J mjhtJ tpijapd; Nky; gug;Gfspy; Nrhw;Wf; fQ;rp
nkd;ikahf glUk; msT fye;J gpd;G mjd; Nky; mNrh];ighpy;yk; Ez;Zaph;
fyitiaj; J}tp xNu rPuhff; fye;J epoypy; Rkhh; miukzp Neuq;fSf;F cyu itf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G ,t;thW Neh;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpijfis ghh;fspd; xU Gwj;jpypUe;J
cukpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 5 nr.kP cauj;jpy; Fj;Jf;F 2 tpij tPjk; 30 nrkP
,ilntspapy; tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fPiu tiffSf;F tpij Neh;j;jp nra;tnjd;gJ kpfTk; vspJ. tpijfSld;
NghJkhd msTf;F FWkzy; fyf;fg;gl;L fhh;ghpy; vdg;gLk; 10 rj eidAk; J}is fye;J
ghj;jpfspy; xNu rPuhf J}t Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G ,jd; Nky; fha;e;j kzy; my;yJ kz; nfhz;L
%btpl Ntz;Lk;. clNd ,Nyrhd ePh;ghrdk; nra;tjd; %yk; 3k; caph;; jz;zPh;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; tpijj;j 6-8 ehl;fspy; Kisj;J ntsptUk;.
rpwpa ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; nts;isg; G+z;L tiffspy; ngUk;ghYk; G+z;L
fpoq;Ffis tpijf;f gad;gLj;JtJz;L. ngy;yhhp kw;Wk; rpwpa ntq;fhak; rpy rkak;
tpijfs; %ykhfTk; cw;gj;jp gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. tpij %yk; cw;gj;jp gz;zg;gLk; NghJ
tpij Neh;j;jp kpfTk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,t;tpijfs; ngUk;ghYk; mNrh];ighpy;yk; vd;w
ghf;Bhpahitf; nfhz;L tpij Neh;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ehw;wq;fhypy; xU rJu
kPl;lUf;F 1 fpNyh vd;w mstpy; tp.V.vk; vd;w ed;ik nra;Ak; G+rzf; fyitia
fye;JtpLtjd; %yk; ehw;Wfis G+rz Neha;fspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
ghfy;> Gly;> G+rzp Nghd;w tpijfis Neubahf tpijf;Fk; Kd; tpij Neh;j;jp
mtrpakhfpwJ. 10 fpuhk; tpijf;F Rkhh; 1 fpuhk; vd;w mstpy; jpuk; kUe;ij fye;J tpij
Neh;j;jp nra;jgpd; ePh; Cw;wpa gpd;G Fop xd;Wf;F 3 tpij tPjk; el Ntz;Lk;. FopfSf;F
ePiu Cw;wpa gpd;dh; Fopfis ypz;Nld; 1.3 rjj;J}isj; J}tp tpLtjd; %yk;
vWk;GfsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f KbAk;. tpijfs; Kisj;J te;j gpd;dh; njspthd ed;F
tsuf;$ba xU ehw;iw tpl;L tpl;L kw;w nrbfisf; fiyj;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
jf;fhsp> fj;jhp> kpsfha; Nghd;w fha;fwpg; gaph;fs; nghJthfNt tpij %yk; cw;gj;jp
gz;zg;gLtJ kl;Lky;yhky; ,itfSf;F ehw;wq;fhy; vd;w ,staJg; gUtj;ijf; fle;j
gpd;Ng eLtaypy; elg;gl;L gaph;fshf guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tPl;L Njhl;lk; mikj;jypd; gad;fs;
fha;fwpfSf;fhd MFjl cw;gj;jp nryT kw;Wk; thq;Fk; tpiy FiwAk;.
,aw;if Kiwapy; rj;J epiwe;j ,urhaz nghUl;fspd; jhf;Fjy; ,d;wp fha;fwpfs;
goq;fs; kw;Wk; %ypiffis ngwyhk;.
tUle;NjhWk; cztpw;Fk; kUe;jpw;Fk; Vw;gLk; cldbj; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ.
tPl;Lf; fha;fwpj; Njhl;lk; mikg;gjd; %yk; tPl;bw;F moF Nrh;f;fyhk;.
nrbfisg; ghJfhj;jy; xU ey;y nghOJ Nghf;fpidj; jUk;.
tPl;by; cs;s ngz;fs;> nghpath;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;F mUikahd kw;Wk;
,yhgfukhd nghOJ Nghf;ifAk;> Foe;ijfSf;F xU ey;y tpopg;Gzh;itAk; jUk;.
Mq;fpy kUe;Jfisg; Nghd;W %ypifg; gaph;fs; ve;j tifapYk; gf;f tpisTfisj;
juhJ.
Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oiy Rfhjhukhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk;.

1. tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpw;Nfw;w go kw;Wk; fha;fwp gaph;fs;

go gaph;fs; kh> thio> rg;Nghl;lh> gg;ghsp> ney;yp> nfha;ah

jf;fhsp> kpsfha;> fj;jhp> ntz;il> fPiu> ghfy;> gPh;fd;> Gliy>

kuts;sp> ntq;fhak;> mtiu> nrf;Fukzp fPiu> nghd;dhq;fd;dp>
fha;fwpg; gaph;fs;
Ks;sq;fp> gPl;&l;> Nrid> Nrg;gq;fpoq;F fUNtg;gpiy> Nfhitf;fha;>
KUq;if

thrid gaph;fs; kQ;rs;> nfhj;jky;yp kw;Wk; nte;jak;

kyh;g; gaph;fs; ky;ypif> nrk;gUj;jp> ee;jpahtl;il> Nuh[h> rk;gq;fp

khjphp tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk;

ney;yp KUq;if KUq;if

Nfhitf;
gg;ghsp
fha;
vYkpr;ir khJis ehw;wq;fhy;
ghij

fUNtg;gpiy

%ypifg; gaph;fs; ([pk;dpkh>

mtiu nrf;Fikzp fPiu ghfw;fha;
J}Jtis> Xk;ty;yp> Jsrp)

Gjpdh fPiu
 ngUts;spf; Nridf;
nghd;dhq;fd;dp ntz;il
fpoq;F fpoq;F

rpWts;spf;
Gliy nfhj;jky;yp fj;jhp nfhj;jtiu KUq;if
fpoq;F

nghhpay;
nte;jak; kpsfha; Nrg;gq;fpoq;F
jl;il

rpwpa
nghpa ntq;fhak; jf;fhsp kuts;sp Ks;sq;fp gPl;&l;
ntq;fhak;

2. tPl;Lf; fha;fwpj;Njhl;lj;jpd; fha;fwp rhFgbf; Fwpg;Gfs;

tpij elT
fha;fwpg;
t. msT elT taypy; taypy; mWtil
gaphpd; ePh;ghrdk;
vz; (10 elg;gLk; Kiw ,il tUk; fhyk;
ngah;
nr.kP) ntsp

mt;tg;NghJ el;l mWgJ

tPl;bd; fopT ehl;fspYk;
ehw;Wtpl;L 25 ePiug;gad;g mjw;F gpd; 2-3
45 x 30
1 jf;fhsp 5 fpuhk; ehl;fspy; el Lj;jp ehl;fs;
nrkP
Ntz;Lk; ePh;ghrdk; ,ilntspapy;
nra;tJ 10 mWtil
ed;W nra;ayhk;
mt;tg;NghJ
tPl;bd; fopT elT el;l 60
ehw;Wtpl;L 35
ePiug;gad;g ehspypUe;J 5
Kjy; 40 60 x 45
2 fj;jhp 5 fpuhk; Lj;jp khjq;fs; tiu
ehl;fSf;Fs; nrkP
ePh;ghrdk; mWtil
eLjy; Ntz;Lk;
nra;tJ nra;ayhk;
ed;W
mt;tg;NghJ
ghh;fspd;
tPl;bd; fopT tpijtpijf;fg;
gf;fthl;by;
ePiug;gad;g gl;L 30
Neubahf 60 x 45
3 ntz;il 10 fpuhk; Lj;jp ehl;fspypUe;J
Fj;Jf;F 2 nrkP
ePh;ghrdk; %d;W
tpijfs; tPjk;
nra;tJ khjq;fs; tiu
elNtz;Lk;
ed;W
ehw;Wtpl;L 35
5-7 ehl;fs; el;l 50 tJ
Kjy; 40 45 x 60
4 kpsfha; 3 fpuhk; ,ilntspap ehs; Kjy; MW
ehl;fspy; eLjy; nrkP
y; khjq;fs; tiu
Ntz;Lk;
tpijfis tpijfs; tpijj;j 65
Neubahf Fop 2x2 Kisj;J ehl;fspy;
5 ghfy; 10 fpuhk;
xd;wpw;f;F 5 nrkP tUk; tiu mWtil
tpij tpijj;J Flj;jpdhy; nra;ayhk;.
 tpijfs; ePh; Cw;wp gpd;dh; thuk;
Kisj;J te;j gpd;G tha;f; xU Kiw 115 -
gpd;dh; Fopf;F fhy;fspd; 130 ehl;fs;
%d;W ehw;Wfs; %yk; tiu mWtil
tpl;L tpl;L kw;w ePh;g;ghr;r nra;ayhk;
nrbfis Ntz;Lk;
fisj;J
tplNtz;Lk;
Neubahf
tpijfis
Fopf;F 5 - 7 tpijfs; 90-100
tpij tpijj;J Kisf;Fk; ehl;fspy; Kjy;
tpij Kisj;j tiu mWtil
2x2
6 G+rzp 10 fpuhk; gpd;G ey;y Flj;jpd; Jtq;fp 140-150
nrkP
MNuhf;fpakhd %yKk; ePh; ehl;fspy;
3 ehw;Wfis gha;r;r mWtil
tpl;L kw;wij Ntz;Lk; KbAk;
fiye;J tpl
Ntz;Lk;
tpijfs;
75-80 ehl;fspy;
Neub tpijg;G Kisf;Fk;
Kjy;
%yk; 5 tpijfs; tiu
mWtilAk;>
el;L gpd; ey;y Flj;jpd;
Rkhh; 5-7
ehw;Wfis 1.5 kP x %yKk;
7 Gly; 15 fpuhk; ehl;fs;
epWj;jp tpl;L 1.5 kP Kisj;j gpd;
,ilntspapy;
kw;w ehw;Wfis tha;f;fhy;
5 khjk; tiu
mfw;wptpl %yKk; ePh;
mWtil
Ntz;Lk; gha;r;r
nra;ayhk;
Ntz;Lk;
tpijfs;
Neub tpijg;G Kisf;Fk; G+f;fs; kyh;e;J
%yk; 5 tpijfs; tiu Rkhh; 30-40
el;L gpd; ey;y Flj;jpd; ehl;fspy;
ehw;Wfis 2 kP x 2 %yk; mWtilf;F
8 jh;G+rzp 1.5 fpuhk;
epWj;jp tpl;L kP Kisj;j gpd; jahhuhFk; 90-
kw;w ehw;Wfis tha;f;fhy; 100 ehl;fs;
mfw;wp tpl %yk; ePh; tiu mWtil
Ntz;Lk; gha;r;r nra;ayhk;
Ntz;Lk;
gPd;]; Nthpy;
mjpf
2-3 nr.kP
ePh;j;Njf;fk;
Moj;jpy; 3-4
nfLjy; tpijj;j
tpijfs;
cz;lhFk; ,uz;lhk;
tpijj;J ey;y
1 kP x 1 MfNt G+ khjj;jpy;
9 gPd;]; 50 fpuhk; ehw;Wfis
kP gpQ;R> fha; Jtq;fp 105-120
itj;J tpl;L
gUtj;jpy; ehl;fs; tiu
kw;w ehw;Wfis
rhpahd gyd; jUk;
fise;J tpl
mstpy; ePh;
Ntz;Lk;
gha;r;r
Ntz;Lk;
nfhb 2-3 nr.kP tpijj;j 70
mtiu Moj;jpy; 3-4 ehspypUe;J
1.5 kP x thuk; xU
10 mtiu 10 fp tpijfs; MW Kjy; VO
75 nrkP Kiw
nfhj;J tpijj;J ey;y 2 khjq;fs; tiu
mtiu ehw;Wfis kfR+y;
 20 fp itj;Jtpl;L kw;w juty;yJ
,uz;il
fise;J tpl
Ntz;Lk;
tpijj;j 40
tpijj;j ehl;fspy; Kjy;
gpd;G mWtilAk;
Tpijfis
%d;whk; ehs; gpd;G 5-7
kl;lg;ghj;jpapNyh
nfhj;j 45 kP x kw;Wk; 10 ehl;fs;
11 30 fpuhk; ghh;fspNyh
tiu 15 nrkP ehl;fs; ,ilntspapy;
tpijf;f
,ilntspap %d;W
Ntz;Lk;
y; ePh; tpl khjq;fs; tiu
Ntz;Lk; kfR+y;
juty;yJ.
tpijj;j40-60
tpijj;jTl
ehl;fspy;
d; Kjy; ePUk;
Neub elT mWtil
%d;whk; ehs;
Kiwg;gb Jtq;fp gpd;G 5-
caph;j;jz;zP
jl;lg; ghh;fspNyh 45 kP x 7 ehl;fs;
12 15 fpuhk; Uk; gpd;G 7-
gapW kl;lg; 15 nrkP ,ilntspapy;
10 ehl;fs;
ghj;jpfspNyh el %d;W
,ilntspap
Ntz;Lk; khjq;fs; tiu
Yk; ePh;gha;r;r
gyd;
Ntz;Lk;
nfhLf;Fk;
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