ND SC

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU
B.A. TAMIL - I YEAR
DJT1C - ,yf;fzk; I - ed;D}y;

(From the academic year 2016-17)
Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel
For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

ed;D}y; vOj;J
gp.V. (jkpo;) Kjyhkhz;L

DJT1C : ed;D}y; - vOj;jjpfhuk;
cs;Siw
t.v. ghlk; gf;fk;
1. ghapuk; 1-8
2. Mrphpah; 9-17
3. vOj;jpay; 18-35
4. gjtpay; 36-57
5. caph;<w;Wg; Gzhpay; 58-93
6. nka;aPw;Wg; Gzhpay; 94-116
7. cUG Gzhpay; 117-127
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

1
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ghlk;-1
ghapuk;
ghapuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gue;Jgl;lJ vd;gJ nghUshFk;. me;E}y;
tuyhw;iw tpsq;f ciug;gjhFk;. ,jid Kd;Diu vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
,g;ghapuk; nghJg;ghapuk;> rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. vy;yh
E}y;fSf;Fk; nghJthfg; nghUe;JtJ nghJg;ghapuk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l E}Yf;F
kl;Lk; rpwg;ghfg; nghUe;JtJ rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;.
ghapuj;jpd; NtW ngah;fs;
“KfTiu gjpfk; mzpe;Jiu E}d;Kfk;

GwTiu je;Jiu Gide;Jiu ghapuk;”
1. KfTiu vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahik fUjp E}ypd; njhlf;fj;jpy;

ciuf;fg;ngWtJ.
2. gjpfk;> nghJg;ghapuj;jpd; Ie;J $Wfisak; rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpy;
gjpndhU $Wfisak; njhFj;Jr;nrhy;tJ.
3. mzpe;JiuahtJ E}ypdJ ngUik Kjypatw;iw moFgLj;jpf; $WtJ.
4. E}d;Kfk; vd;gJ KfTiu Nghy E}ypd; Kfj;jpy; ciuf;fg;ngWtJ.
5. GwTiu> E}y; $Wfpd;w nghUs; my;yhjtw;iwg; Gwj;Nj $WtJ.
6. je;Jiu> E}ypd; nrhy;yhjtw;iwg; gpwh; je;J ciug;gJ
7. Gide;JiuahtJ E}y; $whjtw;iwg; Gide;Jiuj;Jr; rpwg;gpg;gJ.
,t;NtOk; ghapuj;jpd; NtW ngah;fshFk;. ,g;ghapuk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1.nghJg;ghapuk; 2. rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; vd;gd.
“ghapuk; nghJr; rpwg;G vd ,Ughw;Nw”
nghJg;ghapuk;
“E}Ny Ety;Nthd; EtYk; jpwNd

nfhs;Nthd; Nfhly;$w;whk; Ie;Jk;
vy;yh E}w;Fk; ,itg; nghJg;ghapuk;”
1. E}ypdJ ,yf;fzk;. 2. E}iyf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpahpd; ,yf;fzk; 3.

Mrphpah; khzth;f;F ghlk; nrhy;Yk; Kiw 4. fw;Fk; khzf;fhpd; ,ay;G 5.
khzth; ghlk; Nfl;Fk; Kiw Mfpa Ie;ijak; $WtJ nghJg;ghapuk;.
,t;ite;Jk; vy;yh E}y;fSf;Fk; nghJthdit. vdNt ,tw;iw tpsf;fKw
czh;j;JtJ nghJg;ghapuk; MFk;.

2
ed;D}y; vOj;J
E}ypdJ tuyhW
E}y; vd;gJ nghJthf vy;yhtif ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis czh;j;Jk;
nghJr;nrhy; MFk;. MapDk; ,q;F ,yf;fz E}iyNa rpwg;ghfr; Rl;LfpwJ.
E}ypd; ,yf;fzk;
E}yhdJ> nghJ> rpwg;G Mfpa ,Utif ghapuq;fisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;>
Kjy; top rhh;G vd;w %d;wDs; xd;wha; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mwk;> nghUs;>
,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehw;nghUisg; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. VOtif kjq;fisj;
jOtp> gj;J Fw;wq;fs; ePf;fp> gj;J tifahd moFfisg; ngw;W
Kg;gj;jpuz;L cj;jpfisAk; nghUe;jpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; xj;J (,ay;)
glyk; (mjpfhuk;) vd;Wk; cWg;Gfis cilajhfTk;> #j;jpu ahg;ghy;
,aw;wg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhz;bif> tpUj;jp ciufisg; ngw;wjhfNth
ngwj;jf;fjhfNth mike;J Nkw;$wg;gl;l gjpd;%d;W NtWgl;l eilfis
cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
E}ypd; tiffs;
Kjy; E}y;> top E}y;> rhh;G E}y; vd E}y; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
Kjy; E}y;;
mtw;Ws;
tpidapd; ePq;fp tpsq;fpa mwptd;
Kidtd; fz;lJ Kjy;E}y; MFk;
ey;tpid jPtpid Mfpa tpidfspy; ePq;fpa> njspe;j mwpTila ,iwtdhy;
nra;ag;gl;l E}y; Kjy; E}y; MFk;. my;yhkYk;> ,iwtDila
rhd;Nwhh;fshy; ,aw;wg;ngWtJk; Kjy; E}yhfNt fUjg;ngWk;.
top E}y;
top E}y; vd;gJ Kd;Ndhh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fspd; KbTfisg; nghpJk;
jOtp> fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w khw;wq;fis E}y; nra;Nthd; jd; E}Ys; ,izj;J
vy;NyhuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; ngUik cilajhfr; nra;tJ topE}y; MFk;.
“Kd;Ndhh; E}ypd; KbG xUq;F xj;Jg;

gpd;Ndhd; Ntz;Lk; tpfw;gk; $wp
mopah kugpdJ topE}y; MFk;”

3
ed;D}y; vOj;J
rhh;G E}y;
Kjy; top E}y;fspd; Kbig rpWghd;ik xj;Jk; ngUk;ghd;ik
nghUe;jhky; NtWgl;Lk; epw;gJ MFk;. ,J rhh;GE}y; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) Kjy; E}y;- mfj;jpak;> topE}y;- njhy;fhg;gpak;> rhh;G E}y; -
ed;D}y;.
“,Uth; E}w;Fk; xUrpiw njhlq;fpj;

jphpGNtW cilaJ GilE}y; MFk;”
topE}y; rhh;G E}y;fSf;Fhpa rpwg;G tpjp

Kd;Ndhh; nkhopnghUNsad;wp mth;nkhopAk;
nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;Wtk; vd;gjw;Fk; - Kd;Ndhhpd;
NtWE}y; nra;Jk; VJk; Nkw;Nfhs; ,y; vd;gjw;Fk;
$Wgok; #j;jpuj;jpd; Nfhs;
Kjy; E}iy mbg;gilahf itj;J topE}iyAk; rhh;G E}iyAk;
nra;Nthh; Kjy; E}ypd; fUj;ij vLj;J nkhopjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
Kd;Ndhh; nkhopiag; nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;wp cs;Nshk; vd;gjw;F
milahskhfTk; Kjy;E}y; $wpa tpjpfs; ,e;E}ypy; ,y;iy vDk; Fw;wk;
ePq;fTk; Kjy; E}y; #j;jpuq;fis rpy ,lq;fspy; mg;gbNa vLj;Jf;$Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
E}ypd; gad;
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpa ehd;ifAk; miltJ E}yhy; Vw;gLk;
gad;fs;.
“mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL miljy; E}y; gaNd”
kjk;
kjk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; nfhs;if my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
E}y; gytif kjk;gl tUk; ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjk;
VOtifahfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mit 1. gpwh; nfhs;iff;Fg; nghUe;jj;
jd; nfhs;ifia mikj;jy; 2. gpwh; nfhs;ifiag; nghUe;jhJ vdg;
Gwf;fzpj;jy; 3. xUth; nfhs;ifia Kjypy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L gpd; mth;
nfhs;ifia kWg;gJ 4. jhNd xU fUj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J mijg; nghUe;Jk;
,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; jtwhJ epiyepWj;jy; 5. khWgl;l ,Uth; fUj;Jf;fspy;
xUth; fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 6. gpwuJ E}ypy; cs;s Fw;wj;ijj;

4
ed;D}y; vOj;J
jaq;fhJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy; 7. gpwh; fUj;ij Vw;fhJ jd; fUj;ijNa

iff;nfhs;tJ vd;gd MFk;.
“vO tif kjNk cld;gly; kWj;jy;

gpwh;jk; kjNky; nfhz;L fisNt
jhmd; ehl;bj; jdhJ epWg;Ng
,Uth; khWNfhs; xU jiyJzpNt
gpwh;E}y; Fw;wk; fhl;ly; Vidg;
gpw;NjhL glhmd; jd; kjk;nfhsNt.”
Fw;wq;fs;
E}ypd; fz; ,lk;ngwf; $lhj Fw;wq;fs; gj;jhf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mit>
“Fd;wf;#y; kpifg;glf; $wy;

$wpaJ $wy; khWnfhsf; $wy;
t*cr; nrhy; Gzh;j;jy; kaq;fitj;jy;
ntw;nwd njhFj;jy; kw;nwhd;W tphpj;jy;
nrd;W Nja;e;J ,Wjy; epd;Wgad;,d;ik
vd;W ,it <h;Iq; Fw;wk; E}w;Nf.”
1. nghUis tpsf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; RUf;fpf; $wy; 2. vspjpy;

tpsq;Ftdtw;wpw;F nghUs; tphpj;Jf; $wy; 3. $wpatw;iwg; gadpd;wpj;
jpUk;gf; $Wjy; 4. xd;iw Vw;GilaJ vd;W $wpg; gpd;dh; mijNa kWj;Jf;
$Wjy; 5. Fw;wKila nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;jy; 6. ,jw;Fg; nghUs; ,Jth
mJth vdj; jLkhWk;gb $Wjy; 7. Njitahd nra;jpfisf; $Wjy; 8.
nrhy;yj; njhlq;fpaijg; ghjpapy; tpl;L NtnwhU nghUs; gw;wp NgRjy; 9.
njhlf;fj;ijr; rpwg;ghf mikj;Jg; gpd; rpwg;gpd;wp Kbj;jy; 10. nrhw;fs;
,Ue;Jk; vt;tpj gaDk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; vd;gdthFk;.
moFfs;
gj;Jtifahd moFfs; E}ypw;F chpajhf $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mit> 1.
nrhw;fisj; Njitapd;wp tphpf;fhky; RUf;fpf; $Wjy; 2. RUq;fr; nrhy;ypDk;
njspTglf; $Wjy; 3. fw;Nghh;f;F ,dpik jUk; nrhw;fisf; $Wjy; 4.
Fw;wkw;w nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;jy; 5. ,lj;jpw;F Vw;w re;jeak; Gyg;gl mikj;jy;
6. fw;ff;fw;f Mo;e;j fUj;ij cilajhjy; 7. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ,ay;>
mjpfhuk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhuz fhhpa Kiwg;gb mikj;jy; 8. rhd;Nwhh;

5
ed;D}y; vOj;J
tof;nfhL khWghL ,d;wpf; $wy; 9. nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; 10.

vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljiyf; nfhz;L nghUis tpsq;f itj;jy; vd;gitahFk;.
cj;jpfs;
xU fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;j E}yhrphpad; filg;gpbf;Fk; KiwNa cj;jp
vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kg;gj;jpuz;lhfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mit> 1. ehd; ,ijr; nrhy;yg;NghfpNwd; vdf; $wpj; njhlq;Fjy; 2.
,aiyf; fhuzfhhpa Kiwg;gb mikj;jy; 3. gy nghUs;fisAk; Xhplj;jpy;
njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy; 4. njhFj;Jf; $wpatw;iw NtW Ntwhf tFj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy; 5. tphpj;Jr; nrhd;d nghUs;fis Kbj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; 6. nrhy;Yk;
,yf;fzj;jpw;Nfw;g ,yf;fpak; Njhd;Wk; ,lj;ijf; $Wjy; 7. Kd;Ndhhpd;
$w;Wf;fis mg;gbNa vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy; 8. gpwh; nfhs;iffisf; $Wjy; 9.
nrhy;ypd; nghUisj; njspTgl tpsq;FkhW tphpj;Jiuj;jy; 10. xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlh;Gila nrhw;fis Xhplj;jpy; $Wjy; 11. ,uz;L nghUs;glr; nrhy;Yjy;
12. Kd;dh;f; fhuzk; $whky; gpd;dh;f; fhuzk; fhl;b epWTjy; 13. xd;ww;Fhpa
,yf;fzj;ijg; nghUe;Jk; gpwtw;wpw;Fk; ,yf;fzkhff; $Wjy; 14. xd;ww;Ff;
$wpa ,yf;fzk; mjidg; ngWjw;Fhpa kw;wtw;NwhL njhlh;GgLj;jpf; $Wjy;
15. tof;F ,oe;jtw;iw ePf;Fjy; 16. Gjpjha; Njhd;wpajidj; jOtp
,yf;fzk; mikj;jy; 17. gpd;G vLj;J MStjw;F chpa xd;iw Kd;dNu
$Wjy; 18. gpd;dh; vLj;jhStjw;F xd;iwg; nghUj;jk; fUjpg; gpd;Nd
itj;jy; 19. khWgl tUtdtw;iw NtWNtwhf Kbj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; 20.
NtWNtwhf Kbj;jijg; nghJ ,yf;fzj;jhy; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; 21.
,t;tpjpiag; gpd;G nrhy;Nthk; vdf; $Wjy; 22. ,t;tpjpia
Kd;dh;r;nrhd;Ndhk; vdf; $Wjy; 23. khWgl;l ,Uthpd; nfhs;iffSs;
xd;iwj; Jzpe;J vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; 24. jhd; $wpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;F chpa
,yf;fpaj;ij jhNd vLj;Jf;fhl;ly; 25. jhd; nrhy;Yk; ,yf;fzj;ijj;jhd;
vLj;Jf;fhl;ba ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUe;Jk;gb mikj;Jf;fhl;Ljy; 26. Iak;
Njhd;Wk; ,lj;jpy; mt;Iaj;ij ePf;Fk; Kfkhf ,Jjhd; vdj; Jzpe;J
nrhy;Yjy; 27. nrhy;ypatw;iwf; nfhz;L nrhy;yg;glhtw;wpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk;
nghUe;jf; $wy; 28. gpw E}y;fspd; KbTfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 29. jd;dhy;
Gjpjhf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lijg; gy ,lq;fspYk; $Wjy; 30. nrhy; Kbe;j
,lj;jpNyNa mjd; nghUisAk; KbTngWkhW mikj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; 31.
xd;ww;F $wg;gl;l tpjp mjNdhL xw;Wikg;gl;ljw;Fk; mtw;NwhL
,dkhdtw;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;gb mikj;jy; 32. rpy tpjpfisf; nfhz;L xU
nghUis Muha;e;J mwpAk;gb mikj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; vd;gdthFk;.

6
ed;D}y; vOj;J
je;jpu cj;jp
Xh; ,yf;fz E}ypy; nrhy;yg;gLk; nghUs; cyf tof;nfhLk; nra;As;
tof;nfhLk; nghUe;jp tUk;. mg;nghUs; kw;nwhU E}ypy; nghUe;Jk; ,lj;ij
mwpe;J ,t;tplj;jpw;F ,J ,t;tifapy; nghUe;Jk; vd Vw;Fk; tifapy;
mikj;Jf; fhl;LtNj je;jpu cj;jpahFk;.
E}ypd; cWg;Gf;fs;
E}y; cWg;Gf;fs; xj;J> glyk; vd;gd MFk;. xj;J vd;gJ ,aiyAk;>
glyk; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;ijAk; Fwpg;gdthFk;.
xj;J vd;gJ xU rhjpaha; cs;s nghUs;fis xd;Wglf;$WtJ MFk;.
xU rhjp kzpfis xU thpiraha; gjpj;J itg;gJ Nghd;wJ ,JTk;.
“Nehpd kzpia epuy;gl itj;J Mq;F

Xhpdg; nghUis xUtop itg;gJ
xj;J vd nkhopg cah;nkhopg;Gyth;”
mjhtJ Xhpdg; nghUisg; gw;wpg; NgRk; gy #j;jpuq;fs; Nrh;e;jJ xj;J

MFk;.
glyk;
,dg;nghUs;fs; jdpj;jdpahf mike;j gy ,ay;fs; Nrh;e;jJ
glykhFk;. vOj;J gjk; Gzh;r;rp Nghd;w jdpj;jdp ,ay;fs; nghJ tifahy;
vOj;jjpfhukhapw;W.
#j;jpuk;
gy;tifg;gl;l ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;J nra;ag;gl;l tpjpfs; #j;jpuk; vdf;
$wg;gLk;. #j;jpuk; vd;gJ tl nrhy;yhFk;. ,J #j;jphpj;jy; vd;Dk;
nrhy;ybahy; gpwe;jJ. ,jw;F ciuj;jy; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. jkpopy; E}w;gh
vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
“rpy;tif vOj;jpd; gy;tifg; nghUisr;

nrt;td; Mbapd; nrwpj;J ,dpJtpsf;fpj;
jpl;g El;gk; rpwe;jd #j;jpuk;”
kpfg;nghpa nghUspd; tbtj;ijj; jd;Ds; mlf;fpj; njspthfTk;

,dpjhfTk; fhl;LtJ rpwpa fz;zhbapd; jd;ikahFk;. mJNghyr; rpy
vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;J gytifg;gl;l nghUs;fisAk; jd;Ds; mlf;fp

7
ed;D}y; vOj;J
,dpikAk; njspTk; jpz;ikAk; Ez;ikAk; Gyg;glf; fhl;LtJ #j;jpuj;jpd;

,ay;ghFk;.
1. njhlh;e;J nry;Yk; Mw;W ePhpd; Xl;lj;ijg; Nghd;W ,ilawhJ xU
nghUisg; gw;wpr; rpy E}w;ghf;fs; njhlh;e;J epw;wy;
2. Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ghh;f;fpd;w rpq;fj;jpd; ghh;it Nghd;W ,ilepw;Fk;
#j;jpuk; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W jOTjy;
3. ,ilntsp tpl;Lg; ghAk; jtisg; Nghd;W xU #j;jpuk; rpy
#j;jpuq;fis ,ilapy; tpl;L gpd;Ds;sNjhL nghUe;Jjy;
4. xd;iwf; ftu cauj;jpypUe;J tpOfpd;w gUe;ijg;Nghy> xU fhuzk;
gw;wpj; njhiytpy; cs;s gpwpnjhU #j;jpug; nghUisr; nrd;W
nghUe;Jjy;
Kjypa ehd;Fk; #j;jpu ,ay;Gf;Ff; fhl;lg;gLk; ctikahFk;.
1. gy;tifg;nghUs;fisAk; xU Nruj;njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; 2. nghUs;fis
NtWNtwhfj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; 3. njhFj;jij tFj;Jf; $Wjy; 4. ,/J
,d;dJ vdf; $Wjy; 5. Gzh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;tijf; $Wjy; 6.
$wg;gl;l ,yf;fzq;fSf;F vy;yhk; Gwj;jpy; milahF epw;wy; vd;git
#j;jpuj;jpd; tiffshFk;.
ciu
,yf;fz E}y;fspd; tpjpfs; El;gKk; jpl;gKk; nrwpe;jit. mtw;iw
vy;yhUk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ mhpjhFk;. NkYk; gz;il
,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghUis czh;e;Jf; nfhs;tjpYk; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt E}y;fSf;F ciu vOj Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,y;ffpaq;fistpl
,yf;fz E}y;fSf;Nf ciu ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. mt;Tiu ,t;tsT vd
tiuaWj;Jf; $wg;gLtJ fhz;bif ciu. tphpTgl ciug;gJ tpUj;jp ciu
MFk;.
ciuapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
1. %yghlj;ij vLj;J itj;jy; 2. fUj;Jiu $Wjy; 3. nrhy;tif
$Wjy; 4. nrhy;Yf;F nghUs; $Wjy; 5. fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; 6.
Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; fhl;Ljy; 7. Iaq;fisj; jhNd Njhw;Wtpj;jy; 8. mjw;Fhpa
tpiliaf; $Wjy; 9. E}y; $Wk; nghUsd;wp ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g rpwg;Gg;nghUis
vLj;Jiuj;jy; 10. tphpj;Jf;$w Ntz;ba ,lj;J tpsf;fKiwf; $Wjy; 11.
nrhy;Yk; nghUis mjpfhuj;Jld; nghUj;jKwf;fhl;Ljy; 12. Iak; Vw;gLk;
,lq;fspy; ,jw;F ,JNt nghUs; vdj; Jzpe;J $Wjy; 13. ,t;thW

8
ed;D}y; vOj;J
JzpTwf; fhl;Ltjhy; Vw;gLk; gaid vLj;Jiuj;jy; 14. ciuaplj;Jj;

njhd;D}y; Mrphpah;fspd; ghlq;fis ,iaj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; vd;gd ciuapd;
nghJ ,yf;fzk; MFk;.
“ghlk; fUj;Nj nrhy;tif nrhw;nghUs;

njhFj;Jiu cjhuzk; tpdhtpil tpNrlk;
tphpT mjpfhuk; JzpT gaNdhL
Mrphpatrdk; vd;W <h;Vo; ciuNa.”
fhz;bif ciu
1. fUj;Jiu $Wjy; 2. gjg;nghUs; $Wjy; 3. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhy; epWTjy;
Mfpa %d;widr; nrhy;Yjy; mtw;Wld; 4. tpdh vOg;Gjy; 5. tpil $wp
tpsf;Fjy; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; $l;br; nrhy;Yjy; vd;Dk; Ie;jhy; #j;jpuj;jpd;
nghUis tpsf;FJ fhz;bif MFk;.
%d;iwr; nrhy;tJ Kf;fhz;bif Ie;ijr; nrhy;tJ Iq;fhz;bif vd
miof;fg;ngWk; kapiyehjh; nra;j ciu Kf;fhz;bif. MWKf ehtyuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ Iq;fhz;bif ciu MFk;.
tpUj;jp ciu
1. #j;jpug; nghUis tpsf;Fjy; 2. mt;tplj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd
nghUs;fisj; jd;E}y; nfhz;Lk; gpwh; E}y; nfhz;Lk; Iak; ePq;fj;
njspTgLj;Jjy; 3. Iaq;fhz;bif cWg;NghL vQ;rpa xd;gJ cWg;Gk; $l
Iak; mfy cz;ikg;nghUisj; njspTgl tphpthf ciuj;jy; Mfpa
midj;Jj; jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;lNj tpUj;jpAiu MFk;.
E}y; ngah;f;fhuzk;
nrhw;fs; gQ;rhfTk; nra;As; ,ioahfTk; nrk;ikahd nrhw;fis
mwpe;j Gytd; E}w;fpd;w ngz;zhfTk; Fd;whf tha; ifahfTk; mwpT fjph;
vd;Dk; fUtpahfTk; nfhz;L Fw;wkpy;yhj fytpE}y; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU ngz; jdJ ifapdhy; fjpuhfpa fUtpiaf; nfhz;L gQ;rpid
,ioj;J E}yhf;Ftijg; Nghd;W Gytd; jdJ thapdhy; mwpthfpa
fUtpiaf; nfhz;L nrhw;fshy; nra;As; ,aw;wp E}yhf;Ffpwhd;. E}iyg;
Nghyr; nra;ag;gLtjhy; E}y; vd;gJ ctk MFngah;.
E}ypd; gz;G
tise;j kuj;jpd; Nfhziyg; Nghf;fp Neuhf;FtJ vw;W E}y;. mJNghy
kdpjhpd; kdf;Nfhziyg; Nghf;fp ey;topg;gLj;JtJ fy;tp E}y;. E}iyg;
9
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Nghyr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jtjha; E}y; vd;gJ ctk MFngauhFk;. E}y; Nghy

Mf;fg;gLjyhYk; vw;W E}y; Nghyr; nraw;gLjyhYk; E}y; vd;gJ
fhuzg;ngah;.
ghlk;-2
Mrphpah;
Mrphpah; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Ff; Fw;wk; fisgth; (MR-Fw;wk;; ,hpjy;-
ePf;Fjy;) vd;gJ nghUshFk;. jhd; Fw;wkw;wtuhf epd;W jd;dplk; fw;f
tUNthiuf; Fw;wkw;wtuhf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;gtNu Mrphpah;.
ey;yhrphpahpd; ,yf;fzk;
“Fyd; mUs;nja;tk; nfhs;if Nkd;ik

fiygapy; njspT fl;Liu td;ik
epyk; kiyepiwNfhy; kyh; epfh; khl;rpAk;
cyfpay; mwpNthL cah;Fzk; ,idaTk;
mikgtd; E}y; ciuahrphpad;Nd”
1. ew;Fbg;gpwg;G 2. ,uf;f czT 3. nja;t topghL 4. ngUe;jd;ik 5.

gy E}y;fisf; fw;Wj;njspe;j mwpT 6. RitglTk; njspthfTk; tpsf;Fk;
nrhy;yhw;wy; 7. epyk; kiy epiwNfhy; kyh; vd;gtw;iw xj;j rpwe;j
Fzq;fs; cilik 8. fhyj;jpw;F Vw;gr; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; 9. ,tw;iwg;
Nghd;w gpw cah;e;j Fzq;fisAk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Mfpad ey;yhrphpahpd;
,yf;fzq;fs; MFk;.
MrphpaUf;F epyk;> kiy> epiwNfhy;> kyh; Mfpait ctikfshf
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
epyj;jpd; khz;Gfs;
“njhptUk; ngUikAk; jpz;ikAk; nghiwAk;

gUt Kaw;rp mstpw; gaj;jYk;
kUtpa ed;dpy khz;ghFk;Nk”
ngUik Kjyhff; $wg;gLk; epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Mrphpahpd; ,ay;ghf

mikAk;.

10
ed;D}y; vOj;J
epyk; Mrphpah;
1. Xhplj;jpy; epd;W mstpl gpwuhy; mwpa Kbahj fy;tp

Kbah cUtg; ngUikAilaJ ngUik cilik
2. vt;tsT Rik Vw;wpdhYk; vj;Jiz nghpa fy;tpahsd;

fyq;fhJ thpDk; fyq;fhJ thjk; Ghpjy;
3. Fj;jpDk; ntl;bDk; khzhf;fUk; gpwUk; nra;Ak;

nghWj;jpf;nfhs;tJ Fw;wq;fisg; nghWj;jy;
4. cothpd; ciog;Gf;F khzhf;fhpd; Kaw;rpf;F Vw;gg;

Vw;gg;gad; mspg;gJ gad;gLjy;
kiyapd; khz;Gfs;
“msf;fyhf msTk; nghUSk;

Jsf;fyhf epiyAk; Njhw;wKk;
twg;gpDk; tsk;jUk; tz;ikAk; kiyf;Nf”
msT Kjyhff; $wg;gLk; ,ay;Gfs; kiyapd; khl;rpikfshFk;.

,tw;wpw;F ctikahFk;gb Mrphpah; ,ay;G mikAk;.
kiy Mrphpah;
1. msf;f Kbahj mstpy;yhf; fy;tpawpT

msTilaJ cilik
2. msf;f Kbahg; nghUs;tsk; gd;D}y; Gyik cilik

cilaJ
3. vj;jifatuhYk; mirf;f gpw GytuhYk; nrhy;y Kbahj

KbahJ fy;tp mwpTilik
4. njhiytpy; cs;sth; njhiytpy; cs;stUk; mwpAk;

fhZk;gbahd cauk; cilaJ fy;tpg; GfOilik
5. thdk; twz;L ngha;g;gpDk; jhd; tWik mile;jhYk;

Ridfshy; ePiuj;jUk; khzth;fSf;F fy;tp
nfhilj; jd;ikAilaJ nfhLf;Fk; ts;sd;ik cilik

11
ed;D}y; vOj;J
epiwNfhy; (juhR) khz;Gfs;
“Iak; jPug; nghUis czh;j;jYk;

nka;e;eL epiyAk; kpFepiw Nfhw;Nf”
viliaf; fhl;ly; eLTepiyik Mfpait epiwNfhypd; ,ay;Gfs;.

Mrphpahpd; ,ay;G ,jw;F ctikahFk;.
epiwNfhy; Mrphpah;
1. nghUs; msit Iak; jPuj; fy;tpia Iakwf; fw;Wj;jUjy;

njspthff; fhl;Ljy;
2. vg;gf;fKk; rhahky; Ntz;bath; Ntz;lhjth; vd;W

eLepw;wy; vth; gf;fKk; rhahJ eLepw;wy;
kyhpd; khz;Gfs;
“kq;fyk; Mfp ,d;wpaikahjJ

ahtUk; kfpo;e;J Nkw;Nfhs nkq;fpg;
nghOjpd; Kfkyh; cilaJ G+Nt”
ew;nraYf;F chpajhy; Kjyhd Fzq;fs; kyhpd; khl;rpfshFk;.

,tw;wpw;F ctikahFk;gb Mrphpah; ,ay;G mikAk;.
kyh; Mrphpah;
1. kq;fyf; fhhpaq;fSf;F ed;ikahd nray;fSf;Fhpath;

chpaJ
2. jhdpd;wp vr;nraYk; Mrphpah; ,d;wp vr;nraYk;

eilngwhr; rpwg;GilaJ eilngwhik
3. vy;NyhUk; tpUk;gpr; #Lk; midtuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w

jd;ik nfhz;bUj;jy; FzKilik
4. nkd;ikj; jd;ikAilaJ vy;NyhUk; vspjpy; neUq;fp

md;G ghuhl;ly;
5. chpa fhyj;jpy; kyh;jy; vg;NghJk; Kf kyh;r;rpAilik

12
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Mrphpah; Mfhjhh; ,ay;G

1. ey;yhrphpaUf;Ff; $wg;gl;l ew;Fzq;fSk; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Mw;wYk;
,y;yhik 2. ,ope;j Fzq;fis ,ay;ghff; nfhz;bUj;jy; 3.
nghwhik 4. Nguhir 5. tQ;rfk; cilik 6. khzth;fisf;
fz;Ljhd; mQ;Rjy;> jd;idf; fz;L khzth;fs; mQ;Rk;gb NgRjy;
7. fow;Flk; klw;gid> gUj;jpf;Fz;bif> Kle;njq;F Nghd;w
khWgl;l jd;ik cilauhjy; ,itNa Mrphpah; Mfhjhh;f;F cila
,yf;fzk; MFk;.
1. fow;Flj;jpd; jd;ik
fow;Flj;jpd; jd;ik Mrphpah; Mfhjth;
1. Kd; ,l;l fha;fisg; Kd; $w Ntz;baijg; gpd;Dk;

gpd;Dk; gpd; ,l;lij gpd; $w Ntz;baij Kd;Dk;
Kd;Dkhf khw;wpj;jUtJ $wp ,lh;gl itg;gh;
2. nga;j fha;fis tpiutpy; fw;Nghh; kdj;jpy; nfhs;s

ntspg;gLj;JtJ Kbahjgb tpiuthff; $Wth;
2. klw;gid
VwKbahjgb ,d;dy; nra;Ak;. kl;ilfis cilaJ. jhNd
juf;nfhspd; md;wpj; jd;ghy; Nktpf; nfhsf;nfhlh md;wpj; jd;ghy; ,lj;jJ
klw;gid.
klw;gid Mrphpah; Mfhjth;
1. goq;fisj; jhNd jhNd Kd;te;J

nfhLg;gjd;wp tpUk;gpa Neuj;jpy; fw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ md;wp gpwh;
tpUk;gpa tifapy; Vwpg; jd;id neUq;fpf; fw;fthpd;
gwpj;Jf; nfhs;s ,le;juhJ. mth;f;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f
khl;lhh;

13
ed;D}y; vOj;J
3. gUj;jpf;Fz;bif
gQ;irj; J}a;ik nra;J mijg; ghJfhj;jy; nghUl;L milj;J
itf;Fk; rpwpa thia cila FLf;if.
gUj;jpf;Fz;bif Mrphpah; Mfhjth;
1. cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gQ;irr; jhd; fw;wf; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk;

rpwpJ rpwpjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tUe;jpj; Jd;gg;gl;Lr; rpwpJ
rpwpjhfNt fw;wpUg;gh;
2. nfhLf;Fk;NghJk; rpwpJ gpwUf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ

rpwpjhfNt vLf;f kpfTk; tUe;jpj; Jd;gg;gl;Lr;
,lq;nfhLf;Fk;. rpwpJ rpwpjhfNt
fw;Wf;nfhLg;gh;
4. Klj;njq;F
jd; tPl;L vy;iyf;Fg; (Ntypf;F) Gwkhf tise;J tsh;e;j njd;idNa
Kbj;njhq;F MFk;.
Klj;njq;F Mrphpah; Mfhjth;
1. ePh;gg
; ha;r;rp cuk; ,l;L nghUs; nfhLj;J
tsh;g;gtUf;Fg; gad;glhky; topgLgth;fis tpLj;Jg;
mLj;jtUf;Fg; gad;fisj; gpwUf;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLg;gth;.
jUtJ
fw;gpf;Fk; jd;ik
Mrphpah; khztUf;F ghlj;ijr; nrhy;ypj; jUk; KiwNa EtYk; jpwd;
MFk;.
“<jy; ,ay;Ng> ,ayk;Gk; fhiyf;

fhyKk; ,lDk; thypjpd; Nehf;fpr;
rpwpe;Jop ,Ue;Jjd nja;tk; tho;j;jp
ciuf;fg;gLk; nghUs; cs;sj;J mikj;J
tpiuahd; ntFshs; tpUk;gp Kfkyh;e;J
14
ed;D}y; vOj;J
nfhs;Nthd; nfhs;tif mwpe;J mtd; csq;nfhsf;

Nfhl;lkpy; kdj;jpy; E}y; nfhLj;jy; vd;g”
1. ey;y ,lj;ijAk; Vw;w fhyj;ijAk; Njh;e;njLj;jy; 2. jhd;

khzth;fshf fhZk;gbahfTk; jd;id khzth;fs; fhZk;gbahfTk; Nkk;gl;l
,lj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; 3. flTisj; njhOj gpd;dNu fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;Fjy; 4.
fw;gpf;fg; NghFk; nghUisj; jd; kdj;Js; Kd;dNu ed;whf epiwj;J itj;jy;
5. nghWikAlDk; 6. rpdk; ,y;yh ,dpa Kfj;JlDk; 7. tpUg;gj;NjhLk;
fw;gpj;jy; 8. khzhf;fhpd; kdepiy mwpe;J mjw;F Vw;wgb vLj;Jiuj;jy; 9.
jd; kdk; NghdhkYk; khzth; kdk; NfhzhkYk; E}iyf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
,itNa Mrphpah; khzhf;fh;f;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
khzth;
khzth; vd;gJ ,Ughw;nghJr; nrhy;. ,J Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk;
,UtiuAk; Fwpf;Fk;. khzth; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F khz;Gilath; vd;W nghUs;
khztid ed;D}yhh; nfhs;Nthd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. E}iy kdj;jpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; nfhs;Nthd; vd;gJ fhuzg;ngauhFk;.
E}iyf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpah;> 1. jd; kfd; 2. jd; Mrphpah; kfd; 3. murh;
kfd; 4. kpFe;j nghUisf; nfhLg;gts; 5. jd;id topgLgtd; 6. jhd;
ciug;gij tpiue;J Vw;Fk; mwpTilatd; MfpNahh;f;F E}iyf; fw;gpg;ghh;.
khzhf;fh; tiffs;
E}iyf; fw;Fk; khzth;fs; mth;fspd; fw;Fk; jd;ikf;F Vw;g
%tifahfg; ghFgLj;Jth;.
1. jiy khzhf;fh; md;dj;jpw;Fk; gRtpw;Fk; xg;ghth;.
2. ,il khzhf;fh; kz;izAk; fpspiaAk; xj;jth;.
3. fil khzhf;fh; Xl;ilf;Flk;> ML> vUik> nea;ahpia (gd;dhil)
Nghd;wth;fs; Mthh;.
md;dk; MNt kz;nzhL fpspNa
,y;ypf;Flk; ML vUik nea;ahp
md;dh; jiy ,il filkhzhf;fh;.

15
ed;D}y; vOj;J
jiy khzf;fh;
1. md;dk;: ghYk; ePUk; Mrphpah; $w;wpypUe;J

fye;jpUg;gpd; ghiy cz;L Njitahdtw;iw
ePiu ePf;Fk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Njitaw;wij
tpl;LtpLth;
2. gR: ey;y Gy;iyf;fhzpd; Mrphpahplk; Nfl;l ghlj;ijr;

tpiue;J Nka;e;J gpd;dh; rpwpJ rpwpjhf epidTf;Ff;
mirNghl;L tpOq;Fk; nfhz;L te;J rpe;jpj;J kdjpy;
epWj;Jth;
,il khzhf;fh;
1. kz;: ciog;gpw;Nfw;g kz; Mrphpahpd; ciog;gpw;F Vw;w

tpistpidf; nfhLf;Fk; mwpitg; ngWth;
2. fpspg;gps;is: nrhd;dij Mrphpahpd; ciog;gpw;F Vw;w

kl;Lk; nrhy;Yk; mwpitg; ngWth;
fil khzhf;fh;
1. Xl;ilf;Flk;: ,y;ypf;Flk; ghlk; Nfl;Fk;NghNj kdj;jpw;

ePiu Cw;Wk;NghNj ntspapLk; nfhs;shky; tpl;LtpLth;
2. ML: Xhplj;jpy; Nka;e;J Xh; Mrphpadplk; KOikahff;

tapW epuk;ghJ miye;J fy;yhJ gyhplKk; nrd;W
jphpAk;. KOikay;yhj mwpTld;
,Ug;gh;.
3. vUik: ey;y ePiu fyf;fpf; Mrphpahpd; cs;sj;ij tUe;jr;

Fbf;Fk; nra;J fw;gh;.
4. nea;ahp (gd;dhil) ey;y ey;yij tpl;L Njitaw;wij

nghUis tpl;L mOf;ifj; kdj;jpy; epWj;Jth;.
Njf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.

16
ed;D}y; vOj;J
khzhf;fh; Mfhjth;
1. fs;Fbg;gtd; 2. Nrhk;Ngwp 3. nghpNahiu kjpf;fhjtd; 4. fhKfd; 5.
jpUld; 6. Neha;tha;g;gl;ltd; 7. kpFe;j tWikAilatd; 8. khWgl;Lg;
NgRgtd; 9. Nfhgf;fhud; 10. vg;nghOJk; cwq;Fgtd; 11. mwpTf;$h;ik
mw;wtd; 12. gioa E}y;fisf; fz;L kdk; jLkhWgth; 13. jhd; vd;w tPuk;
(mfe;ij) NgRgtd; 14. ghtj;njhopy; nra;gtd; 15. ngha; NgRgtd;
MfpNahUf;F Mrphpah; E}iyf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; $lhJ.
rpwg;Gg;ghapuk;
Fwpg;gpl;l E}Yf;Fhpa tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ rpwg;Gg;ghapuk;. ,J gjpndhU
nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;. mtw;Ws; Kjy; vl;Lk; ,d;wpaikahjd. gpd;
%d;Wk; rpwg;gpy MapDk; tuyhw;wpw;Fg; nghpJk; cjTtd.
1. epiy vOjpatdpd; ngah; 2. E}ypd; top 3. E}y; toq;Fk; ehl;bd;
vy;iyfs;; 4. E}ypd; ngah; 5. njhif tif tphpAs; xd;whjy; 6. E}y; $Wk;
nghUs; 7. E}iyf; Nfl;ljw;F chpah; 8. E}iyf; Nfl;gjhy; cz;lhFk; gad;
Mfpa vl;ilAk; nghUe;jf; fhl;LtNj rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
9. E}y; nra;j fhyk; 10. E}iy muq;Nfw;wpAk; mitf;fsk; 11. E}y;
nra;jw;Fhpa fhuzk; Mfpa ,k;%d;iwAk; Nrh;j;Jg; gjpndhd;whff; $Wth;.
E}Yf;F ngah; mikAk; tpjk;
1. Kjy; E}yhy; ngah; ngw;wit – ghujk;> ,uhkhazk;

2. Mf;fpNahdhy; ngah; ngw;wit – mfj;jpak;> njhy;fhg;gpak;
3. msthy; ngah; ngw;wit – gd;dpUglyk;> ehyb ehD}W
4. kpFjpahy; ngah; ngw;wit – fstpay; Nghd;wit
5. nghUshy; ngah; ngw;wit – mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs;
6. nra;tpj;Njhdhy; ngah; ngw;wit – rhjthfdk;> tPuNrhopak;
7. jd;ikahy ngah; ngw;wit – rpe;jhkzp> ed;D}y;
8. ,LFwpahy; ngah; ngw;wit – epfz;L> fiyf;Nfhl;Lj; jz;L
gpw fhuzq;fshy; mikAk; ngah;fs;

1. Kjw;Fwpg;G - Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;
2. ,lk; - fstsp ehw;gJ
3. fhyk; - fhh; ehw;gJ
4. Mf;fpNahdpd; Mrphpah; - Nekpehjk;

17
ed;D}y; vOj;J
5. ctik - jphpfLfk;> rpWgQ;r%yk;

E}y; ahg;G
ahg;G vd;gJ nghJthf ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh Nghd;w nra;As; tifiaf;
Fwpf;Fk; rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;Js; xd;whd ahg;G vd;gjw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp vd;gJ
nghUshFk;. mt;tpuz;bw;Fk; khwhdJ E}y; ahg;G> ,J E}y; ahf;fg;gLk;
(nra;ag;gLk;) Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Kjy; E}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
topE}y; mikj;jiyr; rpwg;gpg;gNj E}y; ahg;ghFk;.
E}y; ahg;gpd; tiffs;
1. tphpe;J fplg;gtw;iwj; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy; 2. njhifaha;f;
fplg;gtw;iw tphpj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy; 3. njhFj;Jk; tphpj;Jk; nrhy;Yjy; 4. xU
nkhopapy; cs;s E}iy NtW nkhopapy; ngah;j;Jf; $Wjy; vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F
$Wfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; nra;jw;F chpah;
1. jdf;F E}iyf; fw;gpj;j Mrphpad; 2. jd;Dld; ghlk; Nfl;lhd; 3.
jd;Dila khzhf;fhd; 4. jhd; nra;j E}Yf;F ciu vOJk; jFjp
gilj;jtd; Mfpa ehy;tUs; xUth; rpwg;Gg;ghapuj;ij nra;jw;F chpahh;.
ghapuj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik
Mapuk; cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;ljha;g; gue;J tphpe;j E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk;
ghapuj;ijg; ngwhtpby; mJ E}yhfhJ.
ghapuj;jpd; rpwg;G
1. khspiff;F XtpaKk; 2. nghpa efuj;jpw;Ff; NfhGuKk; 3. mirfpd;w
%q;fpy; Nghd;w Njhis cila ngz;Zf;F mzpAk; moF Nrh;g;gd.
mtw;iwg; Nghyf; fUjp> Ez;zpa nghUisf; $Wk; ghapuq;fis
vt;tifg;gl;l E}y;fSf;Fk; Kd;dh; itj;jdh; ngahpNahh;. Mjyhy; Kjy;
ghapuk; ,y;yhjJ E}yhfhjhk;.

18
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vOj;jjpfhuk;
vOj;jpd; mfj;jpyf;fzk; Gwj;jpyf;fzk; vd;Dk; ,Utif
,yf;fzq;fisAk; czh;j;Jk; mjpfhuk;.
,t;tjpfhuj;jpy; 1. vOj;jpay; 2. gjtpay; 3. caphPw;Wg; Gzhpay; 4.
nka;A+w;Wg; Gzhpay; 5. cUG Gzhpay; vd;Dk; Itif ,ay;fs; tpsf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.
ghlk;-3
1. vOj;jpay;
vOj;jpd; Ie;jpyf;fzj;ij czh;j;Jk; ,ay;.
flTs; tzf;fKk; mjpfhuj; njhlf;fKk;
G+kyp aNrhfpd; Gidepo akh;e;j
ehs;Kfw; nwhOJ ed; fpak;Gt ndOj;Nj. (1)
G+f;fs; epiwe;j mNrhf kuj;jpdJ mofpa epoypy; vOe;jUspa ehd;F
jpUKfq;fSila flTis (mUfNjtid) tzq;fp vOj;jpf;fzj;ij ed;whfr;
nrhy;Ntd; vd;ghh; ed;D}yhh;. ed;fpak;Gtd; vd;W Ejypg;GFjy; vd;Dk;
cj;jpapd; thapyhf vOj;jjpfhu; tpsf;Ffpwhh; ed;D}yhh;.
vOj;jpyf;fzj;jpd; gFg;G gd;dpuz;L
vz;ngah; Kiwgpwg;G cUtk; khj;jpiu
KjyP wpilepiy Nghyp nad;wh
gjk;Gzh;g; ngdg;gd; dpUghw; wJNt. (2)
vOj;Jf;fspd; fzf;Fk;> ngaUk;> KiwiaAk;> gpwj;jYk;> tbtKk;>
xypf;Fk; msTk;> nkhopf;F Kjypy; epw;wYk;> nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; epw;wYk;>
nkhopf;F eLtpy; epw;wYk;> NghypAk; vd;Wk; gjKk; Gzh;r;rpAk; vd;Wk;
gd;dpuz;L tifapid cilajhFk; vOj;jpyf;fzk;.
1. vz;
vOj;J ,d;dnjd;gJk; mjd; tifAk;
nkhopKjw; fhuz khkZj; jpunshyp
vOj;jJ Kjy;rhh; ngdtpU tifj;Nj. (3)
nrhy;Yf;F Kjw;fhuzkhfpd;w mZf;$l;lj;jpd; fhhpakhfpa Xir
vOj;jhFk;. mt;ntOj;Jk; KjnyOj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;Jk; vd;w ,Utifj;jhFk;.

19
ed;D}y; vOj;J
KjnyOj;jpd; tifAk; tphpAk;

capU Klk;Gkh Kg;gJ KjNy. (4)
capnuOj;Jg; gd;dpuz;Lk;> nka;naOj;Jg; gjpndl;Lk; Mfpa Kg;gJ
vOj;Jf;fSk; KjnyOj;jhFk;.
rhh;ngOj;jpd; tif gj;J
caph;nka; Ma;jk; capusG xw;wsG
m/fpa ,cI xs k/fhd;
jdpepiy gj;JQ; rhh;ngOj; jhFk;. (5)
caph;nka;Ak;> Kw;wha;jKk;> capusngilAk;> xw;ws ngilAk;> FWfpa
,fuKk; (Fw;wpaypfuk;)> Fw;wpaYfuKk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fKk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fKk;>
kfuf;FWf;fKk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fKk; Mfpa gj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;jpd; tifahk;.
rhh;ngOj;jpd; tphp
caph;nka; apul;LE}w; nwl;La uha;jk;
vl;Ltp usngO %d;nwhw; wsngil
MNw o/F kpk;Kg; ghNso;
cfu khwhiwfhd; %d;Nw
xsfh nshd;Nw k/fhd; %d;Nw
Ma;j kpuz;nlhU> rhh;ngOj; JWtphp
xd;nwhop Ke;E}w; nwOgh ndd;g. (6)
caph;nka; ,UE}w;Wg;gjpdhWk;> Kw;wha;jk; vl;Lk;> capusngil
,Ugj;njhd;Wk;> xw;wsngil ehw;gj;jpuz;Lk;> Fw;wpaypfuk; Kg;gj;NjOk;>
Fw;wpaYfuk; Kg;gj;jhWk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fk; %d;Wk;> xsfhuf; FWf;fk; xd;Wk;>
kfuf;FWf;fk; %d;Wk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; ,uz;Lk; Mf rhh;ngOj;jpdJ kpf;ftphp
Ke;E}w;wWgj;njhd;gJ MFk;.
2. ngah;
ngahpd; nghJtpyf;fzk;
,LFwp fhuzg; ngah;nghJr; rpwg;gpd (7)
,LFwpg; ngaUq; fhuzg;ngaUkhfpa ,uz;Lk; gy nghUSf;Fg; nghJg;
ngauhAk; xt;nthU nghUSf;Nf rpwg;Gg; ngauhAk; tUtdthk;.
vdNt ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;> ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg;ngah;> fhuzg;
nghJg;ngah;> fhuzr; rpwg;Gg;ngah; vdg;ngah; ehy;tifg;gLk; vd;gh;.

20
ed;D}y; vOj;J
cjhuzk;> kuk; - ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;

gid> gyh - ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg;ngah;
mzp - fhuzg; nghJg;ngah;
tis> rpyk;G- fhuzr; rpwg;Gg;ngah;
vOj;Jf;fspd; ngah;
capUk; nka;Ak;
mk;Kj yPuh Mtp fk;Kjy;
nkk;a;% thnwd tpsk;gpdhh; Gyth;. (8)
mfuk; Kjypa gd;dpuz;Lk;> capnuOj;J. ffuk; Kjypa gjpndl;Lk;
nka;naOj;J vd;W tpsk;gpdhh; mwpTilNahh;.
m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs> caph; 12
f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;> nka; 18
Fwpy; 5
mtw;Ws;
m> ,> c> v xf; Fwp iye;Nj (9)
caph;nka; vd;w mtw;Ws; m> ,> c> v> x ,t;ite;Jk; Fw;nwOj;jhk;.
neby; 7
M> <> C> V> I> X> xs neby; (10)
M> <> C> V> I> X> xs ,t;NtOk; nel;nlOj;jhk;.
3. Rl;L
m. , ck; Kjy; jdpthpw; Rl;Nl (11)
m , c ,k;%d;Wk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; jdpj;J Rl;Lg;nghUisf; fhl;b
te;jhy; Rl;nlOj;jhk;.
Kjy; vdg; nghJg;glr; nrhd;djdhy; nkhopf;F mfj;Jk; Gwj;Jk;
tUnkdf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mfj;Jwg;G gjj;jpDs;shfNt Rl;nlOj;J
epw;gJ. Gwj;JWg;G gjj;jpw;F ntspahfr; Rl;nlOj;J epw;gJ.
mtd; mf;nfhw;wd;
,td; - mfr;Rl;L ,k;kdpjd; - Gwr;Rl;L
ctd; ct;tL
P
21
ed;D}y; vOj;J
mfuk; J}uj;jpYs;s nghUisAk;> ,fuk; rkPgj;jpYs;s nghUisAk;

cfuk; eLtpYs;s nghUisAk; Fwpj;jw;F cjTk;.
tpdh 5
v ah KjYk; M x <w;Wk;
VapU topAk; tpdhth Fk;Nk. (12)
vfuKk; ahTk; nkhopf;F KjypYk;> MfhuKk;> XfhuKk; nkhopf;F
,WjpapYk;> Vfhuk; ,uz;blj;jpYk; nkhopf;F KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; jdpj;J
tpdhg;nghUisf; fhl;bte;jhy; tpdhntOj;jhk;.
(ck;) vtd; - v> ah KjypNy mfj;J te;jd
ahtd; mftpdh
vf;flTs; - v> ah KjypNy Gwj;J te;jd
ahq;fdk; Gwtpdh
nghd;ddh - M> X> <w;wpNy Gwj;J te;jd
nghd;dNdh (<w;Wtpdh Gwj;J khj;jpuNk tUk;)
Vtd; - V Kjypy; mfj;Jk;> <w;wpy; Gwj;Jk;
nghd;dNd te;jJ
ty;ypdk; 6
ty;ypdq; f r l j g w ntd thNw. (13)
f r l j g w vd;w ,t;thW vOj;Jf;fSk; td;ikahf xypf;fpd;w
tUf;fk;.
nky;ypdk; 6
nky;ypdk; q Q z e k d ntd thNw. (14)
q Q z e k d vd;w MW vOj;Jf;fSk; nkd;ikahf xypf;fpd;w
tUf;fk;.
,ilapdk; 6
,ilapdk; a u y t o s ntd thNw. (15)
a u y t o s vd;w ,t;thWk; ty;ypd nky;ypdq;fl;F eLj;jukhf
xypf;fpd;w tUf;fk;.

22
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ty;ypdk; gpwf;Fkplkhfpa khh;gpw;Fk;> nky;ypdk; gpwf;Fkplkhfpa

%f;fpw;Fk; ,ilapdkhfpa fOj;jpdpd;Wk; gpwj;jy; gw;wp ,ilnaOj;njd ngah;
ngw;wJ vd;Wk; $Wth;.
,dntOj;J
I xs , cr; nrwpa KjnyOj;J
,t;tpuz; Nlhhpd kha;tuy; KiwNa. (16)
xj;j ,dkpy;yhj Ifhu xsfhuq;fs;> <fhu Cfhuq;fl;F ,dkhfpa ,fu
cfuq;fisNa jkf;Fk; ,dkhfg; nghUe;j KjnyOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;buz;L
Xhpdkhfp tUjy; njhd;Wnjhl;L tUk; Kiwikahk;. Mjyhy; mit
,dntOj;J vdg; ngah;ngWk;.
(ck;) m-M> ,-<> c-C> v-V> (,)-I> x-X> (c)-xs vdTk; f-q> r-Q. l-
z> j-e> g-k> w-d> vdTk; tUf ,ilnaOj;jhWk; Xhpdk;.
,dnkd;wjw;F fhuzk;
jhd Kaw;rp asT nghUs; tbT
Mdnthd; whjpNahh; Gilnahg; gpdNk. (17)
gpwg;gplKk;> Kaw;rpAk;> khj;jpiuAk;> nghUSk;> cUtKk; Mfpa
,tw;Ws; xd;W Kjyhfpa rpy xj;jpUj;jy; ,dkhjjw;Ff; fhuzkhk;.
jhdj;jhYk; Kaw;rpahYk; xj;J tUtd caphpdnky;yhk; Kaw;rpahYk;
msthYk; xj;J tUtd. ,ilapdk; xope;j nka;fs; nghUshy; xj;JtUtd.
mM> ,<> cC> vV> xX> fq> rQ> je> gk> wd Kjypad.
mJ> MJ; ,q;F> <q;F; cq;F> Cq;F; vJ> VJ; xL> XL; Fsf;fiu>
Fsq;fiu; jlr;Nrhiy> jlQ;Nrhiy; glk;> gzk;; gho;j;J}W> gho;e;J}W; mg;G>
mk;G; ew;F> ed;F vdr; rpynghUs; xj;JtUjy; fhz;f.
3. Kiw
rpwg;gpD kpdj;jpDQ; nrwpe;jPz; lk;Kjy;
elj;jy; jhNd Kiwah Fk;Nk (18)
rpwg;gpdhYk;> ,dj;jpdhYk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;W nghUe;jp ,t;Tyfj;jpy;
mfuk; Kjyhfj; njhd;;Wnjhl;L toq;FjNy vOj;Jf;fs; epw;Fk; KiwahFk;.

23
ed;D}y; vOj;J
4. gpwg;G
gpwg;gpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
epiwAaph; Kaw;rpap Ds;tsp Jug;g
vOkzZj; jpuSuq; fz;l Kr;rp
%f;Fw; wpjo;ehg; gy;yzj; njhopypd;
ntt;Nt nwOj;njhyp aha;tuy; gpwg;Ng (19)
xypnaOj;jpw;F Ntz;Lq; fhuzq;fspw; Fiwtpd;wp epiwe;j caphpdJ
cr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; Kaw;rpahy;> cs;Ns epd;w fhw;whdJ vOg;g>
vOfpd;w mZf;$l;lk;> khh;Gk; fOj;Jk; jiyAk; %f;Fkhfpa ehd;fplj;ijAk;
Kjypy; nghUe;jp> gpd;G cjLk; ehf;Fk; gy;Yk; thAkhfpa ehf;fpDila
Kaw;rp NtWghl;bdhy;> NtWNtW tifg;gl;l vOj;jhfpa Xirfsha;
Njhd;Wjy; gpwg;ghFk;.
KnyOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplk;
mt;top
Mtp apilik aplkpl whFk;
NkTnkd;ik %f;F cuk;ngWk; td;ik (20)
Nkw;$wpa topahy; gpwf;Fkplj;J> capnuOj;Jf;fl;Fk; ,ilapdj;jpw;Fk;
,lk; fOj;jhFk;. nky;ypdk; %f;fpdplkhfg; nghUe;Jk;. ty;ypdk;
khh;gpdplkhfg; nghUe;Jk;.
KjnyOj;Jf;fl;F Kaw;rp tifahw; gpwg;G
mtw;Ws;
Kaw;rpAs; m M mq;fhg;Gila (21)
Nky; ,lk; tFf;fg;gl;l KjnyOj;Jf;fSs;> m M ,uz;Lk; Kd;
nrhd;d ehy;tif Kaw;rpfSs; mq;fhj;jiy cilad tha;g;gpwf;Fk;.
,< vV I mq; fhg;NghL
mz;gy; Kjy;eh tpspk;Gw tUNk (22)
,> <> v> V> I ,t;ite;Jk; tha;jpwj;jYlNd Nky;tha;g; gy;iy
mbehf;fpdJ XukhdJ nghUe;j gpwf;Fk;.
c> C> x> X> xs ,jo; FtpNt (23)
c> C> x> X> xs ,tpite;Jk; ,jo; Ftpjypdhy; gpwf;Fk;.

24
ed;D}y; vOj;J
fqTQ; rQTk; lzT Kjypil

Edpeh tz;z KwKiw tUNk (24)
ffuKk; qfuKk; rfuKk; QfuKk;> lfuKk; zfuKk; KiwNa ehf;fpd;
mbAk; eLTk; filAk; Nky;thapd; mbiaAk; eL itAk; filiaAk;
nghUe;jg; gpwf;Fk;.
mz;gy; ybeh KbAwj; je tUk; (25)
Nky;tha; gy;ypd; mbia ehf;F Edp nghUe;j jfuKk; efuKk; gpwf;Fk;.
kPfP opjOwg; gk;kg; gpwf;Fk; (26)
NkYjLk; fPOjLk; nghUe;jg; gfuKk; kfuKk; gpwf;Fk;
mbeh tbaz Kwaj; Njhd;Wk; (27)
ehf;fpdbahdJ Nky;thabiag; nghUe;j afuk; gpwf;Fk;
mz;z Edpeh tUl uotUk; (28)
Nky;thia ehf;fpd; EdpahdJ jlt uhfKk; ofuKk; gpwf;Fk;.
mz;gy; KjY kz;zK Kiwapd;
ehtpspk;G tPq;fp nahw;wTk; tUlTk;
yfhu sfhukh apuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk; (29)
Nky;tha;gg; y;ypd; mbiaAk;> Nky;thiaAk;> KiwNa ehtpd; XukhdJ
jbj;Jg; nghUe;jTk; jltTk; yfhuKk; sfhuKk; gpwf;Fk;.
Nkw;gy; ypjOw NktpLk; tt;Nt (30)
Nky;tha;g; gy;NyhL fPOjL nghUe;j tfukhdJ gpwf;Fk;
mz;z Edpdh edpAwpy; wdtUk; (31)
Nky;thia ehf;FEdp kpfg;nghUe;jpd; wfuKk; dfuKk; gpwf;Fk;.
rhh;ngOj;J ,lKk; Kaw;rpAk;
Ma;jf; fple;jit aq;fh Kaw;rp
rhh;ngOj; NjdTj; jk;Kj yida (32)
Ma;ntOj;Jf;Fg; gpwg;gplk; jiyahk;> Kaw;rp thiaj; jpwe;j Ma;jk;
ePq;fyhd kw;iwr; rhh;ngOj;Jf;fSk; ,lKaw;rp tiffspdhy; jk;jk;
KjnyOj;Jf;fis xg;gdthk;.

25
ed;D}y; vOj;J
gpwg;Gf;F Gweil
vLj;jy; gLj;jy; eypj Yog;gpd;
jphpGe;j jj;jkpw; rpwpJs thFk; (33)
gyntOj;jpw;Fg; gpwg;G xd;whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldthapDk;> cah;j;jp
cr;rhpj;jhYk;> jho;j;jp cr;rhpj;jhYk;> eLj;jukhf cr;rhpj;jYk; Mfpa
vOj;jpw;F chpa xyp Kaw;rp tifapdhy; xd;ww;F xd;W gpwg;G NtWghLfSk;
mt;tw;Ws; rpwpJ rpwpJ csthk;.
caph;nka; 216
Gs;sptpl; lt;nthL Kd;DU thfpAk;
Vid AapNuh LUT jphpe;Jk;
nganuhL nkhw;WKd; dha;tU Kaph;nka; (34)
nka; mfuTapNuhL $banghOJ> Gs;spiatpl;L mt;tpl;ltbNt
tbthfpAk;> MKjypa kw;iw caph;fNshL $ba nghOJ Gs;sptpLjy;
khj;jpuNkad;wp tbT NtWgl;Lk;> caph;khj;jpiuNa khj;jpiuaha;> thptbtpy;
caphpd; tbit xopj;J nka;naOj;J tpfhug;gl;l tbNt tbtha;> capUk;
nka;Ak; Mfpa ,uz;blj;Jk; gpwe;j caph;nka; vd;Dk; ngaUlNd
nka;apndhyp Kd;Dk; caphpndhyp gpd;Dkhfp caph;nka;naOj;J tUk;.
gd;dpuz;L capUk; gjpndl;L nka;apd; NkYk; jdpj;jdp VwptUjyhy;>
caph;nka; ,UE}w;Wg; gjpdhwhk; f;+m=f f;+M=fh Kjypad.
Kw;wha;jk; 8
Fwpajd; Kd;d uha;jg; Gs;sp
capnuhL Gzh;e;j ty;yhwd; kpirj;Nj (35)
%d;W Gs;sp tbthfpa Ma;jntOj;jhdJ Fw;nwOj;jpd; Kd;djha;>
capNuhL $ba ty;nyOj;jhwDs; xd;wd; NkyjhfpNa tUk;
(ck;) v/F> f/R> xd;g/J> g/wp
5. cUtk;
njhy;iy tbtpd nty;yh ntOj;J khz;L
va;J nkfu nthfu nka; Gs;sp (36)
vy;yh vOj;Jf;fSk; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l vOjp toq;Fk; gioa
tbitAiladthk;. mt;thW toq;Fkplj;J vfu capUk;> xfuTapUk;>
nka;fSk; Gs;spiag; ngWk;.

26
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) v x f;qr
; ;Q;l;z;j;e;gk
; ;a;h;y;t;o;s;w;d;.
vd tUk;. vfu xfuq;fisg; Gs;spl;nlOJjy; ,f;fhyj;jy; ,y;iy.
6. khj;jpiu
vOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiu
%d;W capusG ,uz;lhk; neby; xd;Nw
FwpNyhL Ixsf; FWf;fk; xw;wsG
miu xw;W ,cf; FWf;fk; Ma;jk;
fhy; Fws; k/fhd; Ma;jk; khj;jpiu (37)
khj;jpiu capusngilf;F %d;whFk;> nel;nlOj;jpw;F ,uz;lhFk;>
Fw;nwOj;jpw;Fk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fj;jpw;Fk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fj;jpw;Fk;>
xw;wsngilf;Fk;> jdpj;jdpNa xd;whFk;. nka;naOj;jpw;Fk;>
Fw;wpaypfuj;jpw;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fk; Kw;wha;jj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa
miuahFk;. kfuf;FWf;fj;jpw;Fk; Ma;jf; FWf;fj;jpw;Fk; fhyhFk;.
khj;jpiu ,d;dnjd;gJ
,ay;ngO khe;j hpiknehb khj;jpiu (38)
kdpjUila ,aw;ifaha; cz;lhfpd;w fz;zpikg;nghOJk; ifnehbg;
nghOJk; jdpj;jdp xU khj;jpiu vd;Dk; fhytiuaiwg; nghOjhk;.
khj;jpiuf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
MtpA nkhw;W kstpwe; jpirj;jYk;
NkT kpirtpsp gz;lkhw; whjpapd; (39)
,uhfKk;> mioj;jYk;> gz;lkhw;wYk; Kjyhdtplj;J
capnuOj;Jf;fSk; nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; Kd; Fwpg;gpl;l msitf;fle;J
mjpfkhf xypj;jiyAk; nghUe;Jk;.
7. Kjy; epiy
nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;
gd;dP UapUk; frje gkta
QqtP iue;Japh; nka;A nkhopKjy; (40)
gd;dpnuz;L capnuOj;Jf;fSk;> frjegktaQq vd;Dk; gj;J caph;
nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;Yf;F KjyhFk;.

27
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) mil> Mil> ,il> <L> cil> Cf;fk;> vL> VL> Iak;> xd;W>
XL> xsit vdTk;
fsp> rw;w> jsph;> eyk;> gil> kiy> tsk;> atdh;> Qkyp> mq;qdk;
vdTk; tUk;.
tfuj;Jr; rpwg;Gtpjp
c C x X tynthL tk;Kjy; (41)
c C x X ,e;ehd;F ky;yhj vl;L capNuhLk; $ba tfu nka;
nrhy;Yf;F KjyhFk;.
tz;L> thio> tpid> tPL> ntsp> Ntok;> itak;> ntsthy;.
afuj;Jr; rpwg;Gtpjp
m M c C x xs ak;Kjy (42)
m M c C x xs ,e;j MW capNuhLk; $ba Kjy; afu nka;
nrhy;Yf;F KjyhFk;.
(ck;) atdh;> ahid> Afk;> A+jk;> Nahfk;> nastsk; (A+jk; -$l;lk;)
Qfuj;Jr; rpwg;Gtpjp
m M v xt;nth lhF Qk;Kjy; (43)
m M v xt;nthU ,e;ehd;F capNuhLk; $b Qfunka; nrhy;Yf;F
KjyhFk;.
(ck;) Qkyp-eha;> Qhyk;-cyfk; nQfpop-nfhs;spf;fl;il> nQhs;fy;
(,isj;jy;)
qfuj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Rl;bah ntfu tpdhtop at;it
xl;b qt;T Kjyh Fk;Nk (44)
%d;W Rl;Lk;> ahtpdhTk; vfutpdhTk; Mfpa Ie;jDila gpd;Nd>
mfuj;ijr; Nrh;e;J> qfunka;Ak; nrhy;Yf;F Kjyhk;.
(ck;) mq;qdk;> ,q;qdk;> cq;qdk;> ahq;qdk;> vq;qdk; KjyhFk; vd;w
gj;J caph;nka;As; tfuk; Kjypa ehd;ifAk; vLj;Jr; rpwg;Gtpjp $wNt>
ke;iwa frjegk vd;Wk; MW nka;fSk; gd;dpuz;L capNuhLq; $b nkhopf;F
KjyhFk;.

28
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
fdp> fha;> fpsp> fPiu> Flk;> $L> nfz;il> Nfs;ifij> nfhil> NfhL>
nfsit;
rkh;> rhe;J> rpWik> rPh;> Riu> #J> nrf;F> Nrty;> irak;> nrhy;> NrhW>
nrsfhpak;;
je;ij> jha;> jpid> jPik> Jzp> J}J> njw;F> Njd;> ijay;> njhz;il>
NjhL> njsit;
ed;ik> ehL> epyk;> ePh;> Edp> E}y;> neQ;R> Neh;> iejy;> nehr;rp>
Nehf;fk;> nestp;
gil> ghy;> gpb> gPL> Gfo;> G+z;L> ngil> NgL> igjy;> nghd;> Nghh;>
ngstk;;
kid> khiy> kpd;dy;> kPd;> Kid> %g;G> nkypT> Nkdp> ikay;> nkhop>
NkhL> nksty;;
8. <w;Wepiy
nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;
Mtp Qd ekd auyt os nka;
rhA Kfu ehyhW kPNw (45)
jdpj;Jk; nka;NahL $bAk; tUk; gd;dpuz;L caph;fSk; Qzekd auy
tos ,g;gjpndhU nka;fSk; Fw;wpaYfuKk; Mfpa ,Ugj;J ehd;F
vOj;Jf;fSk; nkhopf;F ,WjpahFk;.
(ck;) m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs vdTk; tps> gyh>
fsp> jP> tpL> G+> Nr> V> Nj> gid> neh> Ngh> nts vdTk;.
chpQ;> kz;> ngUe;> kuk;> nghd;> Nta;> Nth;> Nty;> njt;> Gfo;> ths;>
m/J vdTk; tUk;.
(m-gR> C-khkprk;> V-mk;G> I-moF> x-xj;jy;> X-kjF-ePh; jhq;Fk;
gyif> xs-gw;Wjy; my;yJ mit> Nr-vUJ> Nj-nja;tk;> neh-tUe;J> chpQ;-
cuha;jy;> nghUe;-nghUe;Jjy; my;yJ xUtifg;ghl;L> Nta;-%q;fpy;> njt;-
gif)

29
ed;D}y; vOj;J
rpytw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Fw;Wap ustp dPwh nkfuk;
nka;NahNl yhnjhe; et;nth lhnksf;
ffu tfuNkh lhF nkd;g (46)
m , c v x vd;fpd;w caph;f;Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; xnuOj;njhUnkhopaha;
<whjyd;wp msngilapYk; thptbtpy; mwpFwpahfj; jdpj;J <whFk;. vfuk;
nka;NahL $b <whfhJ. xfuk; qfunka; nahw;WlNd $b <whFk;. xsfuk;
ffu tfunka;fspuz;Lld; $b <whFk; vd;gh; mwpTilNahh;.
(ck;) gyhm> jP,> G+c> Nrv> if,> Nfhx> nfsc vdTk; neh> nfs>
nts vdTk; tUk;. (nfs-thapdhw; gw;W> nts-nfhs;isapL)
caph;nka;f;F KjYk; <Wk;
epd;w newpNa Aaph;nka; KjyPNw (47)
nka; Kd;Dk; caph;gpd;Dkhf xypj;J epd;wtopNa caph;nka;f;Fk;> nka;
KjyhFk; caph; <whFk;.
vdNt capUk; nka;Ak; caph;nka;nahope;j Ma;jk; Kjypa xd;gJ
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fSk; XnuOj;jhifahy; mtw;Wf;F KjYk; <Wk;
mitNaahnkd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
9. ,ilepiy
nkhopf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;
frjg nthopj;j tPNuod; $l;lk;
nka;k;kaf; Fldpiy uonthopj; jPnul;L
MFkpt; tpUghy; kaf;F nkhopapil
NkT Kaph;nka;k; kaf;fs tpd;Nw (48)
gjpndz; nka;fspy; frjg vd;Dk; ehd;ifAk; ePf;fpa kw;iwg;
gjpdhd;F nka;fSk; gpwnka;fNshL $Lq;$l;lk; Ntw;Wepiy
nka;k;kaf;fkhFk;. u o vd;Dk; ,uz;ilAk; ePff
; p kw;iwg; gjpdhW nka;fSk;
jk;nkhL $Lq;$l;lk; cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fkhFk;. ,t;tpuz;L tif
kaf;fKk; xUnkhopf;F eLtpYk; njhlh;nkhopf;F eLtpYk; tUk;. capUk;
nka;Ak; nka;Ald; capUk; khwp kaq;Fk; kaf;fj;jpw;F mstpy;iy;
Ntz;bathW kaq;Fk;.
,e;;E}w;ghthy; nka;Ald; nka;kaq;Fk; nghOJ frjg vd;Dk; ehd;Fk;
gpwnka;NahL kaq;fhthj; jk;nkhL jhNk kaq;Fnkd;gJk;> u o vd;Dkpuz;Lk;
30
ed;D}y; vOj;J
jk;nkhLjhk; kaq;fhtha;j; jk;nkhL gpwNt kaq;Fk; vd;gJk;> kw;iwg;

gd;dpuz;L nka;fSk; jk;nkhL jhKk; gpwTk; kaq;Fk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
capUk; nka;Ak; kaq;Ftjw;F cjhuzk; - my;> Gs; vd capUld;
nka; kaq;fpd. fh> G+ vd nka;Ald; caph;kaq;fpd. nka;Ald;
nka;kaq;Ftjw;F cjhuzk; gpd;tUk; E}w;ghf;fshy; czuyhk;.
Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
qk;Kd ft;thk; tt;Kd; at;Nt (49)
qfu nka;apd; Kd; ffuKk;> tfu nka;apd;Kd; afuKk; kaq;Fk;.
(ck;) gq;F> njt;ahJ
Q e Kd; jk;kpdk; afunkh lhFk; (50)
Qfu efu nka;fspd; Kd; mtw;Wf;F ,dkhfpa rfu jfuq;fSk;>
afuKk;> kaq;Fk;.
Qfu nka;apd;Kd; rfuKk; afuKk; efunka;apd; Kd; jfuKk; afuKk;
kaq;Fnkd;gh;.
(ck;) gQ;R> chpQ;ahJ> ge;J> nghUe;ahJ.
lwKd; frg nka;Ald; kaq;Fk; (51)
lfu wfu nka;fspd; Kd; frg vd;fpd;w %d;W nka;fSk; $b kaq;Fk;.
(ck;) ntl;fk;> khl;rp> jpl;gk;> fw;f> gapw;rp> fw;G
zdKd; dpdq; fr Qgka tt;tUk; (52)
zfu dfu nka;fspd; Kd; mtw;wpw;F ,dkhfpa lfu wfuq;fSk;>
frQgkat ,t;NtO nka;fSk; kaq;Fk;. zfunka;apd;Kd; lfuKk;> frQgka
tf;fSk; dfu nka;apd;Kd; wfuKk; frQgka tf;fSk; kaq;Fk;.
(ck;) tpz;L> vz;F> ntz;NrhW> ntz;Qkyp> gz;G ntz;ik> kz;ahJ>
kz;typJ> fd;W> Gd;F> ed;nra;> Gd;Qkyp> ,d;gk;> ed;ik> nghd;ahJ>
nghd;typJ.
kk;Kd; gat kaq;F nkd;g (53)
kfu nka;apd;Kd; gat ,k;%d;W nka;fSk; ,zq;Fk; vd;W nrhy;th;.
(ck;) ek;gd;> fyk;ahJ> fyk;typJ
auo Kd;dh; nkhopKjd; nka;tUk; (54)

31
ed;D}y; vOj;J
auo ,k;%d;W nka;fspd; Kd; nkhopf;F Kjyhnkd;w gj;J nka;fSk;

kaq;Fk;.
(ck;) ngha;if> nfha;rfk;> va;J> nra;eh;> Ma;G> Nra;ik> Ma;T -
gha;nefpop> Nrh;f> thh;rpiy> xh;Jk; Nrh; eh;> khh;G> rPh;ik> Mh;tk;> Nghh;ahid>
Neh; nQfpop> %o;fp> tPo;rpiy> tho;jy;> tho;ed;> #o;g> fPo;ik> tho;T>
tPo;ahid> tho;ez;L.
Nta;q;Foy;> Mh;qN
; fhL> gho;qf
; pzW vd auo xw;wpd; Kd; qfuk;
jdpnka;aha; kaq;Fjy; Nky; auonthw;W vd;Dk; E}w;ghthy; ngwg;gLk;.
ysKd; frg ta nthd; Wk;Nk (55)
yfu wfu nka;fspd; Kd; frgta ,t;ite;J nka;fSk; kaq;Fk;.
(ck;) ey;fp> ty;rp> rhy;G> nry;tk;> fy;ahzk;> nts;fp ePs;rpiy>
nfhs;g> Nts;tp> nts;ahid.
cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
uoty;yd jk;Kw; whKl dpiyAk; (56)
ufu ofuky;yhj kw;iwg; gjpdhW nka;fSk;> jkf;FKd; jhNk te;J
cld;epd;W kaq;Fk;.
cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fkhtJ jdf;F Kd; jhd;kaq;Fjy; vd;w
,yf;fzk; ,q;F tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ck;) Rf;F> mq;qdk;> mr;rk;> kQ;iQ> gl;L. jpz;zk;> gj;J> nte;ePh;>
mg;gd;> mk;ik> nka;ad;> my;yp> njt;th;> gs;sk;> fhw;W> md;id.
jdpnka;AlNd jdpnka;aha; kaq;FtdTk;
nkhopf;F cWg;ghf kaq;fhjdTk;
auonthw; wpd;Kd; frjgqQek
<nuhw; whk;uoj; jdpf;Fwp yizah (57)
auf vd;Dk; %d;W nka;fspd; Kd;Nd frjgqQek ,t;ntl;L
nka;fSk;> caph;nka;ahfp kaq;FjYk; my;yhky; jhKk; nka;aha; epd;W
,uz;L xw;whAk; kaq;Fk;> ufo ofu nka;fs;> nkhopf;F cWg;ghfhj;
jdpf;Fw;nwOj;jpd; gpd;Nd te;J kaq;fhthk;.
(ck;)
fha;f;f> <h;f;F> tho;f;if;

32
ed;D}y; vOj;J
gha;r;rpdhd;> czh;r;rp> #o;r;rp;
Nja;j;jy;> Ngh;j;jy;> tho;j;jpdhd;;
tha;gG
; > $h;g;G> fho;g;G;
Nta;q;Foy;> Mq;NfhL> gho;qf

; pzW;
Nja;Q;rJ> $h;Q;rpiw> gho;Q;Rid;
fha;e;jdk;> Neh;e;jdk;> tho;e;jdk;;
nka;k;G> <h;k;gid> gho;k;gjp.
„mizah‟ vd;w uof;fSf;F cjhuzk; fhl;lyhfhik czh;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
nra;Aspy; <nuhw;wha; epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs;
ysnka; jphpe;j dzKd; kfhuk;
iee;jP nuhw;whQ; nra;A nss;Ns (58)
ghl;bDs; yfhu nka;fs; jphpe;j dfhu zfhu nka;fspd; Kd; tUfpd;w
kfunka;ahdJ Kd; nrhd;dthW FWfp me;j nka;fSlNd <nuhw;W
kaf;fkhk;.
(ck;) “jpirawp kPfhDk; Nghd;k;”

“kapypapd; khjh; kUz;k;”
Kjdpiy ,Wjpepiy ,ilepiyfl;Fg; Gweil

jk;ngah; nkhopapd; KjYk; kaf;fKk;
,k;Kiw khwpA kpaY nkd;g (59)
vOj;Jf;fspd; ngah;fisr; nrhy;Ykplj;J nkhopKjypy; epw;wYk;
nkhopapilNa epw;wYk; Kd;G nrhd;d ,yf;fzk; gpwo;e;Jk; tUk; vd;W
nrhy;th; mwpTilNahh;.
vdNt vOj;Jf;fs; NtWnghUs; Fwpahky; jk;ikNa Fwpj;J
epiynkhopfsha;g; GzUkplj;J> nkhop Kjw;F tpjpj;jdTk; tpyf;fpadTkhfpa
vy;yhntOj;Jf;fSk; ,ilepd;W kaq;Fnkd;gJk; Mapw;W. ,g;gb vy;yh
vOj;Jf;fSk; jdpj;jdp mjw;F mJNt KjyhnkdNt <w;wpw;F
tpjpf;fg;gl;lTk; tpyf;fg;gl;ldTkhfpa vy;yh vOj;Jf;fSk; jdpj;jdp mjw;F
mJNt <whnkdj; jhNd tpsq;Fjypd; <Wk; vd kpifglf; $whky; tpl;lhh;.

33
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) mtw;Ws; ys/fhd; Kd;dh; atTe; Njhd;Wk; ,jpy; yfukhdJ

KjyhfpAk; mtw;Ws; vd;wjd; ,WjpapNy epd;w sfunka;NahL kaq;fpAk;
te;jJ. nfg;nghpJ ,jpy; vfuk; nka;NahL> <wha; te;jJ.
10. Nghyp
,Wjpg;Nghyp
kfu tpWjp a/wpizg; ngahpd;
dfuNkh Lwoh elg;gd TsNt (60)
ghy;gfht/wpizg; ngah;fsplj;J <w;wpNy epd;w kfunka; dfunka;NahL
xj;J elg;git cz;L. mJ Nghyp vdg;gLk;.
(ck;) mfk;-mfd;> fyk;-fyd;> epyk;-epyd;> NghypahdJ xU nrhy;ypy;
XnuOj;J cs;stplj;jpy; mt;ntOj;jf;f <lhf NtNwhh; vOj;J epd;whYk;
nghUs; NtWglhky; xj;jpUg;gJ. Nghyp Nghy epw;gJ. mJ nkhopapd; Kjy;
,il fil vd %tifg;gLk;.
Kjw;Nghyp ,ilg;Nghypfspd; gpd; KiwNa nrhy;y Ntz;ba
,t;tpWjpg;Nghypia Kd;Nd nrhd;djhy;.
RUk;G-RUk;gh;> tz;L-tz;lh;> rpwF-rpwfh;> ,lf;F-,lf;fh;> ntw;G-ntw;gh;
vdr;rpy Fw;wpaypfug; ngahpdpWjp cfuj;jpw;F mh; vd;gJ Nghypahay;
tUjYk;> ge;jy;-ge;jh;> rhk;gy;-rhk;gh;> Fly;-Flh; vdr; rpy ngahpdpWjp
yfunka;f;F ufunka; Nghypaha; tUjYk;> jpwk;-jpwy;> kwk;-kwy;> gf;fk;-gf;fy;>
$ty;-$tk; vdr; rpy ngahpdpWjp kfunka;fF ; yfunka; Nghypaha; tUjYk;>
kjpy;-kjps; vdr; rpWghd;ik yfuj;Jf;F sfuk; Nghypaha; tUjYk; mikAk;.
Kjw;NghypAk; ,ilg;NghypAk;
m , Kjypil nahf;FQ; rQaKd; (61)
mfuKk; IfhuKk; nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk; eLtpYk; rfuQfu
afuq;fSf;F Kd; jk;Kd; NtWghby;yhky; Nghypaha; tUk;.
(ck;)
Kjw;Nghyp ,ilg;Nghyp
gry; - igry; muR - miuR
kQ;R - ikQ;R ,yQ;rp - ,iyQ;rp

kay; - ikay; muah; - miuah;

34
ed;D}y; vOj;J
m I xf;Fk; vdg; nghJg;glf; $wpatjdhy;> itr;r-tr;r IQ;R> mQ;R>

iga ga vdr; rfu Qfu afuq;fspd; Kd; Ifhuj;Jf;F mfuk; Nghypaha;
tUjYk; nfhs;f.
,ilg;Nghyp
Ifhd; ay;tpop et;nthL rpy;top
Q/fh EwO nkd;kU KsNu (62)
nrhy;Yf;F eLtpy; rpytplj;J Ifhuj;jpd; gpd;Dk; afu nka;apd; gpd;Dk;
efu nka;NahL Qfunka; Nghypaha; tUk;.
(ck;)
ike;epd;w - ikQ;epd;w
ife;epd;w - ifQ;epd;w
Ie;E}W - Ie;E}W
nra;e;epd;W - nra;Q;Qpd;w
Nra;jY}h; - Nra;QY}h; - tof;F
,dp ciuapd; topaha; eak;-Qak;> ehQ;rpy; - QhQ;rpy;> Neak;-NQak;
vd nkhopKjy; efuj;jpw;F xfuKk;> xz;L nQz;L vd nkhopKjy;
mfuj;Jf;F vfuKk; Nghypaha; tUk;.
Ie;J – mQ;rp> ca;e;jdd; - ca;Q;rdd; efu jfuq;fl;F Qfu

rfuq;fSk;.
gpj;J – gpr;R> itj;j – itr;r vdj; jfuj;Jf;F rfuk; Nghypaha;

tUjYk;> Neak; - Nerk;> fak;-frk; vd afuj;Jf;F rfuk; Nghypaha; tUjYk;
czh;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
vOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; Gwdil
re;jpaf;fuk;
mk;K dpfuk; afu nkd;wpit
va;jp idnahj; jpirf;F kt;nthL
ct;Tk; tt;Tk; xsNth ud;d (63)
mfuj;jpd;Kd; ,fuKk;> afu nka;Ak; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l ,it jk;Kd;
xj;Jf; nghUe;jpdhy; I vd;Dk; nel;nlOj;J xypf;Fk;> mfuj;NjhL cfuKk;

35
ed;D}y; vOj;J
tfunka;Ak; jk;Kd; xj;J xU jd;ikadthfg; nghUe;jpdhy; xs vd;Dk;

nel;nlOj;J xypf;Fk;.
afu tfunka; eLtpw; fyf;Fnkdf; nfhs;f. ma;,-I mt;c-xs rpy
vOj;Jf;fs; $b NtNwhnuOj;Jg; Nghd;W xypj;jyhjyhy; ,jidg; Nghypiar;
rhu itj;jhh;.
mfuj;jpd;Kd; ,fuKk; afunka;Ak; vd;fpd;w ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs;
tUkhapd; Ifhuj;ij xj;J elf;Fk;. mfuj;jpd; Kd;> cfuKk; tfunka;Ak;
tUkhapd; xsfhuj;ij xj;J elf;Fk;.
afu tfuq;fs; jdpj;Jk; tUk;.
(ck;)
itj;jpad; - tapj;jpad;
iflgd; - ifaPlgd; vdTk;
itak; - ta;ak;
Itdk; - ma;tdk; vdTk;
ngsj;jh; - gTj;jh;
nfshp - fThp vdTk;
xsit - mt;it
ntsTjy; - tt;Tjy; vdTk; tUk;.
vOj;jpd; rhhpiafs;
nka;f sfuKk; nel;L aph; fhuKk;
Inadf; fhD kpUikf; Fwpypy;
tpuz;nlhL fhuKkhQ; rhhpia ngWk; (64)
jdp nka;fs; m vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk;> caph;nebfs; fhuk; vd;Dk;
rhhpiaAk;> Ifhu> xsfhuq;fs; fhuk; vd;Dk; rhhpiaAld; fhd; vd;Dk;
rhhpiaAk;> caph;f;FwpYk; caph;nka;f; FwpYk; fhuk; fhd; vd;Dk;
,t;tpuz;Lld; fuk; vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk; Mfpd;w rhhpiafisg; ngWk;.
vOj;jpaYf;Fg; Gweil
nkhopaha;j; njhlhpY Kd;didj; njOj;Nj (65)
,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; gjkhapDk;> mg;gjk; jk;nkhLk; cUNghLk;
Gzh;e;jhYk; Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l mg;gj;jpyf;fzj;ijAk; ciladthk;.
36
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ghlk;-4
2. gjtpay;
vOj;jpd; Gwj;jpyf;fzk; ,uz;by; gjj;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ijr; nrhy;Yk;
,ay;> ,t;tpaYf;F Mjhuk; ngUk;ghYk; tlnkhopahjyhy; gjtpay; vdg;
ngahpl;lhh; ed;D}yhh;.
,t;tpaypy; gjk; ,d;dnjd;gJk; mjd; tifAk;> XnuOj;njhUnkhop
njhlnuOj;Jnkhopfs;> gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;> gFgjcWg;G> gFjp> tpFjp>
,ilepiy> tlnkhop ahf;fk; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gjk; ,d;dnjd;gJk; mjd; tifAk;
vOj;Nj jdpj;Je; njhlh;e;Jk; nghUs;jhpd;
gjkh kJgfhg;g gjk;gF gjnkd
,Ugh yhfp apaY nkd;g (1)
vOj;Jf;fs; jhNk xt;nthd;whfj; jdpj;jhapDk;> ,uz;L Kjyhfj;
njhlh;e;NjahapDk; nghUisj; jUkhapd; mJ gjkhFk;. mg;gjk;
gfhg;gjnkd;Wk; gFgjnkd;Wk; ,Utifaha; mikAk; vd;gh; Gyth;.
gfhg;gjk; - gphpf;ff; $lhj gjk;.
XnuOj;J nkhopfs;
caph;kyp yhWe; jgetp iye;Jk;
ftryp dhYk; at;tp nyhd;Wk;
MF neby;nehJ thq;Fwp tpuz;NlhL
XnuOj; jpay;gj khNwo; rpwg;gpd (2)
caph; tUf;fj;jpYk; kt;tUf;fj;jpYk; mt;thWk;> jt;tUf;fj;jpYk;
gt;tUf;fj;jpYk; et;tUf;fj;jpYk; Iiae;Jk;> ft;tUf;fj;jpYk;
vt;tUf;fj;jpYk; rt;tUf;fj;jpYk; ee;ehd;Fk;> at;tUf;fj;jpy; xd;Wk; MFk;.
nel;nlOj;jhfpa nkhop ehw;gJk; neht;Tk; Jt;TkhFk;. Fw;nwOj;jhfpa nkhop
,uz;LlNd XnuOj;jhfpa nkhopfs; ehw;gj;jpuz;Lk; rpwg;Giladthk;.
M> <> C> V> I> X vdTk;> kh> kP> K> Nk> ik> Nkh vdTk;> jh> jP>
J}> Nj> ij vdTk;> gh> G+> Ng> ig> Ngh vdTk;> eh> eP> Ne> ie> Neh vdTk;>
fh> $> if> Nfh vdTk;> th> Nt> it> nts vdTk;> rh> rP> Nr> Nrh vdTk;>
ah vdTk;> neh> J vdTk; tUk;.

37
ed;D}y; vOj;J
njhlnuOj;J nkhopfs;
gfhg;gj NkOk; gFgj nkhd;gJk;
vOj;jP whfj; njhlU nkd;g (3)
gfhg;gjq;fs; ,uz;nlOj;J Kjy; VnuOj;Jf;fSk;> gFgjq;fs;
,uz;nlOj;J Kjy; xd;gJ vOj;Jf;fSk; vy;iyahfj; njhlUk; vd;W
nrhy;th;.
(ck;) mzp> fyk;> nghUg;G> ,Wk;G+J> Fq;fpypak;>
cj;jpul;lhjp vdg; gfhg;gjKk;;
$dp> $dd;> mwpQd;> nghUg;gd; mk;gytd;>

muq;fj;jhd;> cj;jpuhl;lj;jhd;> cj;jpul;lhjpahd;
vdg; gFgjKk; tUk;.
gfhg;gjk;
gFg;ghw; gadw; wpLFwp ahfp
Kd;Nd nahd;wha; Kbe;jpay; fpd;w
ngah;tpid ,ilAhp ehd;Fk; gfhg;gjk; (3)
gphpf;fg;gLjypdhNy gFjp tpFjp Kjypa gadpy;hky;> fhuzkpy;yhky;
,lg;gl;l Fwpaha;> mdhjpfhykha; xNu jd;ikadthfp Kbe;J elf;fpd;w>
ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp ehd;Fk; gfhg;gjq;fshFk;.
vdNt gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
(ck;) fyk;> NrhW> neUg;G> fhw;W – ngah;g;gfhg;gjk;
el> th> cz;> jpd;> ghh; - tpidg;gfhg;gjk;

kd;> nfhy;> Nghy;> fw;W - ,ilg;gfhg;gjk;
cW> fop> edp> jt> $h; - chpg;gfhg;gjk;
gFgjk;
nghUsplq; fhyQ; rpidFze; njhopypd;
tUngah; nghOJnfhs; tpidgF gjNk (4)
nghUSk; ,lKk; fhyKk; cWg;Gk; FzKk; njhopYk; Mfpa ,e;j
MW ngah;fisAk; mbahff; nfhz;L gpwf;fpd;w ngah;r;nrhw;fSk;>
njhpepiyahf thapDq; Fwpg;ghfthapDq; fhyj;ijf; nfhs;Sfpd;w

38
ed;D}y; vOj;J
tpidr;nrhw;fSk; gFg;gjq;fshk;. vdNt ngah; tpid vdg; gFg;gjq;fs;

,uz;L tifg;gLk;. ,ilr;nrhy;ypYk; chpr;nrhy;ypYk; gFgjk; ,y;iy.
nghOJnfhs; tpidg;gFgjk; vdNt njhpepiy Fwpg;G vd;Dk; ,Utif
tpidahyidAk; ngah;fSk; gFgjkh nkd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
(ck;) nghd;dd; - nghUl;g; ngah;g;gFgjk;
ehld; - ,lg; ngah;g;gFgjk;
jpUNthzj;jhd; - fhyg; ngah;g;gFgjk;
fz;zd; - rpidg; ngah;gg
; Fgjk;
fhpad; - Fzg; ngah;gg
; Fgjk;
jl;lhd; - njhopw; ngah;g;gFgjk;
ele;jhd;> ele;j> ele;J> elthd; - njhpepiy tpidg;gFgjk;
nghd;dd;> nghpa> nky;y> my;yd; - Fwpg;G gFgjk;
ele;jhd;> ele;jtd;> elthjtd; - njhpeiy tpidahyizAk; ngah;
nghd;dd;> nghd;dtd;> ,y;yhjtd; - Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngah;
1. ngah;gg
; Fgjk; fhyq;fhl;lhky; Ntw;Wik AUik Vw;WtUk;
(ck;) nghd;did (nghd;idAilatid) tzq;fpdhd;
2. Fwpg;GtpidKw;Wg; gFgjk; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghff; fhl;b Ntw;Wik
AUig VyhJ tUk;.
(ck;) ,td; ,g;NghJ nghd;dd;> nghd;id AilatdhfapUf;fpwhd;.
3. Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngah;g;gFgjk; - fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghff;
fhl;b Ntw;Wik AUig Vw;WtUk;.
(ck;) gz;L nghd;did Kd;Nd nghd;id AilatdhapUe;jitidg;
gpd;G Vioahff; fz;Nld;
1. njhpepiy tpidKw;Wg; gFgjk; - fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;b

Ntw;WikAUig VyhJ tUk;.
(ck;) nghd;dd; ele;jhd;.
2. njhpepiy tpidahyizAk; ngah;g;gFgjk; - fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff;
fhl;b Ntw;WikAUig Vw;WtUk;.
(ck;) ele;jhidj; jLj;Njd; (,J ele;jtd; vd;W tUk;) ,itNa
,t;tpuz;Lf;Fk; NtWghlhk;.

39
ed;D}y; vOj;J
gFgj cWg;G
gFjp tpFjp apilepiy rhhpia
re;jp tpfhu khwpD Nkw;git
Kd;dpg; Gzh;g;g KbAnkg; gjq;fSk; (6)
Kjy;epiyAk;> ,WjpepiyAk;> ,ilepiyAk;> rhhpiaAk;> re;jpAk;
tpfhuKk; Mfpa MW cWg;gpDs;Sk;> nghUsikjpf;Fg; nghUe;Jgitfis
epidj;J mwpTiuNahh; $l;b Kbf;f vy;yhg; gFgjq;fSk; KbTngWk;.
(ck;) $dp+$d;+, = vdg; gFjp tpFjpfshy; Kbe;jJ
tiyQd; tiy+Q;+md; = vdg; gFjp ,ilepiy tpFjpfshy; Kbe;jJ.
cz;ld; cz;+l;+md;+md; =vdg; gFjp ,ilepiy rhhpia tpFjpfshy;

Kbe;jJ
gbj;jdd; gb+j;+j;+md; vdg; gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy rhhpia

tpFjpfshy; Kbe;jJ.
ele;jdd; el+e;+j;+md;+md; vdg; gFjp> re;jp> ,ilepiy> rhhpia

tpFjp
,t;ite;Jk; ngw;W re;jpahy; te;j jfuty;nyhw;W nky;nyhw;whjyhfp
tpfhuKk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
,aw;ifahfg; gFgjq;fspd; Kjypy; epw;gJ gFjp vd;Wk; mt;thW
epw;Fk; gFjpapd; nghUisg; gpd; epd;W NtWgLj;JtJ tpFjp vd;Wk;> gFjp
tpFjpfspd; ,ilapy; epw;gJ ,ilepiy vd;Wk;> gFjp tpFjp Kjypatw;iwr;
rhh;e;J ,iae;J tUtJ rhhpianad;Wk;> Gzh;r;rp tpjpahYz;lhfpd;w Njhd;wy;
jphpjy; nfLjy;fs; vd;w %d;Wk; re;jp vd;Wk;> nra;Aspyf;fzj;Jf;F Vw;g
tUfpd;w typj;jy; Kjypa xd;gJk; tpfunkd;Wk; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
gFjpf;Fg; nghJtpjp
jj;jk;
gfhg; gjq;fNs gFjp ahFk; (7)
ngah;g; gFgjq;fSs;Sk; tpidg; gFg;gjq;fSs;Sk; mjd; jd; Kjypy;
epw;fpd;w gfhg;gjNk gFjpahk;.
(ck;) nghd;d> Cud;> jpUNthzj;jd;> gy;ytd;> fhpad;> $j;jd; vdg;
ngah;gg
; Fgjq;fl;F KiwNa nghUs; Kjypa mWtifg; ngaUk; gFjpaha;
te;jd.
40
ed;D}y; vOj;J
mtd;> vtd;> gpwd; vdg; ngah;g;gFgjq;fl;F ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gFjpaha;

te;jd.
fbad vdg; ngah;g;gFgjj;jpw;F chpr;nrhy; gFjpaha; te;jJ.
ngah; gFgjj;jpw;Fr; rpWghd;ik tpidAk; gFjpahk; (ck;) mwpQd;.
njhpepiytpidg; gFgjq;fl;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ik tpidr;nrhw;fSk;
rpWghd;ik ngah;r;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy; chpr;nrhw;fSk; gFjpfshk;. (ck;)
ele;jhd;> te;jhd; - tpidr;nrhw;fs; gFjpaha; te;jd.
filf;fzpj;jhd;> fhjypj;jhd; - ngah;r;nrhw;fs; gFjpaha; te;jd
Nghd;whd;> vd;whd; - ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gFjpaha; te;jd
rhd;whd;> $h;j;jhd; - chpr;nrhw;fs; gFjpaha; te;jd.
ghz;Gg;gFjpfl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
nrk;ik rpWik Nra;ik jPik
ntk;ik GJik nkd;ik Nkd;ik
jpz;ik Az;ik Ez;ik aptw;nwjph;
,d;dTk; gz;gpw; gfhepiyg; gjNk (8)
nrk;ik Kjy; Ez;ik <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpndhd;Wk;> ,itfl;F
vjpuhd ntz;ik KjyhditfSk;> ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; gz;Gg;
nghUspdpd;Wk; NtWnghUs; gFf;fg;glhj epiyiaAila gjq;fshFk;.
gz;Gg;gFjpapd; tpfhuq;fs;
<W Nghjy; ,ilAfuk; ,a;ahjy;
Mjp ePly; mbafuk; Iahjy;
jd;ndhw; wpul;ly; Kd;dpd;w nka; jphpjy;
,dkpfy; ,idaTk; gz;gpw; fpay;Nt (9)
,WjpapYs;s ik tpFjp> NghjYk;> eLtpy; epd;w cfuk; ,fukhjYk;>
Kjypy; epd;w Fwpy; nebyhjYk;> Kjypy; epd;w mfuk; IfhukhjYk;> jd;
gz;Gg;gFjpapd; nka;eLNt kpFjYk;> ik tpFjpf;F Kd;Nd epd;w nka;
NtnwhU nka;ahjYk;> tUfpd;w ty;nyOj;Jf;F ,dkhd nky;nyOj;J
kpFjYk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; mg;gz;Gr;nrhw;fSf;F ,aw; ifahk;.
(ck;) ey;yd;> rpWnghUs;> ed;ik> rpWik vd;gtw;wpd; ik tpFjp
Nghapw;W.

41
ed;D}y; vOj;J
fhpad;> rpwpapiy> fUik vd;gtw;wpd; ik tpFjp Ngha; cfuk;

,fukhapw;W.
ghrp> %J}h; - gRik vd;gtw;wpd; ik tpFjp Ngha; Mjp ePz;lJ.
ige;jhh; gRik vd;gjd; ik tpFjp Ngha; eLNt epd;w caph; nka;Aq;
nfl;L KjypypUe;J mfuk; Ifhukhfp tUnkOj;jpw;F ,dntOj;J kpf;fJ.
Fw;wp> el;lhW FWik> eLik vd;gtw;wpd; ik tpFjp Ngha; jd; xw;W
,ul;baJ.
nra;ad;> ntt;Taph; nrk;ik ntk;ik vd;gtw;wpd; ik tpFjp Ngha;
Kd;dpd;w kfunka; jphpe;jJ.
njhpepiy tpidg;gFjpf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
elth kb rP tpL $Nt it
neh(g;)Ngh nts chpQ; cz; nghUe;jpLk; jpd;
Nja; ghh; nry; tt; tho; Nfs; m/F vd;W
va;jpa ,Ughd; %d;wh kPw;wTQ;
nra;na Nsty; tpidg;gfhg; gjNk (10)
el vd;gJ Kjy; m/F vd;gJ <whfg; nghUe;jpa ,Ugj;J %d;whfpa
<w;iwAila ,it Kjypa nrhw;fnsy;yhk;> nra;nad;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L
xUikNatYk; kw;iwj; njhpepiy tpidfspd; gfhg;gjkhfpa gFjpAkhk;.
nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; ,Ugj;Jehd;F vOj;Jf;fSs; vfuk;
tpdhtpilr; nrhy;ypYk; msngilapYk; jd;id czh;j;Jkplj;jpYk;
<whtjy;yhky;> kw;iwr; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpay; epy;yhjhjyhy;> mjid xopj;J
,Ughd; %d;wh kPw;w vd;whh;. gFjpiag; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; ,t;tplj;jpy; Vty;
tha;gg
; hL gl tUjyhy; mjidAk; cld; $wpdhh;.
xUik Vtyhf tUtjw;F (ck;)
el> th> cz;> jpd;> m/F vd tUk;
kw;iw tpidg; gFjpahf tUtjw;F (ck;)
ele;jhd;> te;jhd;> kbe;jhd;> rPj;jhd; tpl;lhd;> $tpdhd;> nte;jhd;>
it;jhd;> nehe;jhd;> Nghapdhd;> ntstpdhd;> chpQpdhd;> cz;lhd;> jpUkpdhd;>
jpd;whd;> Nja;e;jhd;> ghh;j;jhd;> nrd;whd;. tho;e;jhd;> Nfl;ld;> m/fpdhd; vd
tUk;.

42
ed;D}y; vOj;J
,q;Ff; fhl;ba el> th Kjypad nty;yhk; jd;tpidg; gFjpfs;

gpwtpidgFjpfs; tUk; #j;jpuj;jhy; fhl;lg;ngWk;. jd;tpidahtJ – jhNd
Neuhfj; njhopiyr; nra;tJ gpwtpidahtJ - kw;nwhUtidf; nfhz;L jhd;
nra;tpg;gJ.
fpl> Ru> gw> fy Kjypa mfutPw;W tpidg; gFjpfnsy;yhk; ,q;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;ba „el‟ vd;Dk; mfutPw;W tha;gg
; hl;bYk; ,t;thNw vy;yh <w;Wg;
gpwgFjpfSk; ,q;Ff;fhl;ba mt;tt;tPw;W tha;gg
; hLfspYk; mlf;fg;gLnkd
mwpf.
njhpepiy tpidg;gFjpfs; tpFjpNahL GzUk;NghJ njhOjhd;>
cz;lhd; vdr; rpy ,ay;ghjyd;wpAk;> nry;> Nruy;> nfhs;> Nfhly; vd Kjy;
ePz;Lk;> jh je;jhd;> Nt nte;jhd; vdj; jdpneby; FWfpAk;> rh nrj;jhd; vd
Kjy; Mfhuk; vfukhfpAk;> nfhzh nfhzh;e;jhd; vd KjnyOj;J
manyOj;Jf; FWfp ufunka; tphpe;Jk;> tphpT tpuhtpdhd; vd eLf;Fwpy;
ePz;Lk;> KOF-KOfpdhd;> %o;fpdhd;> tpO-tpOe;jhd;-tPo;e;jhd; vd ,ay;Gk;
tpfhuKkhf tpfw;gpj;Jk;. thf-tUfpd;whd;> mykh-mykUfpd;whd; vd neby;
FWfp xUaph;nka; tphpe;Jk;> fy;-fw;whd;> Nfs;-Nfl;lhd; vd <w;Wnka;
tUnka;ahfj; jphpe;Jk;> nry; nrd;whd;> nfhs; nfhz;lhd; vd <w;Wnka;
tUnkOj;jpw;F ,dkhfj; jphpe;Jk; ,d;Dk; ,t;thW gytpfhukile;Jk; tUk;.
fh> rh> jh ,it KiwNa fhj;jhd;> nrj;jhd;> je;jhd; vd;Wk; fy;> epy;>
Gy;> nrhy; ,it fw;whd;> epd;whd;> Gy;ypdhd; nrhd;dhd; vd;Wk;
xUjd;ikadthd gFjpfs; gytpjkhd tpfhug;gLjyhy;> nra;As;
tof;fj;ijAk;> cyf tof;fj;ijAk; ghh;j;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpfhuKk; nra;As;
tpfhuKk; nfhz;L mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpFjp
md; Md; ms; Ms; Mh; g(k;)khh;
m M F L J W vd; Vd; my; md;
mk; Mk; vk; Vk; xk; (XL) ck; Ch;
f l j w I Ma; ,(k;) kpd; ,h; <h;
<ah; f a ck; vd;gTk; gpwTk; rpyNt (11)
md; Kjy; Kg;gj;Njohfr; nrhy;yg;gl;litfSk;> ,itNghy;td gpwTk;
njhpepiy tpidKw;Wg; gFgjq;fspd; tpFjpfshk;. ngah;g;gFgjq;fspYk;
mtw;Ws; rpy tpjpfshk;.

43
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
md;> Md; - ele;jdd;> ele;jhd; - Mz;ghw; glh;f;if
ms;> Ms; - ele;jds;> ele;jhs; - ngz;ghw; glh;f;if
mh;> Mh; - ele;jdh;> ele;jhh; - gyh;ghy; glh;f;if
g khh; - elg;g> elkhh; - gyh;ghy; glh;f;if
m> M ele;jd> elth gytpd;ghw; glh;if
F> L - cz;F> cz;L
J> W - ele;J> NrW xUikj;jd;ik
vd;> Vd; - ele;jndd;> ele;Njd;
my;> md; - elg;gy;> elg;gd;
mk;> Mk; - elg;gk;> elg;;ghk;

vk;> Vk; - elg;ngk;> elg;Ngk;
xk; - elg;Nghk; gd;ikj;jd;ik
Fk;> Lk; - cz;Fk;> cz;Lk;
Jk;> Wk; - ele;Jk;> NrWk;
I> Ma; - ele;jid> ele;jha; xUik

, - Nrwp (nry;tha;) Kd;dpiy
kpd; - elkpd; gd;ik Kd;dpiy

,h;> <h; - ele;jdph;> ele;jPh;
<ah;> f - epyPah;> elf;f tpaq;Nfhs;

a - thopa
ck; elf;Fk; nra;Ankd; Kw;W ,itnay;yhk; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wf;fs;.

44
ed;D}y; vOj;J
L> J> W tpFjpfs; xd;wd;ghypy; tUtjw;F cjhuzk; FWe;jhl;L>

FWfpajhisAilaJ ele;jJ> Nghapw;W.
Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs;> Fwpg;ghff; fhyq;fhl;L tdthjyhy; ,e;j
tpFjpfSs;Ns jhNk fhyq;nfl;Lk; tpFjpfnshope;j md;> Md;> ms;> Ms;>
mh;> Mh;> m> L> J> W> vd;> Vd;> mk;> Mk;> vk;> Vk;> Xk;> I> Ma;> ,> ,h;> <h;
vd;Dk; tpFjpfNshL tUnkdf; nfhs;f.
(ck;) fhpad;> fhpahd;> fhpas;> fhpahs;> fhpah;> fhpahh;> fhpad>
FWe;jhl;L> fhpaJ> Fioapw;W> fhpnad> fhpNad> fhpak;> fhpnak;> fhpNak;>
fhpNahk;> fhpia fhpaha;> tpy;yp> fhpaph;> fhpaPh;.
ngahpDk; rpy vd;wjdhy; ,t;tpFjpfSs; md;> Md;> md;> Ms;> mh;>
Mh; khh;> J> m> I> , vd;gitfSld; kd;> khd;> fs;> it> ij> if> gp>
Kd;> my;> s;> t;> h; vd;gdTk; gpwTk; ngah; tpFjpfshk;.
(ck;) Fioad;> thdj;jhd;> Fioas;> thdj;jhs;> Fioah;> thdj;jhh;>
Njtpkhh; ahJ Fioad> fz;ziw> nghd;dp> tlkd;> Nfhkhd;> Nfhf;fs;>
mit ve;ij> vq;if> vk;gp> vk;Kd;> Njhd;wy;> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwh; mt;
njhpepiyg; nganur;r tpFjpfs;: mk;> ck; vd;gd
(ck;) ele;j> elf;fpd;w> elf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gg; nganur;r tpFjp m xd;Nwahk;.
(ck;) nghpa
ck; tpFjp ,ilepiy Vw;fhky; jhNd vjph;fhyq;fhl;Ljyhy; Fwpg;Gg;
nganur;rj;jpw;F tuhJ.
njhpepiy tpidnar;r tpFjpfs; c> ,> a;> G> M> C> vd m> ,d;>
My;> fhy;> F> ,a> ,ah;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F> fil> fz;> top> ,lj;J> ck;>
ky;> ik> Nk vd;gdTk; gpwTkhk;. ,tw;Ws; ,Wjpapy; $wpa ky;> ik> Nk
vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; vjph;kiwapy; tUk;.
(ck;) ele;J> Xb> Ngha;> cz;FG> cz;zh> cz;Z> cz;Z}>
cz;nzd> cz;z> cz;zpd;> cz;lhy;> cz;lf;fhy;> czw;F> cz;zpa>
cz;zpah;> tUthd;> cz;ghs;> cz;ghf;F> nra;jf;fil> nra;jf;fz;>
nra;jtop> nra;jtplj;J> fhz;lYk;> cz;zhky;> cz;zhik cz;zhNk.
Fwpg;G tpidnar;r tpFjpfs;
m> wp> J> My;> ky;> fhy;> fil> top> ,lj;J vd;gdTk; gpwTkhk;.

45
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) nky;y> md;wp> my;yJ> my;yhy;> my;yhky;> my;yhf;fhy;>

my;yhf;fil> my;yhtop> my;yhtplj;J.
njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs;
jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> it> F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs;> fhL> ghL>
muT> Mid> ik> J> My;> ,y; vd;gdTk; gpwTkhk;.
(ck;) elj;jy;> Mly;> thl;lk;> nfhiy> elf;if ghh;itg;Nghf;F> elg;G>
tuT> kwjp> czh;r;rp fy;tp> tpf;Fs; (tpf;Fjy;) rhf;fhL> Nfhl;ghL> Njw;wuT>
thuhid> elthik> gha;j;J> johy;> vopy;. ik vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
ele;jik elf;fpd;wik vd ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfNshL
$bAk; J vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp ele;J> elf;fpd;wJ> elg;gJ vd
Kf;fhy ,ilepiyfNshL $bAk; tUk;. ,itnay;yhk; tpFjp ngw;w
njhopw;ngah;.
,dp ,t;tpFjpfspy; xd;W Gzh;e;J nfl;Lg; gFjpkhj;jpukha; epw;Fk;
njhopw;ngah;fSk;> tpFjp Gzh;e;J nfLk;NghJ gFjp tpfhugl;L epw;Fj; njhopw;
ngah;fSk; cz;L. mit KiwNa Kjepiyj;njhopw; nganud;Wk;>
Kjepiyjphpe;j njhopw;nganud;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
(ck;) mb> mwp> ciu> nfL Kjepiyj; njhopw;ngah;
Nfhs;> NfL> ,ilaPL Kjepiyjphpe;j njhopw;ngah; gz;Gg;ngah;
tpFjpfs;
ik> I> rp> G> c> F> wp> W> mk;> eh;> gk; vd;gdTk; gpwTkhk;.
(ck;) ed;ik> njhy;y> khl;rp> khz;G> koT> ed;F> ed;wp> ed;W> eyk;>
ed;dh;> jpl;gk;.
,> I> mk; vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfSk; tpidKjw; nghUisAk; nrag;gL
nghUisAk;> fUtpg;nghUisAk; czh;j;Jk; (tpid Kjw;nghUs; fUj;jhg;
nghUs;)
(ck;) myhp> gwit> vr;rk; tpidKjw;nghUs;
CUzp> njhil> ePj;jk; nrag;gL nghUs;
kz;ntl;b> ghh;it> Nehf;fk; fUtpg;nghUs;
myh;tJ myhp (G+) gwg;gJ gwit: vQ;RtJ vr;rk; re;jjp ,tw;wpy;
tpidfspd; vOthNa nghUshjy; fhz;f. Cuhuhy; ePUz;zg;gLtJ CUzp:
njhLf;fg;gLtJ njhil (khiy): ePe;jg;gLtJ ePj;jk. ,tw;wpy; tpidfspd;

46
ed;D}y; vOj;J
nray;gL nghUNs nghUshjy; fhz;f. kz;iz ntl;Ltjw;F fUtpahdJ

kz;ntl;b> ghh;j;jjw;Ff; fUtpahdJ ghh;it (fz;): Nehf;Fjw;Ff; fUtpahdJ
Nehf;fk; (fz;): ,tw;wpy;> tpidfspd; fUtpNa nghUshjy; fhz;f.
,k;%tif tpFjpfSk; gFjpNahL Gzh;e;J nfLjYk; cz;L. (ck;)
fha;> jsph;> G+> fdp> epiu> eiu> miy vd;gitfspy; tpidKjw;
nghUSzh;j;J; tpFjp Gzh;e;J nfl;lJ.
cz;> Gz;> Nfhs;> chp> Jzp> kb vd;gitfspy; nrag;gL
nghUSzh;j;Jk; tpFjp Gzh;e;J nfl;lJ. tpL> xop vd;w tpFjpfs;
JzpTg;nghUis czh;j;Jk;.
(ck;) nra;Jtpl;lhd;> tpl;nlhope;jhd;
nfhs; vd;w tpFjp jw;nraiy czh;j;Jk;
(ck;) mbj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;
gL> cz; tpFjpfs; nrag;ghl;L tpidg;nghUis czh;;j;JK;
(ck;) fl;lg;gl;lhd;> fl;Lz;lhd;
ik vd;w tpFjp jd;ikg; nghUis czh;j;Jk;
(ck;) nghd;ik> Mz;ik
,U> ,L> cW vd;gd jkf;nfd NtW nghUspd;wp gFjp nghUs;
tpFjpaha; tUk;. ,tw;iwj; Jiztpid vd;gh;.
(ck;) vOe;jpUf;fpd;whd;> ciuj;jpLfpd;whd;> nrhy;YWfpd;whd;.
gynghUs; Fwpf;Fk; tpFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW
m - 1. tpidnar;r tpFjp: nra;a> nky;y
2. nganur;r tpFjp: nra;j> nghpa
3. gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpFjp: te;jd> nfhbad
4. tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjp: vOe;jUs (vOe;jUs;f)
mk; - 1. jd;ikg;gd;ik tpFjp: ele;jdk;> nghpak;
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: Ml;lk;
3. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: eyk;
4. tpidKjw;nghUs; tpFjp: vr;rk;
5. nrag;gLnghUs; tpFjp: ePj;jk;
47
ed;D}y; vOj;J
6. fUtpg;nghUs; tpFjp: Nehf;fk;

my; - 1. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: nray;
2. jd;ik xUik tpFjp: elg;gy;
3. cld;ghl;L tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjp: vdy;
4. vjph;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjp: nfhsy;
5. vjph;kiw Vty; tpFjp: cz;zy;
6. tpidKjw;nghUs; tpFjp: Njhd;wy;
md;; - 1. Mz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: mwpQd;
2. Mz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; tpidtpFjp: te;jdd;
3. jd;iknahUik tpFjp: nra;td;
4. xd;wd;ghw;glh;f;ifg; ngah;gFjp: typad;> fLtd;
M - 1. gytpd;ghw;glh;f;if tpFjp: elth
2. tpidnar;r tpFjp: nra;ah
My; - 1. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: Xuhy;
2. njhpepiy tpidnar;r tpFjp: cz;lhy;
3. Fwpg;Gtpidnar;r tpFjp: my;yhy;
4. vjph;kiw VtnyhUik tpFjp: kwhy;
Md; - 1. Mz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: nghpahd;
2. Mz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; tpidtpFjp: te;jhd;
3. xd;wd;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: Nfl;lhd;
, - 1. Mz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: tpy;yp
2. ngz;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: nghd;dp
3. xd;wd;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: ehw;fhyp> gyfdp
4. Kd;dpiy nghUik tpFjp: tUjp (tUtha;)
5. tpidnar;r tpFjp: Xb
6. tpidKjw; nghUs;tpFjp: myhp
7. nrag;gL nghUs; tpFjp: CUzp

48
ed;D}y; vOj;J
8. fUtpg;nghUs; tpFjp: kz;ntl;b

9. VtnyhUik tpFjp: fhl;Ljp (fhl;L)
10. tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjp: fhl;b
,h; - 1. gyh;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: Nfsph;> kfsph;
2. Kd;dpiy gd;ik tpFjp: ele;jsph;
3. Vty;gd;ik tpFjp: tUjph;
c - 1. tpidnar;r tpFjp: ele;J
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: tuT
C - 1. Vtw;gd;ik tpFjp: thUk;
2. glh;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp: nra;Ak;
3. nganur;r tpFjp: elf;Fk; (kdpjd;)
4. tpidnar;r tpFjp: nra;jYk; (Nghdhd;)
I - 1. Kd;dpinahUik tpFjp: nra;jid
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: tpiy
3. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: njhy;iy
4. tpidKjw;nghUs; tpFjp: gwit
5. nrag;gLnghUs; tpFjp: njhil
F - 1. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: ed;F
2. gpwtpid tpFjp: Nghf;F
3. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: Nghf;F
if - 1. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: tUif
2. Kiwg;ngah; tpFjp: jq;if

rp - 1. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: khl;rp
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: fhl;rp
J - 1. xd;wd;ghw; glh;f;if tpidtpFjp: ele;jJ
2. xd;wd;ghw; glh;f;ifg; ngah;tpFjp: ifj;J ifg;nghUs;
3. gpwtpidtpFjp: elj;J

49
ed;D}y; vOj;J
4. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: gha;j;J (gha;jy;)

5. jd;iknahUik tpFjp: te;J (te;Njd;)
6. vjph;kiw tpidnar;r tpFjp: my;yJ.
G - 1. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: ez;G
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: gbg;G
3. tpidnar;r tpFjp: nra;G (nra;J)
khh; - 1. gyh;ghy; glh;f;ifg; ngah; tpFjp: FUkhh;> fd;dpkhh;
2. gyh;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp: nfhz;khh; (nfhs;thh;)
ik - 1. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: ed;ik
2. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: nra;jik
3. tpidnar;r tpFjp: nra;ahik
4. jd;ikg; nghUSzh;j;Jk; tpFjp: ngz;ik> nghd;ik
tp - 1. njhopw;ngah; tpFjp: Nfs;tp
2. gpwtpidg;gFjp: nra;tp
W - 1. xd;wd;ghw; glh;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp: Nghapw;W
2. gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjp: ed;W
3. jd;ik nahUik tpFjp: nrd;W
4. gpwtpidg;gFjp: gapd;W
,ilepiy
ngah;g;gFgj ,ilepiy
,yf;fpaq; fz;ljw; fpyf;fz kpak;gypd;
gFjp tpFjp gFj;jpil epd;wij
tpidg;nga uy;ngah;f; fpilepiy nadNy. (12)
,yf;fpzj;ijg; ghh;j;J> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; nrhy;y
Ntz;Ljyhy;> gFjpiaAk; tpFjpiaAk; gphpj;J eLtpy; VNjDk; epd;why;
mjid> tpidahyizAk; ngauy;yhj ngah;g; gFgjq;fl;F ,ilepiy vd;W
nrhy;Yf.

50
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Nkw;$wg;gLk; tpidg; gFgj ,ilepiyfhyq; fhl;Ljy; Nghyg;

ngah;gg
; Fgj ,ilepiy fhyq;fhl;lhjhapDk;> Kjdpiy ,Wjpepiyfshfpa
gFjp tpFjpfl;F ,ilapy; epw;wyhy; ,ilepiy vdg;gl;lJ.
(ck;) mwpQd;. ftpQd;> ,isQd;> gifQd; - Qfu ,ilepiy
,ilr;rp> tiyr;rp> Giyr;rp – rfu ,ilepiy
nghUed;> nra;Fed; - efu ,ilepiy

tpidg;gFgj ,ilepiy
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
jlwnthw; wpd;Nd iak;ghy; %tplj;J
,we;j fhye; jUe;njhop ypilepiy (13)
jfu> lfu> wfu nka;fSk;> ,d; vd;gJk;> Ie;J ghy;fspYk; %d;W
,lq;fpYk; ,we;jfhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;w tpidg;gFgjq;fspd; ,ilepiyfshk;.
(ck;) ele;jhd;> ele;jhs;> ele;jhh;> ele;jJ> ele;jd> ele;Njd;> ele;Njk;>
ele;jha;> ele;jPh;> cz;lhd;> nrd;whd;> nrd;whd;> cwq;fpdhd;.
epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
Mepd;W fpd;W fpWK tplj;jpd;
Ik;ghy; epfo;nghO jiwtpid apilepiy (14)
Mepd;W fpd;W fpW ,k;%d;Wk;> %d;W ,lq;fspYk; Ie;J ghy;fspYk;>
epfo;fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;w tpidg;gFg;gjq;fspd; ,ilepiyfshFk;. (ck;)
elthepd;whd;> elf;fpd;whd;> elf;fpwhd;.
vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
gt;t %tplj; ijk;gh nyjph;nghOJ
,irtpid apilepiy ahkpit rpyrpy (15)
gfunka;Ak;> tfunka;Ak;> %d;W ,lq;fspYk; Ie;J ghy;fspYk;
vjph;fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;w tpidg;gFgjq;fspd; ,ilepiyfshk;. ,e;j
%d;Wfhy ,ilepiyfSk; rpy tpidg;gFg;gjq;fl;F ,y;iy.
(ck;) elg;ghd;> tUthd;
fhyq;fhl;Lk; tpFjp
wt;nth Lfu Tk;ikepfo; gy;yTk;
jt;nth bwg;G nkjph;Tk; lt;nthL

51
ed;D}y; vOj;J
fopTq; ft;Nth nljph;Gkpd; Ndty;

tpaq;Nfh spk;kh nujpfTk; ghe;jk;
nryNthL tuTQ; nra;Aepfo; ngjph;Tk;
vjph;kiw Kd;ikA Nkw;F kPq;Nf (18)
wfu nka;NahL $ba cfuKk; ck;Kk; (W> Wk; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs;)
epfo;fhyk; xope;j ,we;jfhy vjph;fhyq;fisAk; jfu nka;NahL $ba
cfuKk; ck;Kk; (J> Jk; vd;gd) ,we;jfhyj;ijAk;> vjph;fhyj;ijAk;>
lfunka;NahL $ba cfuKk; ck;Kk; (L> Lk;) vd;gd ,we;jfhyj;ijAk;>
rfunka;NahL $ba cfuKk; ck;K; (F> Fk;) vd;gd vjph;fhyj;ijAk;> kpd;>
tpFjpAk; kw;iw Vty; tpFjpfSk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfSk;> ,fu tpFjpAk;>
khh;tpFjpAk;> vjph;fhyj;ijAk;> gfutpFjp ,we;j fhyj;ijAk;>
vjph;fhyj;ijAk;> nra;Ankd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L Kw;wpd; tpFjp epfo;fhyj;ijAk;
vjph;fhyj;ijAk; vjph;kiw Mfhu tpFjp %d;W fhyq;fisAk; Vw;W tUk;.
,q;Ff; fhl;ba tpFjpfSs; F L J W vd;git jd;ik nahUikf;Fk;>
Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; vd;git jd;ikg; gd;ikf;Fk; kpd; Vtw;gd;ikf;Fk;> Vty;-
Kd;dpiyf;Fk; tpaq;Nfhy;-Ik;ghy; %tplj;jpw;Fk; ,-Kd;dpiynahUikf;Fk;>
khh; g vd;git glh;f;ifg; gyh;ghYf;Fk;> ck; gyh; ghnyhope;j ehd;F
ghy;fl;Fk;> M-glh;f;ifg; gytpd; ghYf;Fk; chpadthjy; Nky; tpidapaypy;
tpsq;Fk;.
(ck;) nrd;W (nrd;Nwd;)> nrd;Wk; (nrd;Nwhk;)> ,wg;G
NrW (nry;Ntd;)> NrWk; (nry;Nthk;)… vjph;T
te;J (te;Njd;)> te;Jk; (te;Njhk;)… ,wg;G
tUJ (tUNtd;) tUJk; (tUNthk;)… vjph;T
cz;L (cz;Nld;) cz;Lk; (cz;Nlhk;)… ,wg;G
cz;L (cz;Ngd;) cz;Fk;; (cz;Nghk;) vjph;G

cz;kpd;> cz;zPh;> cz;Zk;> cz;zha;> cz;
tho;f> thopa> thopah;
Nrwp (nry;tha;) vjph;T
cz;kdhh; (cz;ghh;)
cz;g (cz;lhh;) vd;g (vd;whh;) - nryT

52
ed;D}y; vOj;J
cz;g (cz;ghh;) vd;g (vd;ghh;) – tuT
cz;Zk;……………. epfo;T> vjph;T
cz;zh…………….. ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjph;T
nrd;wp> nry;yh epd;wp vd tUkhapd; ,ilepiy fhyq;fhl;ba

,futPw;wdthk;.
F> L> W vd;Dk; %d;W caph;nka;aPw;Wr; rpy gFjpfs;> jk; nkhw;W
,ul;b ,we;jfhyq;fhl;Lk;.
(ck;) Gf;fhd;> njhf;fhd;> Nghl;lhd;> tpl;hd;> cw;whd;> ngw;whd;
afunthw;wpilepiy ,we;jfhyKk;> Mfple;J> MtpUe;J vd;Dk; ,uz;L
,ilepiyfSk; epfo;fhyKk;> rfunthw;wpilepiy vjph;fhyKk; fhl;LK;.
(ck;) NghaJ: cz;zh fple;jhd;> cz;zh tpUe;jhd;> nra;Nfd;. ,rpd;
vd;gJ ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyahAk;> kfunka;Ak; kd; vd;gJk; vjph;fhy
,ilepiyfshAk; nra;Aspy; tUk;.
(ck;) vd;wprpNdhh;> vd;khh; vd;kdhh;.
<q;Nf vd;w kpfahy;> fhz;Lk; (fhz;Nghk;) vd Lk; tpFjp
vjph;fhyq;fhl;LjiyAk;> tUjp tUfpd;wha; vd ,futpFjp
epfo;fhyq;fhl;LjiyAk;> nganur;r tpidnar;rq;fspy; ,ilepiyapd;wp tpFjp
fhyq;fhl;LjiyAk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;f.
gFjp tpFjp vd;Dk; #j;jpuk; Kjy; ,r;#j;jpuk; tiuapYk; gFgjq;fis
NkNyhh; Kbj;jthW Kbj;Jf;fhl;LtJ Kbj;Jf;fhl;ly; vd;Dk; cj;jp.
Kd;idj; jkpo; E}y;fspy; ,y;yhjitfis ,t;thrphpah; jhNk gfhg;gjk;
gFgjnkd; Kd;Nd ehl;b ,r;#j;jpuk; tiuapYk; mtw;wpw;F ,yf;fzq;$wp
epWj;jpaJ jhdhl;bj; jdJ epWg;G vd;Dk; kjk; (jhNd xU nghUis vLj;Jj;
jhgpj;J mjid ,le;NjhWk; epiy epWj;jy;).
tlnkhop Mf;fk;
Mhpankhop jkpopy; tUjy;
,ilapy; ehd;F kPw;wp ypuz;Lk;
my;yh tr;ir tUf;f KjyPW
at;thjp ehd;ik st;thF ikiak;
nghJntOj; njhope;j ehNyOe; jphpAk; (19)

53
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Mhpa nkhopAs; „mr;‟ vd;W toq;Ffpd;w caph; gjpdhwDs; eLtpYs;s

ehnyOj;Jf;fSk;> filapYs;s ,uz;Lk; ePq;fyhf mr;R vd toq;Fk;. m> M>
,> <> c> v> V> x> Xs vd;Dk; gj;J caph;fSk;> my; vd;Wk; toq;Fk; nka;
Kg;gj;NjOs; f> r> l> j> g vd;Dk; Ie;Jk; tUf;fq;fspDila KjypYs;s
f> r> l> j> g vd;Dk; Ie;J <w;wpYs;s q> Q. z> e> k vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;> a>
u> y> t vd;Dk; ehd;Fk;> sfuKk; Mfpa ,Ugj;ije;J vOj;Jf;fSk;
Mhpaj;jpw;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s nghJntOj;Jf;fshk;. ,it xope;j
,Ugj;njl;L vOj;Jf;fSk; Mhpaj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fsha;j; jkpopy; jkf;F
Vw;w nghJntOj;Jf;fshfj; jphpe;J tUk;.
MhpankhopAs; capnuOj;Jg; gjpdhW
jkpOf;Fk; Mhpaj;jpw;Fk; nghJ caph; - 6+4=10
nka; tUf;fk; - 5+5=10
ty;ypdk; 5
nky;ypdk; 5
,ilapdk; 4
+1
25
nka;naOj;J Kg;gj;Njohtd
Mhpaj;jpw;Nf chpa rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fs; 6
nka; 22
28
jkpOf;Nf chpa rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fs;
caph; - 2 (v>x)
nka; - 3 (w> d> o)
Mhpaj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; nghJthfTs;s vOj;jhyhfpa tpfhukpd;wpj;
jkpopy; te;J toq;Fk; tlnkhop jw;rkk; vdg;gLk;. (ck;) mkyk;> fkyk;>
fhuzk;> Fq;Fkk;.

54
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Mhpaj;jpw;Nf chpa rpwg;ngOj;jhYk; nghJTk; rpwg;Gkhfpa

<nuOj;jhYkhfpj; jphpjy; Kjypa tpfhuk; ngw;Wj; jkpopy; te;J toq;Fk;
tlnkhop jw;gtdk; vdg;gLk;.
Rfp> Nghfp> Rj;jp - ,it rpwg;ngOj;jhyhfp tpfhuk; ngw;Wj; jkpopy;
te;J toq;Fk; jw;gtnkhop. mhp> muz;> rkak;> Qhdk; ,it
<nuOj;jhYkhfpa tpfhuk; ngw;Wj; jkpopy; te;J toq;Fk; jw;gtnkhop.
MhpantOj;Jj; jkpopy; tpfhug;gLjy;
mtw;Ws;
VohKap hpa;Ak; ,UT iktUj;jj;J
,ilapy; %d;W kt;tk; KjYk;
vl;Nl at;Tk; Kg;gJ raTk;
Nknyhd;W rlTk; ,uz;L rjTk;
%d;Nw afTk; Ie;jpU ft;Tk;
MtP iwAk; <aP wpfuKk; (20)
Kd;dh;j; jphpAk; vd;w rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fs; VohKapuhdJ (,U) ,fukhfTk;
,UthfTk;> Ie;J tUf;fq;fspYk; ,ilfpd;w Kk;%d;W vOj;Jf;fSk; me;je;j
tUf;fj;jpd; KjnyOj;Jf;fshfTk;> vl;lhtJ nka; ([) rfukhfj; jphpjy;
khj;jpuNkad;wp afukhfTk;> Kg;gjhnka; (r) nkhopKjypWjfspy; rfukhfTk;>
eLtpy; rfukhfTk; afukhfTk;> Kg;gj;njhd;whk; nka; (\) Kjypy;
rfukhfTk;> ,il filfspy; lfukhfTk; Kg;gj;jpuz;lhk;nka; (]) Kjypy;
rfukhfTk; ,ilapy; rfukhfTk; jfukhfTk;> Kg;gj;J %d;whnka; (`)
Kjypy; Vwpepd;w capuhfTk; ,ilapy; rfukhfTk;> Kg;gj;ije;jhnka; (&)
,uz;L RfukhfTk;> nghntOj;Jf;fspy; nkhop ,Wjp MfhukhdJ IfhukhfTk;
nkhop ,Wjp <fhukhdJ ,fukhfTk; jphpAk;
(ck;)
,lgk; Vohk; caph; ,> ,U vdj; jphpe;jJ.
tpUj;jk;
efk; (cfph;)
ehfk; (ghk;G)
Nkfk;
rtp (xsp) Ie;J tUf;fj;jpYk; ,ilepd;w Kk;%d;W
tprak; vOj;Jf;fSk; mt;tt;tUf;fj;jpd; KjnyOj;jhfj;
55
ed;D}y; vOj;J
rbjp KjnyOj;jhfj; jphpe;jd

gPlk;
rlk;
$lk; (kiwthdJ)
jyk;
jpdk;
jiu
gyk; (gad;)
gyk; (typik)
ghuk;
akjf;sp (nkhopKjy;)
gq;fak; (nkhopapil) [ -afukhfj; jphpe;jJ
rq;fud; (nkhopKjy;) ] -rfukhfTk; afukhfTk; jphpe;jJ
Mir (nkhopapWjp)
ghrk;
Njak; (nkhopapil)
&z;Kfd; (nkhopKjy;) & -rfukhfTk; lfukhfTk; jphpe;jJ
tplak; (nkhopapil fil)

ghil
rig (nkhopKjy;) ]- rfukhfTk; jphpe;jJ

thrk; (nkhopKjy;)
khjk; (nkhopapil)
mhp> Muk;
,kk;> Vkk; (nkhopKjy;) ` capuhfTk; ffukhfTk; jphpe;jJ
Nkhfk; (nkhopapil)
gf;fk; - & ,uz;L ffukhfj; jphpe;jJ

56
ed;D}y; vOj;J
khiy – MfhutPW Ifhukhfj; jphpe;jJ
Ghp - <fhutPW ,fukhfj; jphpe;jJ
tlnkhop tpfhuk;
ut;tpw; fk;Kj yhKf; FwpYk;
yt;tpw; fpk;Kj ypuz;Lk; at;tpw;F
,a;A nkhopKj yhfpKd; tUNk (21)
Mhpankhop jkpopy; tUk;nghOJ ufuj;ij KjypNyAila nkhopf;F m
, c vd;Dk; %d;W Fw;nwOj;Jf;fspy; xd;Wk;> afuj;ij KjypNy cila
nkhopf;F ,fuKk; nkhopf;F Kjyhfp mk; %d;nwOj;Jf;fSf;F Kd;Nd tUk;.
(ck;) uq;fk; - muq;fk;
uj;dk; - muj;dk;
uhkd; - ,uhkd;
utp - ,utp
Nuhkk; - cNuhkk;
Nuhfpdp - cNuhfpdp vdTk;

yhgk; - ,yhgk;
y&;zk; - ,yf;fzk;
Nyhgk; - cNyhgk;
Nyhfk; - cNyhfk;
akd; - ,akd;
a&;d; - ,af;fd; vdTk; tUk;
,ize;jpay; fhiy auyf; fpfuKk;

kt;tf; FfuKk; efuf; ffuKk;
kpirtUk; ut;top At;T khk;gpw (22)
MhpankhopAld; ,uz;nlOj;J ,ize;J XnuOj;ijg; Nghy elf;Fk;
Nghj> gpd;dpd;w afu> ufu> yfuq;fl;F ,fuKk;> kfu tfuq;fl;F cfuKk;>

57
ed;D}y; vOj;J
efuj;jpw;F mfuKk; Kd;Nd tUk;. ,ize;J Kd;epd;w ufuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;

cfuKk; tUk;. ,ize;J tUjiy rk;Gf;jhl;ruk; vd;gh;.
(ck;) thf;ak; - thf;fpak;
tf;uk; - tf;fpuk;
Rf;yk; - Rf;fpyk;
gj;kk; - gJkk;
gf;tk; - gf;Ftk;
uj;ek; - muj;dk; - efuf;F mfuk;
mh;j;jk; - mUj;jk; uy;top c.
gpw vd;wjdhy;> uj;dk;-,uj;jpdk;> rf;fuk;-rf;uk;> thf;-thf;F> tpuhl;-
tpuhl;L> rj;-rj;J ,it Kjyhfpa Njhd;wYk;. rf;jp-rj;jp> fht;ak; - fhg;gpak;>
gh;tjk;-gUg;gjk;> ];tak;G+-Rak;G> cj;gyk;-cw;gyk;> ];tak;tuk; - Rak;tuk;>
jpek;-jpdk;> ghgk;-ghtk;> fy;gk;-fw;gk;> rk;gfk;-rz;gfk;> mf;ep-mq;fp> gq;f;jp-
ge;jp> m];j;uk;-mr;rpuk;> #h;zk;-Rz;zk;> fh;kk;-fd;kk;> fh;zd;-fd;dd;> g];kk;-
gw;gk;> ]kuk;-rkh;> mkh;> Rkk; ,it Kjyhfpa nfLjYk; nfhs;f.
w d o v xt;T Kaph;nka; AapusG
my;yhr; rhh;Ge; jkpo;gpw nghJNt (23)
KjYk; rhh;Gkhfpa jkpnoOj;J ehw;gjpy; w d o v x ,t;ite;J
KjnyOj;Jf;fSk;> caph;nka;Ak; capusngilAky;yhj rhh;ngOj;J vl;Lk;
jkpOf;Nf rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fshk;. xope;j ,Ugj;NjO vOj;Jf;fSk; jkpOf;Fk;
Mhpaj;jpw;Fk; nghJntOj;Jf;fshk;.

58
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ghlk;-5
3. caph;<w;Wg; Gzhpay;
capnuOj;Jf;fis ,WjpapYila epiynkhopfNshL caph;KjYk;
nka;k;KjYkhfpa tUnkhopfs; GzUk; tpjj;ijr; nrhy;Yk; ,ay;.
,t;tpaYs; Gzh;r;rp ,d;dnjd;gJk;> nghUl;Gzh;r;rpAk;
vOj;Jg;Gzh;r;rpAk;> nghJg;Gzh;r;rpAk;> caphpd;Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jYk;
mfutPw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;GtpjpAk;> Mfhu tPw;Wr; rpwg;GtpjpAk;> ,fu tPw;Wr; rpwg;G
tpjpAk;> IfhutPw;Wr; rpwg;GtpjpAk;> <fhu tPw;Wr; rpwg;G tpjpAk;> cfutPw;Wr;
rpwg;GtpjpAk;> Ifhutpw;Wr; rpwg;GtpjpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Gzh;r;rp ,d;dnjd;gJ
nka;A aph; KjyP whkpU gjq;fSk;
jd;ndhLk; gpwpnjhLk; my;top Ntw;Wikg;
nghUspw; nghUe;Jop epiytU nkhopfs;
,ay;nghL tpfhuj; jpiatJ Gzh;g;Ng (1)
nka;iaAk; capiuAk; KjYk; ,Wjpahf cila gfhg;gjk; vd;w ,uz;L
gjq;fSk;> jd;ndhLjhDk; gpwpnjhL gpwpJkha;> Mt;topg; nghUspdhyhtJ
Ntw;Wikg; nghUspdhyhtJ nghUe;Jkplj;J epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk;
,ay;ghfthapDk; tpfhukhfthapDk; nghUe;JtJ Gzh;r;rpahk;.
Gzh;r;rp ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit KiwNa
1. caphPw;wpd; Kd; caph; Kjy;nkhop Gzh;jy;
2. caphPw;wpd; Kd; nka;k; Kjy;nkhop Gzh;jy;
3. nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph; Kjy;nkhop Gzh;jy;
4. nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; nka;k; Kjy;nkhop Gzh;jy;
vd mikAk;.
(ck;) nka;k;KjYaphPW – kzp+moF caph;Kd; caph;
caph;KjYaphPW – epyk;+typJ nka;k;Kd; nka;
caph;Kjy; nka;aPW – kzp+nghpJ caph;Kd; nka;
nka;k;Kjy; nka;aPW – epyk;+mofpJ nka;k;Kd; caph;
jd;ndhL jhd; nghUe;JjyhtJ gFgjj;njhL gFgjKk;> gfhg;gjj;njhL

gfhg;gjKk; Gzh;jy; gpwpnjhU gpwpJ nghUe;JyhtJ> gFg;gjj;njhL>
gfhg;gjKk;> gfhg;gjj;njhL gFgjKk; Gzh;jy;.
59
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) mtd;+te;jhd; - gFgjj;njhL gFgjk;
nghd;+fyk; - gfhg;gjj;njhL gfhg;gjk;
ngd;dd;+if - gFgjj;njhL gfhg;gjk;
fpsp+mofpJ - gfhg;gjj;njhL gFgjk;
nghUl;Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wik my;top
Ntw;Wik iaKFj yhwh ky;top
njhopy;gz; Gtik Ak;ik md;nkhop
vOtha; tpspaP nur;rKw; wpilAhp
jOT njhluLf; nfstP NuNo (2)
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpahtJ> I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;fpd;w MW
cUGfSk; ,ilapy; kiwe;jhapDk; ntspg;ghlhapDk; tug; gjq;f s; nghUe;Je;
njhlh;r;rpahk;. my;topg; Gzh;r;rpahtJ tpidj;njhifAk;> gz;Gj;njhifAk;>
ctikj;njhifAk;> ck;ikj;njhifAk;> md;nkhopj;njhifAk;>
vOtha;j;njhlUk;> tpspj;njhlUk;> nganur;rj; njhlUk;> tpidnar;rj;
njhlUk;> njhpepiy tpidKw;Wj; njhlUk;> Fwpg;GtpidKw;Wj; njhlUk;>
,ilr;nrhw;nwhlUk;> mLf;Fj; njhlUk; vd;w gjpdhd;fhk;. I Kjypa MW
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,ilapy; kiwe;J epw;f epiynkhop tUnkhopNahL
Gzh;tJ Ntw;Wikj; njhifepiy vd;Wk;> mt;TUGfs; ntspg;gl;L epw;fg;
Gzh;tJ Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiy nad;Wq; $wg;gLk;. my;topapy;
tpidj;njhif Kjypa Ie;Jk; njhifepiyfs;> kw;iw xd;gJk;
njhfhepiyfs;.
(ck;)
Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp
njhif tphp
ePh;Fbj;jhd; - I ePiuf;Fbj;jhd;
fy;nywpe;jhd; - My; fy;yhy; vwpe;jhd;
kd;dd; kfd; - kfd; F kd;dDf;F kfd;

60
ed;D}y; vOj;J
kiy tPoUtp - ,d; kiyapd; tPoUtp
nghd;dd;if - mJ nghd;ddJ if
tPL GFe;jhd; - fz; tPl;bd;fz; GFe;jhd;
my;topg;Gzh;r;rp
1. tpidj;njhif - nfhy;ahid (nfhd;w ahid> nfhy;fpd;w ahid>

nfhy;Yk; ahid)
2. gz;Gj;njhif - fUq;Fjpiu (fUikahfpa Fjpiu)
,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif – gidkuk; (gidahfpa kuk;)
3. ctikj;njhif – kjpKfk; (kjpNghd;wKfk;)
4. ck;ikj;njhif – fgpyguzh; (fgpyDk; guzDk;)
5. md;nkhopj;njhif – fUq;Foy; (fUikahfpa $e;jiy cilats;
te;jhs;)
6. vOtha;j;njhlh; - nghd;dd; te;jhd;
7. tpspj;njhlh; - nghd;dh th
8. nganur;rj;njhlh; - te;j kd;dd; nghpa kd;dd;
9. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;- te;Jg;Nghdhd; nky;yg;Nghdhd;
njhfhepiyj;njhlh;
10. njhpepiytpid Kw;Wj;njhlh; - te;jhd; nghd;dd;
11. Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wj;njhlh; - Fioad; nfhw;wd;
12. ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlh; - kw;nwhd;W
13. chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; - edpNgij
14. mLf;Fj;njhlh; - ghk;G ghk;G
,it jOTnjhlh;> vdNt> mt;tpU topapYk; johj;njhlUk; rpy cs
vd;whuhapw;W. ePh;f;Flk; vd;gJ ePiuAila Flk; vd tphpjyhy;> ePh; vd;gJ
cila vd;gijj; jOtpf; Flk; vd;gijg; nghUshy; jOthky; njhlh;e;jjdy;
,J johj;njhluhfpa Ntw;Wij;njhif tUtJ ,t;thW njhf;F cUGk;
gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;. (cUGk; nghUSk; cld; njhf;f
njhif vdpDk; xf;Fk;).
kuj;ijr; rhj;jd; ntl;bdhd; vd;gjpy; kuj;ij vd;gJ ntl;bdhd;
vd;gijj; jOtpr; rhj;jd; vd;gijg; nghUshy; jOthky; njhle;jjdhy; ,J
61
ed;D}y; vOj;J
johj;njhluhfpa Ntw;Wiktphp. „Riuaho mk;kpkpjg;g‟ vd;gJ Riu kpjg;g

mk;kp mo vdf; $l;lg;gLjyhy;> Riu vd;gJ Mo vd;gijAk; mk;kp vd;gij
kpjg;g vd;gijAk; nghUshy; jOthky; njhlh;e;jd. ,it jhoj;njhluhfpa
my;topg;Gzh;r;rp> johj; njhluhtJ epiynkhopahdJ tUnkhopNahL
nghUl;nghUj;jKwj; jOthj njhlh;. nghUl;nghUj;jKwj; jOtpanjhlh;
jOTnjhlh;.
cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik - ePh;f;Flk; (ePiuAila Flk;)
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik - nghw;Flk; (nghd;dhyhfpa Flk;)
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik - Neha; kUe;J (Neha;f;Fj; jUk;kUe;J)
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - kiyaUtp (kiyapdpd;W tpOk; mUtp
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik - jrujuhkd; (jrujdJ kfdhfpa uhkd;)
Vohk; Ntw;Wik - fhl;Lg;Gyp (fhl;by; cs;s Gyp)
vl;L Ntw;WikfSs; Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk;
ngaUk;> ngahpd; tpfhuKNkad;wpj; jkf;nfd NtW cUG ,y;yhikahy;>
mt;tpuz;ilAk; vOtha;> tpsp vd;w my;topapy; Nrh;j;J mitnthope;j
MiuANk Ntw;Wik vd;whh;. mLf;Fk; jOTnjhluhapDk; xU nrhy;Ny mLf;fp
tUjyhy; kw;iwaitNghyj; jOTnjhlud;nwd;gij mwptpj;jw;F mjid
,Wjpapy; itj;jhh;.
vOj;Jg;Gzh;r;rp
,ay;G Gzh;r;rp
tpfhu kidj;Jk; Nkty jpay;Ng (3)
tUk; #j;jpuj;jpw;nrhy;yg;gLk; tpfhu tif KOtijAk; milahjJ
,ay;G Gzh;r;rpahk;.
(ck;) kzp+nghpJ=kzpnghpJ
Gfo;+moF=GfooF
tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp
Njhd;wy; jphpjy; nfLjy; tpfhuk;
%d;Wk; nkhop %tplj;J khFk; (4)

62
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vOj;jhtJ rhhpiaahatJ Njhd;WjYk;> X vOj;J kw;Nwhh; vOj;jhf

NtWgLjYk; cs;s vOj;Jf;nfLjYk; tpfhug;Gzh;r;rpahk;> ,k;%d;Wtif
tpfhuq;fSk;> epiy nkhop tUnkhopfspd; Kjy; ,il> fil vd;Dk; %d;W
,lj;jpYk; tUk;.
(ck;) G++nfhb=G+q;nfhb – tUnkhop Kjypy; nka; Njhd;wpw;W.
my;+jpiz=m/wpiz – tUnkhop KjypYk; epiy nkhopaPw;wpYk;

cs;s nka;fs; jphpe;jd.
epyk;+tyak;=epytyak; - epiynkhop aPw;Wnka; nfl;lJ.
MW+gj;J=mWgJ - epiynkhop KjYaph;jphpe;J tUnkhoP

apilnahw;Wf;nfl;lJ.
gid+fha;=gdq;fha; - epiynkhop <w;Waph; nfl;L mk;rhhpia

Njhd;wp mod; <W jphpe;jJ.
xd;gJ+gj;J=njhd;D}W – epiynkhop tUnkhopfs; %d;wplj;Jk;

tpfhug;gl;ld.
nra;As; tpfhuk;
typj;jy; nkypj;jy; ePl;ly; FWf;fy;
tphpj;jy; njhFj;jYk; tUQ; nra;As; Ntz;Lop (5)
nky;nyhw;iw ty;nyhw;Wf;fSk;> ty;nyhw;iw nky;nyhw;Wf;fsk;
Fw;nwOj;ij nel;nlOj;jhf;fYk;> nel;nlOj;ij Fw;nwOj;jhf;fYk;> ,y;yhj
vOj;ij tUtpj;jYk;> cs;s vOj;ij ePff
; Yk; nra;Asplj;J mikf;f
Ntz;Lkplj;J tUk;.
(ck;)
1. “Kfj;ij t&cq; fhyk;” - Ke;ij vd;gJ type;J epd;wJ

2. “jz;ilapdf;fpsp” - jl;il vd;gJ nkype;J epd;wJ
3. “fw;gf ePoy;” - epoy; vd;gJ ePz;L epd;wJ
4. “ed;nwd;Nwd; jpNad;” - jPNanad;gJ FWfp epd;wJ
5. “ney;tpisAk;Nk” - tpisANk vd;gJ kfunka;tphpe;J
epd;wJ.
6. eP ehL nfd - eh. nfntd ntd;gJ mfuj;njhf;F
epd;wJ.

63
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Gzh;r;rp tpfhuj;Jk; nra;As; tpfhuj;Jk; NtWghL Gzh;r;rp tpfhuk;>

epiynkhop tUnkhop cyftof;Fr; nra;As; tof;F vd;Dk; ,uz;Lf;Fk;
chpajhk;. nra;As; tpfhuk; nra;Aspy; khj;jpuNk tUk;> cyf tof;fpy; tuhJ>
,J jdpnkhop njhlh; nkhop ,uz;Lf;Fk; nghJ.
xUtop %topf; FiwjY kidj;Nj (6)
xU nrhy;ypDila Kjy; ,il fil vd;Dk; %d;wpy; Xhplj;J Fiwe;J
tUjYk; mr;nra;As; tpfhukhFk;.
(ck;) kiuapjo; - jhkiu vd;gJ Kjy; Fiwe;jJ
Xjp KJNghj;J - Xe;jp vd;gJ ,il Fiwe;jJ
ePYz; Jfpypif - ePyk; vd;gJ filf; Fiwe;jJ
njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; gFgjj;jpYk;> Kjypilfilf;Fiw tpfhuq;fs;
gfhgjj;jpYk; tUnkd NtWghL nfhs;f.
Gzh;r;rp tpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Iaj;ij ePf;Fjy;
xU Gzh;r;rpf;F ,uz;L %d;W Kwg;ngWk; (7)
xU Gzh;r;rpf;Nf> xU tpfhuNkad;wp ,uz;L tpfhuq;fSk; %d;W
tpfhuq;fsk; tug;ngWk;.
(ck;) ahid+nfhk;G=ahidf;nfhk;G - Njhd;wy;
epyk;+gid=epyg;gid - nfLjYk; Njhd;wYk;
gid+fha;=fdq;fha; - nfLjYk; Njhd;wYk; jphpjYk;
nghJg;Gzh;r;rp
caphPw;Wf;Fk; nka;aPw;Wf;Fk; nghJ
vz;% ntOj;jPw; nwt;tif nkhopf;Fk;
Kd;tU Qeka tf;f spay;Gq;
Fwpy;top aj;jdp iae;nehJ Kd;nkyp
kpfYkh zsdy topej; jphpAk; (8)
,Ugj;J ehd;F vOj;Jf;fisAk; ,WjpahfTila vy;yhtifr;
nrhw;fSf;Fk; Kd;Nd tUfpd;w xfu efu kfu afu tfuq;fs; ,ay;ghjYk;>
jdpf;Fw;nwOj;jpd; gpd; epd;w afu nka;Fk;> XnuOj;njhU nkhopahfpa caph;
caph;nka; vd;Dk; Ifhuj;jpw;Fk;> XnuOj;njhUnkhopahfpa neh vd;gjw;Fk; J

64
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vd;gjw;Fk; Kd;tUfpd;w Qfukfuq;fs; kpFjYk; MFk;. zfu> sfu> dfu>

yfu nka;fspd; gpd;tUfpd;w efukhdJ jphpAk;.
Gzhpaypy; my;top Ntw;Wikfspy; xd;iw ntspg;gilahf thapDk;
Fwpg;ghfthapDk; $whj ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; mt;tpuz;ilAq; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Qekatf;fs; vd;wJ nky;ypd ,ilapdq;fspy; kw;iw vOj;Jf;fs;
nkhopf;F Kjyhfh thjyhy; gpd;tUk; #j;jpuq;fspy; typ> nkyp> ,il
vd;gdTk; me;je;j ,dq;fspy; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fisNa
Fwpf;Fk;.
(ck;) 1. my;top Ntw;Wik
,d+QhapW=,dQhapW typ+xkyp=typxkyp
gid+ePz;lJ=gidePz;lJ G++ePl;b=G+ePl;rp
nghd;+nkypJ=nghd;nkypJ kz;+khl;rp=kz;khl;rp
Nth;+ahJ=Nth;ahJ fy;+ahid=fy;ahid
v/F+typJ=v/FtypJ ths;+typik=ths;typik
X eka tf;fs; ,ay;ghapd.
2. my;top Ntw;Wik
nka;+Qhd;wJ=nka;Q;Qhd;wJ Qhw;rp=nka;Q;Qhw;rp Fwpy;
nka;+ePz;lJ=nka;e;ePz;lJ ePlr
; p=nka;e;ePlr
; p
topa
nka;+khz;lJ=nka;k;khz;lJ khl;rp=nka;k;khl;rp
if+Qhd;wJ=ifQ;Qhd;wJ Qhw;rp=ifQ;Qhw;rp jdp I
ePz;lJ=ife;ePz;lJ ePlr
; p=ife;ePl;rp
khz;lJ=ifk;khz;lJ khl;rp=ifk;khl;rp
Fwpy; top ajdp I Kd;nka; kpf;fd.
neh+nQhs;sh+nehQ;nQhs;sh J+nQs;sh+JQ;nQs;sh

65
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ehfh =nehe;ehfh ehfh =Je;ehfh
khlh =nehk;khlh khlh =Jk;khlh
neh> J> Kd; nkyp kpf;fd. ,it tpidahjyhy; my;top neh-tUe;J> J-

cz;> ,it ,uz;Lk; xUik Vty; nQs;sh Kjypad tpspg;ngah;.
3. my;top Ntw;Wik
kz;+ePz;lJ=kz;zPz;lJ kz;+ePl;rp=kz;zPlr
; p
Ks;+ePz;lJ=Kz;zPz;lJ Ks;+ePlr
; p=Kz;zPlr
; p
nghd;+ePz;lJ=nghd;dPzl
; J nghd;+ePlr
; p=nghd;dPl;rp
fy;+ePz;lJ=fd;dPz;lJ fy;+ePlr
; p=fy;dPl;rp
z> s> d> y top e jphpe;j

; J.
nghJg;ngah; cah;jpizg; ngah; <W
nghJg;nga Uah;jpizg; ngah;f sPw;Wnka;
typthp dpay;ghk; Mtp auKd;
td;ik kpfh rpy tpfhukh Kah;jpiz (9)
,Ujpizfl;Fk; nghJthd ngah;fSk;> cah;jpizg; ngah;fSk;
,WjpapYs;s nka;fs;> tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;nyOj;J te;jhy; ,ay;ghFk;.
nghJg;ngah; cah;jpizg; ngah;fspd; <w;wpy; tUfpd;w capnuOj;Jf;fspd;
Kd;Dk; afu ufu nka;fspd; Kd;Dk; tUfpd;w> ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; kpfhthk;.
,t;thwd;wp> nka;aPWk; caphPWkhfpa rpy cah;jpizg; ngah;fs;
ehw;fzq;fNshLk; GzUkplj;J> epiynkhop tUnkhopfs; tpfhug;gl;L tUjYk;
cz;L.
nghJg;ngauhtJ: cah;jpiz m/wpiz ,uz;Lf;Fk; nghJtha; tUk;
ngah;.
nghJg;ngah; tpuTg;ngah; vd;gd xUnghUl;nrhw;fs;> ehw;fzkhtd:
td;fzk;> nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk;> caph;f;zk;.
ty;ypdk; te;jhy jphpjw;F chpa epiynkhop aPw;W nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
(z;> s;> d;> y;) jphpahky; ,ay;ghjy; gw;wp <w;Wnka; ,ay;ghFk; vd;Wk;>
Mtpauf;fspd; Kd; kpFjw;F chpa tUnkhop Kjy; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;> kpfhky;
,ay;ghjy; g;wp td;ikkpfh vd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; $wpdhh;.

66
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
my;top Ntw;Wik
Mz;+Fwpad;=Mz;Fwpad; Mz;+if=Mz;if
Mz;+rpwpJ=Mz;rpwpJ Mz;+nrtp=Mz;nrtp
rhj;jd;+jPad;=rhj;jd;wPad; rhj;jd;+jiy=rhj;jd;wiy
ehd;+rpwpNad;=ehd;rpwpNad; rhj;jd;+Gwk;=rhj;jd; Gwk;
vdg; nghJg; ngahPw;W nka; typtu ,ay;ghapd.
„rhj;jd;‟ vd;gJ xU nja;tj;jpd; ngauhjyhDk; kdpjh;f;Fk;

tpyq;Ff;Fk; ngauhf ,lg;gLjyhYk;> ,Ujpiz nghJg;ngauhk;.
my;top Ntw;Wik
mts;+Fwpas;=mtd;Fwpas; ijay;+ngUik=ijay;ngUik
kfd;+rpwpad;=kfd; rpwpad; kfd;+jiy=kfd;wiy
Fhprpy;+nghpad; =Fhprpy;nghpad; Nts;+rpWik=Nts; rpWik
vd cah;jpizg; ngahPw;W nka; typtu ,ay;ghapd.

my;top Ntw;Wik
gps;is+rpwpad; =gps;isrpwpad; rhj;jp+if=rhj;jpf;if
gps;is+rpwpJ=gps;isrpwpJ rhj;jp+nrtp=rhj;jpnrtp
eP+Fwpia=ePFwpia jha;+jiy=jha;jiy
ePh; +FwpaPh; =ePh;FwpaPh; jha; +nghUs; =jha;nghUs;
vdg; nghJg; ngahPw;W Mtp afu ufuKd; td;ik kpfhthapd.

my;top Ntw;Wik
ek;gp+Fwpad; =ek;gpFwpad; eq;if+jiy=eq;ifjiy
Nra; +rpwpad; =Nra;rpwpad; Nra; +rpWik=Nra;rpWik
mth; +nghpah; =mth;nghpah; mth; +ngUik=mth;ngUik
vd cah;jpizg; ngahPw;W Mtp> afu> ufu Kd; td;ik kpfhthapd.

67
ed;D}y; vOj;J
3. rpy tpfhukdh cah;jpiz vd;ww;F> tUnkhop KjnyOj;ijr;

nrhy;yhikahy;> ehw;fzKk; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
(ck;)
fgpyd; +guzd; =fgpyguzd;
ek;gp+nfhw;wd; =ek;gpf;nfhw;wd;
tLfd; +ehjd; =tLfehjd;
murd; +ts;sy; =murts;sy;
tpuhld; +murd; =tpuhlturd;
Mrptfh; +gs;sp =Mrptfg;gs;sp
kf;fs; +Fzk; =kf;fl;Fzk;
esd; +ntz;gh =esntz;gh
Fkud; +Nfhl;lk; =Fkuf;Nfhl;lk;
vd ,UtopAk; cah;jpizAs; rpy jkf;F Vw;wgb tpfhukhapd.

tpdhg;ngah; Kd;Dk; tpspg;ngah; Kd;Dk; ty;ypdk;
<w;wpah tpdhtpspg; ngah;Kd;typ apay;Ng (10)
,Wjpapy; tUfpd;w M X v vd;Dk; %d;W tpdh ntOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ah
vd;Dk; tpdhg;ngah;f;Fk;> caphPWk; nka;aPWkhfpa tpspNtw;Wikg;
ngah;fSf;Fk; Kd;tUfpd;w ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; ,ay;Ngthk;.
(ck;) my;top Ntw;Wik
1. mtdh nfhw;wNdh rhj;jNd nfhz;lhd; =mtdhnfhz;lhd;
nrd;whd; =mtNdh nrd;whd;
je;jhd; =mtdh je;jhd;
Nghdpdhd; =mtdh Nghapdhd;
vd <w;W tpdhKd; typ ,ay;ghapd.

68
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. my;top Ntw;Wik
ah +Fwpad =ahFwpad je;jhd; =ahje;jhd;
rpwpad =ahrpwpad ghh;j;jhd; =ahghh;j;jhd;
vd ah tpdhKd; typ ,ay;ghapd.
3. nghd;dh +nfhs; =nghd;dhnfhs; Njhop+jh =NjhoPjh
gps;sha; +nry; =gps;sha; nry; kf;fhs; +Nghk; =kf;fhs; Nghk;
vd tpspg;ngah; Kd; typ ,ay;ghapd.

<w;Wtpdh %d;Wk; tpspg;ngaUk; my;top> ahtpdhg; ngah; my;top
Ntw;Wik ,uz;Lf;Fk; nghJ.
Kd;dpiy tpid Kd;Dk;> Vty; Kd;Dk; ty;ypdk;
Mtp auo tpWjpKd; dpiytpid
Vty;Kd; ty;ypd kpay;nghL tpfw;Ng (11)
capiuAk;> auo vd;Dk; %d;W nka;fisAk;> <whf cila Kd;dpiy
tpidKw;Wf;fSf;Fk; vd tpidKw;Wf;fSf;Fk;> Kd;tUfpd;w „frjg;gf;fs;‟
,ay;GlNd tpfw;gKkhk;. xd;Wf;Nf ,ay;ghAk; kpf;Fk; tUk;.
Kd;dpiy tpidf;Fk;> Vty; tpidf;Fk; NtWghL> Kd;dpiy tpid
ele;jha;> elf;fpd;wha; elg;gha; vd;whw; Nghy %d;W fhyj;Jk; jdpj;jdp
tUtjha; Kd;dpw;Fk; nghUspdJ njhopiy czh;j;jp Vtw;nghUs; glhjJ
vd;Wk;> Vty;tpid el elkpd; elTk; vd;whw;Nghy vjph;fhyj;J khj;jpuNk
tUtjha; Kd;dpw;Fk; nghUisf; fl;lisapLtJ vd;Wk; NtWghL fhzg;gLk;.
Vtnyy;yhk; Kd;dpiy tpidahk;. Kd;dpiy tpidnay;yhk; Vtyhfh.
tpfw;gkhdJ xU Gzh;r;rpf;Nf xUfhy; xUtifahfTk; kw;nwhUfhy;
NtWtifahfTk; tUtJ.
1. cz;lid cz;lha; nfhw;w=cz;lidnfhw;w Njth=cz;lidNjth
rhj;jh=cz;lha; jhj;jh Gyth =cz;lha; Gyth
cz;gPh; nfhw;wNu=cz;gPh;nfhw;wNu NjtNu=cz;gPh;NjtNu
rhj;jNu=cz;gPh;rhj;jNu GytNu=cz;ghP ; GytNu

69
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vd Mtpah ,Wjp Kd;dpiy tpidKd; typ ,ay;ghapd.

ofunka;aPw;WtpFjp ,y;yhik gw;wp ofunka; Kd;dpiy> tpidf;F
<whfhikay;> mjw;F cjhuzk; ,y;iy.
Kd;dpiy tpidKd; tpfw;gpj;jy; te;jtplj;Jf;nfhs;f.
2. th +nfhw;w =thnfhw;w Nrh; +Njth =Nrh;Njth
gha; +rhj;jh =gha;rhj;jh tho; +Gyth =tho;Gyth
vd Mtp auo ,Wjp Vty; tpidKd; typ ,ay;ghapd.
el + nfhw;w = elnfhw;w elf;nfhw;wh - Vty;tpidKd;
va; + nfhw;wh = va;nfhw;w va;nfhw;wh - typtpfw;gpj;jd
,itnay;yhk; tpidKw;Wj; njhluhjyhy;> my;topg; Gzh;r;rp

caphPw;Wr; rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp
Gzhpay; %d;wDs; caphPw;Wg; Gzhpay; Kjyhjyhy; mjpy;
Kjw;gjpndhU #j;jpuq;fshy; ,JtiuapYk; Gzh;r;rptpjpia caphPw;Wf;Fk;
nka;aPw;Wf;Fk; nghJg;glf; $wp ,dp caphPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rpr; rpwg;Gtpjp
$Wfpd;whh;.
caph;Kd; caph; Gzh;r;rp
,< Itop at;Tk; Vid
caph;top tt;Tk; Vkdpy; tpUikAk;
caph;thp Dlk;gL nka;nad; whFk; (12)
tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; te;jhy;> ,fu <fhu Ifhuq;fspd; gpd;Nd>
afunka;Ak;> m M c C x X xs vd;Dk; ,t;NtO caph;fspd; gpd;Nd
tfunka;Ak;> Vfhuj;jpd; gpd;Nd ,t;tpuz;Lk; cld;gL nka;ahftUk;.
cld;gLnka;: epiynkhop <w;wpYk; tUnkhop KjypYk; epd;w caph;fis
clk;gLj;Jk; nka;.
kzp+mofpJ=kzpaofpJ +moF =kzpaoF - ,<I Kd; afuk; te;jJ.
jP +mofpJ =jPaofpJ +moF =jPaoF
kiy +mofpJ =kiyaofpJ moF =kiyaoF

70
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. tps +mofpJ =tpstofpJ +moF =tpstoF kw;iw caph;fspd; Kd;
gyh +mofpJ =gyhtofpJ +moF =gyhtoF tpfhuk; te;jJ
fL +mofpJ =fLtofpJ +moF =fLtoF
G+ +mofpJ =G+tofpJ +moF =G+tofpJ
neh +mofpJ =neht;tofpJ +moF =neht;toF
Nfh +mofpJ =NfhtofpJ +moF =NfhtoF
nfs +mofpJ =nfhstoF +moF =nfstoF
mtNd +mofd; =mtNdaofd; vd ,ilr;nrhy; VKd; afuKk;>
V+vyhk; =Vntyhk;> Nr+coT =NrToT> Nj +mbahh; =Njtbahh; vdg;

ngah;r;nrhy; VKd; ,UtopAk; tfuKk;
Nr+mb =Nrab> Nrtb vdr; nrk;ik vd;Dk; gz;Gg;ngahpd; tpfhukhfpa

„Nr‟ Kd; afuKk; tfuKk; clk;gL nka;ahf te;jd.
vfutpdh Kd;Dk; Rl;L Kd;Dk; ehw;fzKk; Gzh;jy;

vfu tpdhKr; Rl;bd; Kd;dh;
capUk; afuK nka;jpd; tt;Tk;
gpwthp ditAe; J}f;fpw; Rl;L
ePspd; afuKe; Njhd;Wjy; newpNa (13)
vfu tpdhtpilr; nrhy;Yf;Fk;> %d;W Rl;bilr; nrhw;fSf;Fk;> Kd;Nd
caUk; afuKk; te;jhy;> tfu nka;Ak;> afunkhope;j nka;fs; te;jhy;
mt;te;j nka;fSk;> nra;Aspy; Rl;nlOj;J ePSkplj;J afunka;Ak; kpFjy;
Kiwahk;.
(ck;) 1. mzp =vtt;zp ahid =vt;ahid vfutpdh Kr;Rl;bd; Kd;dh;

capUk; afuKk; tu tfunka; Njhd;wpw;W.
v Fjpiu =vf;Fjpiu ehL =ve;ehL
m Nrid =vr;Nrhid kid =vk;kid gpw mt;te;jnka; Njhd;wpd
, jz;L =vj;jz;L tpjk; =vt;tpjk;
c gil =vg;gil qdk; =vq;qdk;

71
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Qhyk; =vQ;Qhyk;
3. M ,il Mapil Rl;L ePz;ltplj;J afuk; Njhd;wpw;W.

,itnay;yhk; ,ilr;nrhw;nwhluhjyhy; my;topg;Gzh;r;rp.
NkYk; ahq;qdk; vd ah tpdhtpd; Kd;Dk;> Mq;qdk;> <q;qdk;>
Cq;qdk; vd ePz;l Rl;bd; Kd;Dk; qfuk; kpFjYk;> <J> mq;F> <q;F> Cq;F>
Mz;L> <z;L vd Rl;Lg;ngah; ePsYk;> „tpz;tj;Jf; nfhl;Lk;‟ tpz;+mj;J
=tpz;tj;J> „nry;topr;nry;f‟ vd nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;tu ,g;gb clk;gL
nka;ay;yhj tfuk; ngWjYk; nfhs;f> ,t;thW nka;aPw;wpd; Kd;tUk;
tfuj;;ij nka;aPw;Wlk;gLk;nka; vd;ghh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;.
Fw;wpaypfuj;jpd; Kd;Dk; rpy Kw;wpaypfuj;jpd; Kd;Dk; capUk; afuKk;
Gzh;jy;
caph;thp Df;Fws; nka;tpl; NlhLk;
a t;thp dpa;ahk; Kw;Wkw; Nwhnuhtop (14)
Fw;wpaYfukhdJ tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; te;jhy; jdf;F ,lkhfpa
nka;ia tpl;L nfLk; tUnkhop Kjypy; afuk; te;jhy; mt;Tfuk; ,fukhfj;
jphpAk; Kw;wpaYfuKk; xt;Nthhplj;J mt;thNwahFk;. caph;tu cfuq;
nfLjYk; afuk;tu cfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpjYk; mt;tpuz;L tpjpiaAk; ngWk;.
cf;Fws; - khj;jpiu FWfpa cauk;
(ck;) Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;wpaYfuk;
tuF+mUik=tufUik fjT+mUik=fjtUik (Ntw;Wik)
tuF+ahJ=tufpahJ fjT+ahJ=fjtpahJ (my;top)
caphpd; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy;

,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd;
frjg kpFk; tpjthjd kd;Nd (15)
,ay;gpdhyhtJ> tpjpapdhyhtJ nkhopf;F <whf epd;w caph;fspd;Kd;>
tUnkhop Kjypy; tUfpd;w frjgf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,ul;bf;Fk; gpd; rpwg;G
tpjpahy; nrhy;yhjitfs;.
,ay;G caphPwhtJ – tpfhug;glhky; ,aw;ifahf epd;w caph;

nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpahf epw;gJ.
(ck;) tps> gyh> kiy Kjypad.
72
ed;D}y; vOj;J
caphPwhtJ – nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; ,aw;ifahf epd;w capuhtJ

nka;ahtJ xUtpjp gw;wp ePqf
; p kw;Nwhh; capuhf epw;gJ.
(ck;) xd;W> xw;iw> kuk;: ku Kjypad.
Ml(r;) nrd;whd; thio(g;)gok; ,ay;G caphPW
New;iw(g;) nghOJ ku(f;)fpis – tpjp caphPW
gpd; rpwg;G tpjpapw; nrhy;yhjit ngUk;ghYk; kpFk;. vdNt rpwg;G

tpjpapy; kpfhntd;W nrhd;dit rpWghd;ik kpFk; vd;Wk; $wpdhuhapw;W.
mit tUkhW>
1. Vhpfiu> kiyfpoNthd; -Ntw;Wik
$g;Gfuk;> ehl;L Gfo; -my;top
gpd; rpwg;G tpjpapy;yhjit ,UtopapYk; kpfthapd.
2. neh(f;)nfhw;wh Vty;Kd; ty;ypdk; ,ay;nghL tpfw;Ng
J(f;)nfhw;W vdr; nrhd;d rpwg;Gtpjp ngwhky; kpf;Nf te;jd.
,r;#j;jpuj;J> frjg vd;wij Nky;tUQ; rpwg;Gtpjpr; #j;jpuq;fspy;
$l;bf;nfhs;f.
rpwg;Gtpjp
caphPw;W kug;ngah;f;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
kug;ngah; Kd;d hpdnky; nyOj;J
tug; ngW dTKs Ntw;Wik topNa (16)
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;> caphPw;Wr; rpy kug;ngah;fl;F Kd; nrhd;d
nghJtpjpg;gb tUfpw nky;nyOj;J kpfhky; mtw;Wf;F ,dkhfpa
nky;nyOj;Jj; Njhd;wg; ngWk; njhlh;fSk; csthk;.
(ck;) tps+fha; =tpsq;fha;> kh+gok; =khk;gok;
,d nky;nyOj;Jk; vd ck;ikf;nfhLj;Jr; nrhy;yhikahy;

,t;Tjhuzq;fs; nghJtpjpiag; ngWk; vd mwpf.
ngWtdTk; vd;w ck;ikahy; nky;nyOj;Jg; ngwhky; nghJtpjpahy;
ty;nyOj;J kpfg;ngWtd ngUk;ghyhd vdf; nfhs;f. (ck;) gyhf;fha;>
mj;jpg;G+> thiog;gok;> ,ye;ijf;fdp Kjypad.

73
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ahq;NfhL> ahf;NfhL> fhahq;NfhL> fhahf;NfhL vd nky;nyOj;Jg;

ngw;W tpfw;gj;J tUjiy ciuahw;nfhs;f. ngWtdTk; vd;w
ck;ikapdhNyNa ,t;tpfw;gq;nfhs;SjYk; xd;W.
mfutPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp
rpy mfutPw;wpd; Kd; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghjy;
nra;apd ntd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; gy;tifg;
ngahp ndr;rKw; whw DUNg
m/wpizg; gd;ik ak;kKd; dpay;Ng (17)
nra;apa vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L vjph;fhy tpidnar;rj;jpw;Fk; gytifg;gl;l
mfutPw;Wg; nganur;rq;fl;Fk;> gy tifg;gl;l mfutPw;W tpidKw;Wf;fSf;Fk;>
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik mfuTUf;Fk;> mfutPw;Wg; gytpd;ghw; ngah;fl;Fk;> mk;kh
vd;Dk; ciuairapilr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; Kd;Nd tUfpd;w „frjgf;fs;‟
,ay;Ngthk;.
(ck;)
cz;zpa je;jhd;> nra;apa Nghdhd;+nra;apa ntd;tpid vr;rk; my;top
cz;l Fjpiu> nghpa nghUs; + gy;tifg; ngahpndr;rk; my;
cz;ld Fjpiufs; thopa nfhw;wh> vd;grpyh; + gy;tifKw;W> my;
jdiffs; jdjhs;fs; + MwDUG> Ntw;Wik
gyFjpiufs;> rpynra;jhd; + ,UtopapYk; m/wpizg; gd;ik
mk;k nfhw;wh> mk;k Njth + mk;k vd;Dkpilr;nrhy; my;
thopa vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp

thopa ntd;gj dPw;wp Daph;nka;
VfY Khpj;j/ NjfpD kpay;Ng (18)
1. thopa vd;Dk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpDila> ,WjpapYs;s afu
caph;nka; ePq;FjYk;> chpajhk;. 2. mt;Taph;> nka; ePq;fp ,fu <wha; epd;whYk;
mjd;Kd; tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; nghJtpjpahy; kpfhky; rpwg;G tpjpapw; $wpagb
,ay;Ngahk;.
(ck;)
1. Mthopa +Mthop = <w;W caph;nka; ePqf

; pw;W

74
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. thopa +nfhw;wh =thopnfhw;wh <w;W caph;nka; ePqf

; p typ
+ rhj;jhd; =thop rhj;jh ,ay;ghapw;W.
„rht‟ vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp
rhtntd; nkhopaPw; Waph;nka; rhjYk; tpjp (19)

rht vd;DQ; nrathd; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rj;jpDila ,WjpapYs;s
tfu caph;nka; tUnkhopnahL Gzh;ifapy; nfLjYk; tpjpahFk;.
(ck;) rht +Fj;jpdhd; =rhf;Fj;jpdhd;
gy rpy vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

gyrpy ntDkpiy jk;Kd; jhk;thpd;
,ay;Gk; kpfYk; mfu Nkf
yfuk; wfu khfYk; gpwthpd;
mfuk; tpfw;g khfY Kwgp (20)
gy rpy ntd;Dk; ,t;tpU nrhy;Yk;> jkf;F Kd;Nd jhNk tUkhapd;
gy vd;gjw;F Kd; gy vd;gJk; rpy vd;gjw;F Kd; rpy vd;gJk; te;jhy: 1.
tUnkhop Kjy; nka; ,ay;ghjYk; 2. kpFjYk; 3. mfuk; Vf yfuk;
wfkhjYk; epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; epd;w mfuq;nfl yfu nka; wfunka;ahfj;
jphpjYk; 4. ,t;tpU nrhw;fspd; NtWnrhw;fspnyhd;W te;jhy;> epiynkhop
,Wjpapy; epd;w mfuk; epw;gJk; ePq;FtJkhfpa tpfw;gpj;jYk; cs;sdthk;.
(ck;)
1. gygy rpyrpy =,ay;ghapd.

2. gyg;gy> rpyr;rpy =kpf;fd.
3. gw;gy> rpw;rpy =mfuq;nfl yfuk; wfukhapw;W.
4. gyfiy> gy;fiy rpytis> rpy;tis gpwtu mfuk; epd;Wk;
rpyehs;> rpd;dhs; gythak; gy;yhak; ePqf
; pAk; tpfw;gpj;jJ.
mfutPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Mfhuj;jpd;Kd; ty;ypdk;
my;top ahkh kpahKw;W Kd;kpfh (21)
my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; 1. M vd;Dk; ngahf;Fk;> kh vd;Dk; ngah;f;Fk;>
2. kpah vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyair ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fk; 3. MfhutPw;W vjph;kiwg;
gytpd;ghy; tpidKw;Wf;Fk; Kd;Nd tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;.
75
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) 1. M FwpJ> kh rpwpJ – M> kh Kd; typ ,ay;ghapw;W
2. Nfz;kpah Njth – kpahKd; typ ,ay;ghapw;W
3. cz;zh gd;wpfs; - Kw;WKd; typ ,ay;ghapw;W

fhl;Lg;gR vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; Mkh vd;gjd; Kd; FwpJ> rpwpJ
vdr; Nrh;f;f typ ,ay;ghFk;.
tpidahyizAk; ngahpd; Kd;Dk;> tpidKw;W tpidnar;rkhdtw;wpd;
Kd;Dk; kpfhikAk; nfhs;f.
(ck;) cz;zh fple;jd> nrd;wd> je;jd> Nghapd> ,q;Nf cz;zh
vd;wJ tpidahyizAk; ngauhapd; cz;zhjdkhfpa gpuhzpfs; fple;jd
vdTk;> tpidKw;W tpidnar;rkhapd; cz;zhjdtha;f; fple;jd vd;W
nghUs;gLk;.
,t;tha;g;ghl;Lr; nrhy; <Wnfl;L vjph;kiwg; nganur;rkhapd;
cz;zhFjpiu vd;Wk;> <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw tpidnar;rkhapd; cz;zhf;
fple;jd vd;Wk;> cld;ghl;L ,we;jfhy tpidnar;rkhapd; cz;zhf; fple;jhd;
vd;Wk;> nghJtpjpahy; typkpf;F tUnkd mwpf. ,tw;wpw;F KiwNa
cz;zhj> cz;zhky;> cz;L vd;W nghUs;. cz;zhJ vd;w xd;wd;ghy;
Kw;W cz;zh vdj; njhFj;jy; tpfhug;gl;L tUk;nghOJ mjd;Kd; typ
,ay;ghk; vd czh;f.
Fwpyize;j Mfhuj;Jf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Fwpajd; fPohf; FWfY kjndhL
cfu Nkw;wY kpay;Gkhe; J}f;fpd; (22)
Fw;nwOj;jpd; fPo
P ; epd;w Mfhuk; 1. mfukhff; FWFjYk; 2. mt;thW
FWFjYlNd cfuk; ngWjYk;> 3. mt;tpuz;L kpy;yhky; jd;dpay;gpy;
epw;wYk; Mfpa ,k;%d;W tpjpAk; nra;Aspy; tUk;.
(ck;) 1. “epytphp fhdy;” – Fwpajd; fPo; M> FWfpaJ
2. “vd; nra;Ankh epyT” – FWfp cfuNkw;wJ
3. “epyh tzq;F” - ,ay;ghapw;W
nra;Aspy; ,k;%d;Wk; MnkdNt> tof;fpy; ,uz;Lk; xd;Wk; Mk;

vd;whuhapw;W. FWfp cfuNkw;fhky; epw;wy; tof;fpy; tuhJ.
(ck;) epyT> epyh fdT> fdh FWfp cfuNkw;wYk; ,ay;Gk;

76
ed;D}y; vOj;J
jhuh> kplh> flh ,ay;G khj;jpuk; ,it tpfhug;glh

,futPw;Wr; rpwg;G tpjp
md;wp ,d;wp vd;gd
md;wp apd;wpnad; tpidnaQ; rpfue;
njhl;gpD Sfu kha;thp dpay;Ng (23)
md;wp> ,d;wp vd;Dk; vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rq;fspd; <w;wpYs;s
,fuk; nra;Aspy; cfukha;j; jphpe;J te;jhy; tUfpd;w „frjgf;fs;‟ ,ay;ghFk;.
(ck;)
“ehsd;W Nghfp” = md;wp + Nghfp
“cg;gpd;W Gw;if Az;f” = ,d;wp + Gw;if
cfukhfj; jphpahtpbd;> ehsd;wpg;Nghfp> cg;gpd;wpg; Gwif vdg;

nghJtpjpg;gb ty;nyOj;J kpFnkdf; nfhs;f.
ehop chp vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
chpthp dhopap dPw;Waph; nka;nfl
kUTk; lfu Khpapd; topNa
afu Taph;nka;ah Nkw;gd thpNd (24)
1. chp vd;Dk; Kfj;jysitg; ngah; tUnkhopahf te;jhy;
epiynkhopahf epd;w ehop vd;Dk; Kfj;jsTg; ngahpdJ <w;wpYs;s op
vd;Dk; caph;nka; ePqf
; lfunka; mt;tplj;jpy; tUk;. 2. epiynkhopahf epd;w
chp vd;Dk; Kfj;jysTg; ngahpd; gpd; afu caph;nka; tUk;. mt;Taph;
nka;tUtjw;F Vw;wnkhopfs; tUnkhopahf te;J Gzh;e;jhy; vd;wthW>
(ck;)
1. ehop+chp =ehLhp - op nfl lfue; Njhd;wpaJ
2. chp+cg;G =chpa cg;G+kpsF=chpa kpsF chptop afue;Njhd;wpaJ
chp+gaW =chpagaW+tuF =chpa tuF
chp ,uz;L nfhz;lJ ehop

Vw;gdthpd; vdNt Vyhjthpd; chpahprp> chpahohf;F vd ,r;rpwg;Gtpjp
ngwhky; nghJtpjp ngWnkdf;nfhs;f.

77
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Gsp vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

Ritg;Gsp Kd;dpd nkd;ikAe; Njhd;Wk; (25)
mWRitAs; xd;iw czh;j;Jfpd;w Gsp vd;Dk; ngahpd; Kd; ty;ypdk;
te;J Gzh;e;jhy; mt;ty;nyOj;J kpFjyd;wp mjw;F ,dkhfpa nky;nyOj;Jk;
Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
Gsp+fwp=Gspq;fwp japh; =Gspe;japh;
Gsp+NrhW=GspQ;NrhW ghspjk; =Gspk;ghspjk;
Gspg;ghfpa fwp vdtk;> Gspg;igAila fwp vdTk; tphpf;fg;gLtjhy;

,itNa Ntw;Wik my;top ,uz;Lf;Fk; cjhuzk;.
,fu Ifhu tPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp
my;top , Ik; Kd;d uhapd;
,ay;Gk; kpfYk; tpfw;gK khFk; (26)
my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; epiynkhopaPw;W ,fu Ifhuq;fspd; Kd; ty;ypdk;
tUkhapd; 1. ,ay;ghjYk; 2. nghJ tpjpg;gbNa kpFjYk; 3. tpfw;gpj;jYk;
tUk;.
xg;gpd; Kbj;jy; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy; Ifhu tPWk; cld; $wpdhh;.
nghJg;ngah; cah;jpizg; ngah;fl;F tpjp Kd;dNk mike;jpUj;jyhy;>
,r;#j;jputpjp m/wpizg; ngah;f;Fk; tpid Kjypatw;Wf;Fkhk;.
(ck;)
1. Gyp +rpwpJ =GyprpwpJ
ahid +nghpJ =ahidnghpJ , I Kd; my;topapy;
nrb+nfhb =nrbnfhb typ ,ay;ghapd
ahid+Fjpiu =ahid Fjpiu
,b+Rth; =,bRth;
ciu+fy; =ciufy;
2. khh;fop+jpq;fs; =khh;fopj;jpq;fs; typkpf;fd
Mb+nfhz;lhd; =Mbf;nfhz;lhd;
78
ed;D}y; vOj;J
3. fpsp+FwpJ =fpspFwpJ> fpspf;FwpJ
fb+fkyk; =fbfkyk;> fbf;fkyk; tpfw;gpj;jd
jpid+rpwpJ =jpidrpwpJ> jpidr;rpwJ
<fhutPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Mg;gPKd; ehw;fzk;
MKd; gfutP aidj;Jk;tuf; FWFk;
Nkyd ty;top apay;gh Fk;Nk (27)
M vd;Dk; ngahpd; epd;w gfu <fhuk; (Mg;gP) ,UtopapYk; ehw;fzk;
te;jhy; FWfp ,fukhFk;. my;topapy; Nky; „my;top I‟ vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jpy;
$wpa tpjp %d;wpy; Fwpfpy mjd;Kd; tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; ,ay;igg;ngWk;.
(ck;) Mg;gP +mhpJ =Mg;gpahpJ Mg;gP +ed;W =Mg;gped;W
Mg;gP +FspUk; =Mg;gpFspUk; Mg;gP +typJ =Mg;gptypJ
my;top ,ay;ghFk;. vdNt Ntw;Wikapy; Mg;gpf; Fsph;r;rp Mg;gpj;jpul;rp

vdg; nghJ tpjpg;gbNa typ kpF nkdf; nfhs;f.
„gfutp‟ vd;wJk; „gt;t‟P vd;gJk; ,lf;fulf;fy; =Mg;gP gRr;rhzk;.
rpy <fhu tPw;wpd; Kd; typ

gt;tP ePkP Kd;d uy;top
,ay;ghk; typnkyp kpfYkhk; kPf;Nf (28)
1. ,lf;fh;g;ngauhfpa gfu <fhuj;jpw;Fk; ePfF
; jy; vd;Dk; nghUs;
nfhz;l eP vd;w Kjepiyj; njhopw;ngah;f;Fk;> Nkyhfpa gz;igAk;
Nkyplj;ijAk; cah;j;Jk; kP vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk; Kd;Nd my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy;
tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;. 2. ,tw;Ws;Ns kP vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F
ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; nky;nyOj;J kpFjYk; MFk;.
(ck;)
1. gP +FwpJ =gPFwpJ> rpwpJ> jPJ> nghpJ
eP +fbJ =eP fbJ> rphpJ> jPJ> ghw;W ,ay;ghapd.
kP +fz; =kPfz;> nrtp> jiy> Gwk;

79
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. kP$w;W =kPf; +$w;W = typkpf;fJ
kP +Njhy; =kPe;Njhy; = nkypkpf;fJ.
cfutPw;W rpwg;Gtpjp
rpy Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; typ
%d;wh WUngz; tpidj;njhif Rl;BW
MF Kfu Kd;d hpay;ghk; (29)
XL vd;Dk; %d;Wk; Ntw;Wik cUGf;Fk;> mJ vd;Dk; MWk; Ntw;Wik
cUGf;Fk;> ,ay;ghAk; tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk; vz;Zg;ngah;f;Fk;>
tpidj;njhiff;Fk;> Rl;Lg;ngah;f;Fk; ,Wjpahfpa Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd;Nd
tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;.
(ck;)
mtNdhL +nfhz;lhd; =mtndhL nfhz;lhd; - %d;wDUG
nghd;dJ +nrtp =nghd;dJ nrtp - MwDUG
VO +jiy =VOjiy - ,ay;ngz;Zg;ngah;
xU> ,U> mW> vO – Gwk; - xUGwk; tpfhu vz;Zg;ngah;
tpL +fiz =tpL fiz tpuT +gil =tpuTgil tpidj;njhif
mJ +fz;lhd; =mJfz;lhd; - Ntw;Wik Rl;Lg;ngah;
,J +cJ +FwpJ =,JFwpJ - my;top
„mJ‟ vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
mJKd; tUkd; whd;whe; J}f;fpd; (30)

mJ vd;dpQ; Rl;Lg;ngah;Kd; tUnkhopahf tUfpw md;W vd;Dk;
vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W nra;Aspy; Md;W vd Kjy; ePSk;.
(ck;) mJ +md;W =mjhd;W
mjd;W> mJtd;W vd ePskhjYk; tUk;.

Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; typ: my;top
td;nwhl wy;yd Kd;kpfh ty;top (31)

80
ed;D}y; vOj;J
td;nwhlnuhope;j Ie;J njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd;Dk; tUfpd;w

nky;ypdk; my;topg;Gzh;r;rpapy; ,ay;ghk;.
(ck;) MW +jiy =MWjiy +nebj;njhlh;
v/F +nghpaJ =v/FnghpaJ +Ma;jj;njhlh;
tuF +rpwpJ =tuFrpwpJ +caph;j;njhlh;
te;J +je;jhd; =te;Jje;jhd; +nkd;nwhlh;
va;J +nghUs; =va;JnghUs; +,ilj;njhlh;
td;nwhluy;yd Kd;kpfh vd;wjdhy; td;njhlhpd; Kd; vOj;Jr;rpwpJ>

gbj;Je;je;jhd; vd my;topapy; typkpFk; vd;f.
Vohk;Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUSzu epd;w mq;F> ,q;F cq;F> vq;F> Mq;F>
<d;F> Cq;F> ahq;F> Mz;L> <z;L ahz;L vd;Dk; nkd;nwhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfu
tPw;W ,ilr;nrhw;fspd;Kd; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
(ck;)
mq;Ff;fz;lhd;> ,q;Fr; nrd;whd;> cq;Fje;jhd; vq;Fg;ngw;whd;>
Mq;Ff;fw;whd;> <q;Fr; Nrh;e;jhd;> Cq;Fw; ghh;j;jhd;> ahq;Ff;fz;lhd;>
Mz;Lr;nrd;whd;> <z;Lj;je;jhd;> ahz;Lg; Nghapdhd; vd tUk;.
Vohk; Ntw;Wikf; fhyg;nghUSzu epd;w md;W> ,d;W> vd;W gz;L>
Ke;J vd;Dk; nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfu tPw;W ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; Kd; tUk;
ty;ypdk; md;W fz;lhs; ,d;W nrhd;dhd;> vd;W je;jhd;> gz;L Nghapdhd;>
Ke;Jngw;whd; vd ,ay;ghNa KbAk;.
,itnay;yhk; nrhy;yhy; my;topAk; nghUshy; Ntw;Wikahjyhy; rpy
my;toptpjpiaAk; rpyNtw;Wik tpjpiaAk; Vw;wd.
Fw;wpYfuj;jpd; Kd; typ: Ntw;Wik
,ilj;njhl uha;jj; njhlnuhw; wpilapd;
kpfhneb Yaph;njhlh; Kd;kpfh Ntw;Wik (32)
,ilj;njhlUk;> Ma;jj;njhlUk;> xw;W ,ilNa kpfhj caph;j;njhlUk;
Mfpa ,tw;wpd; Kd; tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rpapy; ,ay;ghk;.
(ck;)
khh;G +fLik =khh;GfLik =,ilj;njhlh;

81
ed;D}y; vOj;J
v/F +rpWik =v/F rpWik =Ma;jj;njhlh;
ehF +jPik =ehFjPik =kpfhnebw;nwhlh;
tuF +fjph; =tuFfjph; =kpfh caph;j;njhlh;
xw;wpilapd; kpfh nebYaph;j;njhlh;Kd; kpf Ntw;Wik vd;wjdhy; tPL>

tPl;L> tapW> tapw;W vd xw;W ,ilapy; kpFk;. nebw;nwhlh; caph;njhlh;f;
Fw;wpaYfuq;fl;F> Kd; tUk; ty;ypdk;. tPl;Lr;Rth;> tapw;Wf;fLg;G vd
Ntw;Wikapy; %l;Lg;G+r;rp> ntspw;Wg;ghid vd my;topapYk; kpf;F topnkd;W
mwpf.
vdNt mWtiff; Fw;wpaYfuq;fSs; ,ilj;njhlh; Ma;jj;njhlh;
(xw;wpilkpfhj) nebw;nwhlh;> (xw;wpil kpfhj) caph;j;njhlh; ,tw;Wf;FKd;
Ntw;Wik my;top ,uz;bYk; typ kpfhntd;Wk; xd;wpilf;Fk; nebw;nwhlh;
td;nwhlh; ,tw;Wf;FKd; ,UtopapYk; typkpF nkd;Wk;> nkd;nwhlh;Kd;
my;topapy; kpfh Ntw;Wikapy; kpFnkd;Wq; $wpajhapw;W.
Lfu Wfu <w;Wr; rpy Fw;wpaYfuq;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
nebNyh Laph;j;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfuq;fSs;
lwnthw; wpul;Lk; Ntw;Wik kpfNt (33)
nebw;nwhlh;fSk; caph;j;njhlh;fSkhfpa Fw;wpaYfu nkhopfSs;
mt;Tfuk; Vwpepd;w lfu wfu nka;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; ngUk;ghYk;
,ul;Lk;.
tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhikahy; ehw;fzKk; nfhs;f.
(ck;) nebw;nwhlh; caph;j;njhlh;
ML +fhy; =Ml;Lf;fhy; KuL +kdpjd; =Kul;Lkdpjd;
NrhW+tsk; =Nrhw;Wtsk; tapW +,il =tapw;wpil
1. ngUk;ghYk; Ntw;Wikapy; ,ul;Lk; vdNt lw xw;Wr;

rpWghd;ik Ntw;Wikapy; ,ul;lhikAk; 2. Ntw;Wikapy;
ngUk;ghYk; ,ul;Lk; vdNt l> w xw;Wr; rpWghd;ik
my;topapy; ,ul;LjYk; 3. lw xw;Wg; ngUk;ghYk; my;topapy;
,ul;Lk; vdNt gpw xw;Wf;fs; rpWghd;ik ,UtopapYk;
,ul;LjYk; nfhs;f.

82
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
1. fhL +nrd;whd; =fhL nrd;whd; Ntw;Wikapy;

fpzW +%o;fpdhy; =fpzW %o;fpdhy; lwxw;Wf;fs; ,ul;lhthapd
2. fhL +muz; =fhl;luz; my;topapy; lwxw;Wf;fs;
fspW +ahid =fspw;wpahid ,ul;bd
3. ntUF +fz; =ntUFf;fz; - Ntw;Wik ,UtopapYk;
vUJ +khL =vUJkhL –my;top gpwxw;Wf;fs; ,ul;bd.
nkd;nwhlhpd; Kd; ehw;fzk;: ,Utop

nkd;nwhlh; nkhopAl; rpyNtw; Wikapy;
jk;kpd; td;nwhl uhfh kd;Nd (34)
1. nkd;nwhlh; Fw;wpaYfu nkhopfSs; rpy epiynkhopfs; Ntw;Wikapy;
jkf;F ,dkhfpa td;nwhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfu nkhopfshfj; jphpAk;.
2. mt;thW td;nwhlh; Kw;wpaYfukhfj; jphpah> tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhky;
ehw;fzKq;nfhs;f.
(ck;)
1. kUe;J +ig =kUe;Jg;ig
Fuq;F +kzk; =Fuf;Fkdk; Ntw;Wikapy; tw;nwhluhapd
,Uk;G +typik =,Ug;Gtypik
fd;W +M =fw;wh
2. tz;L +fhy; =tz;Lf;fhy;
ge;J +eyk; =ge;Jeyk; Ntw;Wikapy; td;nwhluhfhjd
nuz;L +tis =nuz;Ltis
rq;F +,dk; =rq;fpdk;
rpt td;nwhluhk;> vdNt Mfhjd gy ntd;gJ jhNd te;J ,iaaTk;

„Mfhkd;‟ vd;w kpifahy; 1. my;topapYk; rpWghd;ik td;nwhluhYk; 2.
,UtopapYk; tpfw;gpj;J tUjYk; nfhs;f.

83
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
1. eQ;R+gifik =er;Rg;gifik my;topapy; td;nwhluhapd
,Uk;G +kdk; =,Ug;G kdk;
2. Fuq;F +Fl;b =Fuq;Ff;Fl;b
=Fuf;Ff;Fl;b Ntw;Wikapy; tpfw;gpj;jd
ghk;G +Njhy; =ghk;Gj;Njhy;
=ghg;Gj;Njhy;
md;G +jis =md;Gj;jis my;topapy; tpfw;gpj;jd
=mw;Gj;jis
rpy Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp

IaPw; Wilf;Fw; WfuK KsNt (35)
Ifhur; rhhpia ,Wjpapw; ngw;W tUfpd;w Fw;wpaYfu nkhopfSk; rpy
cz;L.
Nkw;#j;jpuj;ijr; rhu itj;jjdhy; nkd;njhlh; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;
tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhikahy;> ehw;fzKk; nfhs;f.
(ck;) gz;L +fhyk; =gz;ilf;fhyk; my;top
,d;W +ehs; =,w;iwehs;
Ke;J +tsk; =Ke;ijtsk; Ntw;Wik
md;W +moF =mw;iwaoF
jpirg;ngah;fF
; r; rpwg;Gtpjp
jpirnahL jpirAk; gpwTQ; Nrwpd;
epiyaPw; Waph;nka; fy;nyhw;W ePq;fYk;
wfuk; dythj; jphpjY khk;gpw (36)
Fw;wpaYfutPwhfpa jpf;iff; Fwpf;Fk; nganuhL> jpf;iff; Fwpf;Fk;
ngaUk;> NtW nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;w ngah;fSk; tUnkhopahf te;J
GzUkplj;J> epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; epd;w „F‟ vd;Dk; caph; nka;Ak; mjd;

84
ed;D}y; vOj;J
maypy; epd;w ffu nka;Ak; nfLjYk;> <w;waypy; epd;w wfunka; dfu

nka;ahfTk; tfunka;ahfTk; jphpjYk; MFk;.
Vw;Gopf; Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy; epiyaPw;W caph;nka; ft;nthw;W
ePq;Fjy; fpof;F> Fzf;F> Flf;F> tlf;F vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;> wfuk; efukhfj;
jphpjy; njw;F vd;gjw;Fk; wfuk; tfukhfj; jphpAk; Nkw;F vd;gjw;Fk; vdf;
nfhs;f.
(Fzf;F – fpof;F Flf;F – Nkw;F)
gpw vd;w kpifahy; fpof;nfd;gJ ofuj;jpd; mfuq;nfl;L Kd; ePz;L

tUjy; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
tlf;F +fpof;F =tlfpof;F
Flf;F +jpir =Fljpir caph;nka;Ak; ffunka;Ak; nfl;L te;jd
Fzf;F +ehL =FzehL
njw;F +Nkw;F =njd;Nkw;F caph;nka;nfl wfuk; efukhapw;W
njw;F +ahW =njd;ahW
Nkw;F +fhw;W =Nky;fhw;W caph;nka;nfl> wfuk;
Nkw;F +Ch; =NkY}h; tfukhapw;W
fpof;F +fhw;W =fPo;f;fhw;W caph;nka;Ak; ffunthw;Wk;
fpof;F +ehL =fPo;ehL mfuKk; nfl;L Kjy; ePz;lJ
,d;Dk; „gpw‟ vd;wjdhy; fPiof;Fsk;> Nkiyr;Nrhp> Nkiyf;Fsk;>

Nkiyr;Nrhp vd Ifhuk; ngWjYk;> tlf;$h; tlf;Fkiy njw;$h;> njw;Fkiy
vd Nkw;fhl;ba tpfhukpd;wpAk; tUjYk;> jpirnahL jpir GzUkplj;J njw;F
tlf;F tlf;Fj;njw;F> fpof;F Nkw;F> vdg; nghJtpjp ngWjYk; nfhs;f.
tljpirf; fhw;Wf;F toq;Ffpd;w thil vd;w ngahpy; tlf;F vd;w
gFjp Kjy; ePz;lJk; ,q;NfNa mikf;fg;gLk; ft;nthw;W ePq;fYk; vd;wjd;
Fwpg;ghy; tUnkhop Kjypy; kpfhik ngwg;gLk;.

85
ed;D}y; vOj;J
njq;F vd;gjw;F rpwg;Gtpjp

njq;F ePz; Bw;Waph; nka;nfLq; fha;thpd; (37)
fha; vd;DQ; nrhy; tUnkhopahf te;jhy;> njq;F vd;Dk; epiynkhop
Kjy; ePz;L <w;wpYs;s „F‟ vd;Dk; caph;nka; ePq;Fk;.
(ck;) njq;F+fha; =Njq;fha; ,J Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp
vz;Zg; ngah;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

vz;zpiw asTk; gpwTk; nka;jpd;
xd;W Kjnyl; Bwh nkz;Zs;
KjyP nuz;Kjy; ePSk; Kd;whW
vO FWFku Nwoy; ytw;wpd;
<w;Waph; nka;A NkoDapUk;
VJ Nkw;Gop nad;kdhh; Gyth; (38)
vz;zysTg;ngaUk;> epWj;jysTg; ngaUk;> kw;iw Kfj;jysT
ePll
; ysTg; ngah;fSk;> gpwngah;fSk; tUnkhopahf te;jhy;> epiynkhopahf
epd;w xd;WKjy; vl;L <whfpa vz;fSs;> KjypYs;s xd;W ,uz;L vd;Dk;
,uz;nld;fSk; Kjw;Fwpy; ePSk;. %d;Wk; MWk; VOk; Kjy; neby; FWFk;
MWk; VOk; my;yh xd;W ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F Ie;J vl;L vd;Dk; MW
vz;fisAila> ,WjpapYs;s caph;nka;fSk;> VO vd;gjDila
,WjpapYs;s cfu capUk; nfLk;> Vw;Fkplq;fspy; vd;gh; Gyth;.
,r;#j;jpuj;Jf; $wpa tpfhuKk;> ,g;Gzh;r;rpia Kw;w Kbj;jw;fhf
mLj;j Ie;J #j;jpuq;fspw; $Wk; tpfhuq;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; gz;Gj;njhiff;Nf
chpadth nkd;ghh; „Vw;Gop‟ vd;whh;. ,d;Dk; mjdhy; VO vd;gJ Kjy;
FWFkplj;J Kjy; FWfh njd;Wk; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
gj;J = mWgJ> vOgJ
MW foQ;R= mWfoQ;R> VOfoQ;R MWk;
VO ehop = mWehop> vOehop VOk; Kjy;
ehz; = mWrhd; vOrhz; FWfpd
tif = mWtif> vOtif
VO + fly; = Vo;fly; - Vod; <w;Waph; nfl;lJ.

86
ed;D}y; vOj;J
xd;W ,uz;L vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

xd;wd; Gs;sp ufu khf
,uz;l ndhw;Wgp NufTt; tUNk (39)
<w;Waph;nka; nfl;L epd;w xd;W vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ dfu nka;ahdJ
ufunka;ahf> <w;Waph;nka; nfl;L epd;w ,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ „z‟
funka;Ak;> ufunka;apd; NkYs;s mfu capUk; nfl mt;tpuz;L ufunka;apd;
NkYk; cfuk; tUk; Vw;Fkplj;J.
Vw;Gop vd;wjdhy; Kjy; ePz;ltplj;J cfuk; thuh njd;Wk; cfuk;
tUkplj;J Kjy; ePshnjd;Wq; nfhs;f.
(ck;) xd;W +Mapuk; =Xuhapuk;
+fyk; =Xh;fyk; xd;W Kjy; ePz;L <w;Waph;
+ehop =Xh;ehop nka; nfl;L dfuk; ufukhapw;W
+ahid =Xh; ahid
,uz;L +Mapuk; =<uhapuk;
+fyk; =<h;fyk; ,uz;L Kjy; ePz;L <w;Waph;
+ehop =<h;ehop nka;Ak; zfu nka;Ak;
+ahid =<h;ahid mfuTapUq;nfl;ld.
xd;W Mapuk; Xuhapuk;> <uhapuk;

,uz;L foQ;R xUfoQ;R Kjy; ePshky; ufu
ehs; xUehs;> ,Uehs; nka;apd; Nky; cfuk;
top xUtop> ,Utop ngw;W te;jd
%d;W vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
%d;w DWg;gopTk; te;jJkhFk; (40)
,Wjp caph;nka; nfl;Lepd;w %d;W vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ dfunka;ahdJ>
nfLjYk;> tUnkhop Kjypy; te;j nka;ahfj; jphpjYk; MFk;. Vw;Fkplj;J.

87
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Vw;Gop vd;wjdhy; - Kjy;FWFjy; nka;tUkplj;J vd;Wk;> mt;tplj;J

dfunka; tUnka;ahf; jphpAnkd;Wk; dfunka; nfLjy; caph; tUkplj;J
vd;Wk;> mt;tplj;J Kjy; FWfhJ vd;Wq; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
%d;W Mapuk; %thapuk; caph;tu Kjy; FWfhky; <w;Waph;
cyF %TyF nka;Ak; dfu nka;Aq; nfl;ld.
%d;W fyk; Kf;fyk; nka;tuh Kjy; FWfp <w;Waph;nka;
E}W Ke;E}W nfl;L dfu nka; te;j nka;ahfj;
tl;b %t;tl;b jphpe;jJ.
ehd;F vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
ehs;fs; nka;Na yuth Fk;Nk (41)
,Wjpnka; nfl;L epd;w ehd;F vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ dfunka;
yfunka;ahfTk;> wfunka;ahfTk; jphpAk;. Vw;Fkplj;J.
Vw;Gop vd;wjdhy; dfunka; yfukhfj; jphptJ capUk; ,ilapdKk;
tUkplj;J vd;Wk;> wfukhfj; jphptJ ty;ypdk; tUkplj;J vd;Wk;> nky;ypdk;
tUkplj;J jphpahJ vd;Wk; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
ehd;F +Mapuk; =ehyhapuk; capUk; ,ilapdKk;
+tif =ehy;tif tu<W nfl;L dfuk; yfukhapw;W
ehd;F +ftp =ehw;ftp
+ghy; =ehw;ghy; typtu <Wnfl;L dfuk; wfukhawpw;W
ehd;F +kzp =ehd;kzp nkyptu <Wnfl;L dfuk; jphpahJ
+ehop =ehshop epd;wJ
Vw;Gop vd;gjhdy; %tpd nka;fSk; tUkplj;J ehYFjpiiu ehYfhs;>

ehYtop vd <Wnfl;L dfuk; yfukha; cfuk; ngw;W tUjYk; nfhs;f.
ehy;kzp> ehdhop vd;wtw;wpy; ehy; vd;Wk; gphpf;fyhk;.

88
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Ie;J vd;gjd; rpwg;Gtpjp

Ie;jndhw; wiltJ kpdKq; NfLk; (42)
,Wjp caph;nka; nfl;L epd;w Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ> efunka;ahdJ>
tUnkhop Kjypy; tUfpd;w nka;ahfj; jphpjYk; mjw;F ,dkhfj; jphpjYk;
nfLjYkhk; Vw;Fkplj;J.
Vo;Gop vd;wjdhy; efunka; tUnka;ahfj; jphptJ nky;ypdk; tUkplj;J
vd;Wk;> ,dkhfj; jphptJ ty;ypdk; tUkplj;J vd;Wk;> nfLtJ capUk;
,ilapdKk; tUkplj;J vd;Wk; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
Ie;J +%d;W=Ik;%d;W - efuk; tUnka;ahfj; jphpe;jJ
Ie;J +ghy; =Ik;ghy; - tUnka;naOj;J ,dkhapw;W
Ie;J +Mapuk;=Ie;jhapuk; - efunka; nfl;lJ
„miltJk; ,dKk;‟ vd;wikapd; Ie;E}W> Ie;njhopy; vd efu

jfuq;fs; tUkplj;J efu nka; ,ay;gha; epw;Fk;.
vl;L vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
vl;l Dlk;G zt; thF nkd;g (43)
,Wjp caph;nka; nfl;L epd;w vl;L vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ lfunka;ahdJ>
ehw;fzKk; tu zfu nka;ahfj; jphpAk; vd;W nrhy;th;.
(ck;) vl;L +Mapuk; =vz;zhapuk; vl;L + ehop=vz;zhop
+fopr;R =vz;foQ;R tif =vz;tif
njhz;Z}W njhs;shapuk;
xd;gh ndhU gj;J E}W nkhd;wpd;
Kd;djp Ndida Kuzp naht;nthL
jfu epwP,g; g/jfw;wp dt;it
epuNy zsthfj; jphpg;gJ newpNa (44)
xd;g/JlNd gj;J vd;gJk; E}W vd;gJk; tUnkhopahf te;J
GzUkhapd; Kd;djhfpa epiynkhop jtpu kw;iw tUnkhopfshfpa gj;ijAk;
E}w;iwAk;> KiwNa E}nwdTk; MapunkdTk; jphpj;J> epiynkhop KjypYs;s
xfu capNuhL> jfunka;ia mjw;F Mjhukhf Kd;dpWj;jp me;epiynkhop
,WjpapYs;s g/ij nfLj;J> maypy;epd;w dfu nka;ia KiwNa gj;jpd;
89
ed;D}y; vOj;J
jphpghfpa E}w;wpd; Gzh;r;rpf;F zfunka;ahfTk; E}w;wpd; jphpghfpd; Mapuj;jpd;

Gzh;r;rpf;F zfunka;ahfTk; jphpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Kzifahk;.
(ck;)
xd;g/J +gj;J=1. xd;g/J E}W 2. njhd;gJE}W 3. njhd;E}W
4. njhz;E}W 5. njhz;Z}W
xd;g/J +E}W=1. xd;g/J Mapuk; 2. njhd;gJ Mapuk; 3. njhd;Mapuk;
4. njhs;Mapuk; 5. njhs;shapuk;
,U njhshapuk; vdTk; toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
xd;W Kjypa vl;L vz;fspd; Kd; gj;J
KjypU ehd;fh nkz;Kd;h;g; gj;jpd;
,ilnahw; Nwf yha;j khfy;
vdtpU tpjpT Nkw;F nkd;g (45)
KjypYs;sitahd vl;L vz;fspd; Kd;Dk; tUfpw gj;J vd;Dk;
vz;zpf;if eLtpy; epd;w jfunka;ahdJ nfLjYk;> Ma;jkhfj; jphpjYk;
vd;W ,t;tpuz;L tpjpfisAk; Vw;Fk; vd;gh;.
KjypU ehd;fk; vz; - xd;W Kjy; vl;L vz;fspd; <whs;
(ck;) xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W +gj;J xUgJ> xUg/J> ,UgJ
ehd;F> Ie;J> MW> VO ,Ug/J> Kg;gJ> Kg;g/J> ehw;gJ

vl;L Ik;gJ Ik;g/J> mWgJ> mWg/J>
vOgJ> vz;gJ> vz;g/J
xUg/J Kjypatw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
xUg/ ehjpKd; ndhd;WKj nyhd;ghd;
vz;Z kitA+h; gpwT nka;jpd;
Ma;j kopathz; lhFe; jt;Nt (46)
xUg/J Kjyhfpa vl;L vz;fspd;Kd;> xd;W Kjyhfpa xd;gJ
vz;fSk;> mt;ntz;fis Ch;e;j kw;witAk; te;J GzUkhapd;> epiynkhop
apilapNy epd;w Ma;jkhdJ nfl ,ay;ghfpa jfuk; mt;tha;jk; epd;w ,lj;J
tUk;.

90
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) xUg/J + xd;W = xUgj;njhd;W + vz;
,Ug/J + %d;W fyk; =,Ugj;J %d;W fyk; -vz;nzgpwJ
gj;J> xd;gJ vd;gtw;wpd; Kd; kw;iw vz;fs;

xd;WKj tPiue; jhapuq; Nfhb
vz;zpiw asTk; gpwthpw; gj;jpd;
<w;Waph; nka;nfLj; jpd;D kpw;Wk;
Vw;g Njw;F nkhd;gJ kpidj;Nj (47)
xd;W Kjyhfpa gj;J vz;fSk;> NfhbAk; Mfpa vz;Zg;ngaUk;>
epiwg;ngaUk;> msTg;ngaUk; gpw ngaUk; tUnkhopahf te;J GzUkhapd;
epiynkhopahfpa gj;jpdJ> ,WjpapYs;s „J‟ vd;Dk; caph;nka;iag; Nghf;fp
,d;rhhpiaahapDk;> ,w;Wr; rhhpiaahDk; mt;tplj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;JtJ xd;iw
Vw;Wepw;Fk;. xd;gJ vd;Dk; epiynkhopAk; ,j;jd;ikaNjahk;.
(ck;)
gj;J +xd;W =gjpndhd;W> gjpw;nwhd;W
xd;gJ +Mapuk; =xd;gjpdhapuk;> xd;gjpw;whapuk;
gjpndhd;W +ck;ikj;njhif> gjpw;nwhd;W gz;Gj;njhif>

xd;gjpdhapuk;> xd;gjpw;whapuk; ,uz;Lk; gz;Gj;njhif.
ck;ikj;njhif + $l;lYk;
gz;Gj;njhif + ngUf;fYk; Mk;
Vw;gNjw;Fk; vd;wjdhy; gjpndhd;W gjpdhapuk; vd ,d;rhhpia

ck;ikj;njhif gz;Gj;njhif ,uz;bYk; Vw;gbtUjYk;> ,w;Wr;rhhpia
gz;Gj;njhiff;NF tUjYk;> xd;gjd; <w;Waph;nka; nflhky; epw;wYk;>
gj;Jf;Nfhb xd;gJ Nfhb vdg; nghJtpjpg;gbNa KbjYq;nfhs;f.
gj;J Kd; ,uz;L: gd;dpuz;L
,uz;L Kd;thpw; gj;jpdPw; Waph;nka;
fue;jpl ntw;W dt; thF nkd;g (48)
,uz;L vd;gJ tUnkhopahf Kd;tUkhapd; gj;J vd;Dk;
epiynkhopapdJ <w;wpYs;s „J‟ vd;Dk; caph;nka; nfl eLepd;w jfunka;
dufnka;ahfj; jphpAk; vd;W nrhy;th;.

91
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
gj;J +,uz;L =gd;dpuz;L ,t;tpj ck;ikj; njhiff;Nf
gj;J +ehd;F =gd;dhd;F
gj;J +%d;W =gjpd;%d;W
gj;Jxd;W gd;ndhd;W vdr; rpWghd;ik tUjiyAk; ,r;#j;jpuj;jpy;

mlf;fpf; nfhs;f.
xd;W Kjypad jd;Kd; jhd;tUjy;
xd;g njhopj;jntz; nzhd;gJ kpul;bd;
Kd;djpd; Kd;dpiy Nthl Taph;thpd;
tt;T nka;thpd; te;jJ kpfy;newp (49)
xd;gJ vd;fpd;w vz; xd;widAk; xopj;J epd;w> xd;W Kjy; gj;jw
P hfp
xd;gJ vz;fSk;> ,ul;bj;Jj; jdf;F Kd; jhd; te;jhy; epiynkhopapdJ
KjnyOj;jy;yhjitfnsy;yhk; nfl KjnyOj;J xd;W khj;jpuNk epw;f
tUnkhop nka;k;Kjy;nkhopahapd; te;j nka;Ak; kpFjy; Kiwikahk;.
(ck;)
xt;nthd;W> ,t;tpuz;L> Kk;%d;W> ee;ehd;F> Iite;J> mt;thW
vt;NtO> vt;ntl;L> gg;gj;J.
CfhutPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp
G+tpd;Kd; ty;ypdk;
G+g;ngah; Kd;dpd nkd;ikAe; Njhd;Wk; (50)
G+ vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhy;ypd; Kd;> tUfpd;w ty;ypdk; nghJtpjpahy;
kpFjNyay;yhky; mtw;wpw;F ,dkhfpa nky;ypdKk; kpFk;.
(ck;)
G++nfhb =G+q;nfhb> G+Q;Nrhiy> G+e;jlk;> G+k;nghopy; ,tw;Ws; G+

vd;gJ kyuhapd; G+itAila nfhb vd ,uz;lhk; G+ vd;gJ kyuhapd;
G+itAila nfhb vd ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f
njhif mofhapd; G+thfpa nfhb vd gz;Gj;njhifahk;.

92
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Vfhu Xfhu tPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp

,ilr;nrhy; V x Kd;thp dpay;Ng (51)
,ilr;nrhw;fshfpa V x vd;gtw;wpd; Kd; ty;ypdk; te;jhy;
nghJtpjpahy; kpfhky; ,ay;NgahFk;.
(ck;)
mtNd +fz;lhd; =mtNd fz;lhd; mtNdh fz;lhd;
Ifhu tPw;Wr; rpwg;Gtpjp

Ifhuj;jpd; Kd;nka;
Ntw;Wik ahapidfh dpWnkhop
<w;wop NthL mk; Nkw;gT KsNt (52)
Ifhu tPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; tUkhapd; <w;WIfhuq;
nfLjYld; mk; rhhpia ngw;W KbtdTk; rpyTs;sd.
mopNthLk; vd;w ck;ikahy; mopahikNahL mk; Vw;gTk; cs vd;f>
tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhky; ehw;fzj;jhd; Vw;gd nfhs;f.
(ck;)
jhio +G+ =jhok;G+
vYkpr;ir +kuk; =vYkpr;ir kuk; I monthL mk; Vw;wd.
Mtpiu +Nth; =Mtpuk;Nth;
Gd;id +fhdy; =Gd;idaq;fhay; I mopahikNahL mk; Vw;wd.
Ky;iy +njhil =Ky;iyae;njhil
Vw;gTKs vd;wjdhy; Ky;iy +GwT =Ky;iyg;GwT> nfhy;iy rhuy;

nfhy;iyr;rhuy; vdg; nghJtpjp ngw;W tUjYk; nfhs;f.
gid vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
gidKd; nfhbthpd; kpfYk; typthpd;
INgh ak;Ke; jpus;sp Dwo;Tk;
ml;Lwp idnfl;le ePs;Tkhk; Ntw;Wik (53)
1. gid vd;Dk; ngahpd; Kd; nfhb vd;Dk; ngah; tUkhapd; te;j
ffuk; kpFjYk;.

93
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. frjgf;fs; tUkhapd; epiynkhopaPw;W Ifhuq; nfl;L mk;rhhpia

ngWjYk;.
3. jpus; vd;Dk; ngah; tUkhapd; (te;j jfuk; kpFe;Jk; INgha; mk;
rhhpia ngw;Wk;) tpfw;gpj;jYk;.
4. ml;L vd;Dk; ngah; tUkhapd; epiynkhop aPw;W Ifhuq;n nfl;L
tUnkhop Kjy; mfuk; MfhukhjYk; MFk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;.
(ck;)
1. gid +nfhb =gidf;nfhb - kpf;fJ

2. gid +fha; =gdq;fha; - Infl;L> mk; ngw;wJ.
3. gid +jpus; =gidj;jpus; - cwo;e;jJ
4. gid +ml;L =gdhl;L - I nfl;L m ePz;lJ.

94
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ghlk;-6
4. nka;aPw;Wg; Gzhpay;
nka;naOj;Jf;fis ,WjpapYila epiynkhopfNshL caph; Kjy;
nkhopAk; nka;k;Kjy; nkhopAkhfpa tUnkhopfs; GzUk; tpjj;ijr; nrhy;Yk;
,ay;.
nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;
nghJtpjp
cly;Nk Yaph;te; Njhd;Wt jpay;Ng (1)
epiynkhopapd; ,Wjpapy; epd;w nka; vOj;jpd; Nky; tUnkhop
KjypYs;s capnuOj;J te;J $bepw;gJ ,ay;G Gzh;r;rpNaahk;.
(ck;) Gfo; +mofpJ =GfoofpJ - my;top
Nty; +vwpe;jhd; =Ntnywpe;jhd; - Ntw;Wik
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; nka;f;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;Ndhw; Waph;thp dpul;Lk; (2)
jdpj;j Fw;nwOj;ij mLj;J epd;w nka; tUnkhop Kjypy; caph;
te;jhy; ,ul;bj;J epw;Fk;.
(ck;) kz; +mofpJ =kz;zofpJ - my;top
nghd; +mzp =nghd;dzp - Ntw;Wik
nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; nka;

afunkhope;j nka;fspd;Kd; afuk;
jd;ndhop nka;k;Kd; at;thp dpfuk;
Jd;D nkd;W JzpeU KsNu (3)
jd;id (afuj;ij) xope;j nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; Q z e kd u y
t o s gj;J nka;fspd; Kd;Dk; tUnkhop Kjypy; afuk; te;jhy;> ,fuk;
,ilapy; te;J NrUk; vd;W mUikahff; nfhs;gtUk; cz;L.
(ck;) Nts; +ahtd; =Ntspahtd; - my;top
kz; +ahg;G =kz;zpahg;G - Ntw;Wik
JzpjUk; vd;w ck;ikahy; Nts;ahtd;> kz;ahJ vdg; nghJtpjp

ngWnkd;ghh; gyUs nud;f.
95
ed;D}y; vOj;J
rpy<w;W Kjdpiyj; njhopw; ngah;fF

; k; Vtw;Fk; rpwg;Gtpjp
Qzek ytsd nthw;wpW njhopw;ngah;
Vty; tpid edp at;td; nka;thpd;
ct;TW Nkt Yurpy rpy;top (4)
Q z e k y t s d vd;fpw vl;L nka;fisAk; ,Wjpahf cila
Kjepiyj; njhopw;ngah;fSk; VtnyhUik tpidfSk; Mfpa ,tw;wpd;Kd;>
afuj;ij xope;j (nkhopf;F) Kjypy; tUk; f r j g Q e k t vd;D; vl;L
nka;fSk; tUnkhop Kjypy; tUkhapd; ngUk;ghYk; cfur; rhhpia
epiynkhop <w;wpw; nghUe;Jk;> rpy Vty; tpidfs; rpy ,lq;fspNy mt; cfur;
rhhpiaiag; nghUe;jhthk;.
,q;Fj; njhopw;ngah;> „Vty;tpid‟ vd;wJ gFjp khj;jpuNk epd;W

me;je;jg; nghUis czh;j;Jfpw Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fisAk;> xUik
Vty;fisAk;.
chpQ; +fbJ =chpDf;fbJ + fLik =chpDf;fLik
cz; +rpwpJ =cz;Zr;rpwpJ + rpWik =cz;Zr;rpWik
nghUe; +jPJ =nghUEj;jPJ + jPik =nghUEj;jPik
jpUk; +nghpJ =jpUKg;nghpJ + ngUik =jpUKg;ngUik
nty;Y +Qhd;wJ =nty;YQhd;wJ + Qhw;rp =nty;YQhw;rp
tt; +ePz;lJ =tt;TePz;lJ + ePlr

; p =tt;TePlr
; p
Js; +khz;lJ =Js;Skhz;lJ + khl;rp =Js;Skhl;rp
jpd; +typJ =jpd;DtypJ + typik =jpd;Dtypik
vd ,UtopapYk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fs; cfuk; ngw;wd.
chpQ; +nfhw;wh =chpQf;nfhw;wh
cz; +rhj;jh =cz;Zrhj;jh
nghUe; +Njth =nghUENjth
jpUk; +G+jh =jpUKG+jh
nty; +nQhs;sh =nty;YnQhs;sh

96
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Js; +kdpjh =Js;Skdpjh
jpd; +tsth =jpd;Dtsth
vd Vty; tpidfs; cfuk; ngw;wd.

2. cfur; rhhpia ngw;wJk; ngwhkYk; tUk; Vty;tpidfs; z d y s
vd;Dk; ehd;F <w;wdTkhk;.
(ck;)
cz;nfhw;wh> jpd;rhj;jh> nty;G+jh> Js;tsth vd cfuk; ngwhky;
te;jd. Q e k t vd;Dk; ehd;F <Wk; cfuk; ngw;Nw tUk;.
rpWghd;ik cz;Z> jpd;D vd tUnkhop Nehf;fhky; cfuk; ngWjYk;>
thUrhj;jh> thNtyth vdg; gpw<Wfs; cfuk; ngWjYk; cs;sd ntd;ghh;
„edp‟ vd;whh;.
efutPw;Wj; njhopw; ngah;f;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

et;tpW njhopw;ngah;f; fy;Tkhk; Ntw;Wik (5)
efuj;ij ,Wjpahf cila Kjepiyj; njhopw;ngah;f;F Ntw;Wikapy;
cfur; rhhpaNaad;wp mfur;rhhpiaAk; nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
nghUe; +fLik =nghUef;fLik Ntw;Wikapy; mfur; rhhpia
+ed;ik =nghUeed;ik ngw;wJ
+td;ik =nghUetd;ik
nghUEjy; - xUth; kw;nwhUth; Nghy Ntlq;nfhs;Sk;

nghU - euJ njhopyhjyhy; xj;jnyd;Dk; nghUsJ
nghU - eh; - $j;jh;
zfu dfu tPw;wpd; ,ay;Gk; jphpAk;
zd ty;ypdk; tul; lwTk; gpsthpd;
,ay;G khFk; Ntw;Wikf;F my;topf;F
midj;Jnka; thpD kpay;gh Fk;Nk (6)
zfu dfuq;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; ty;ypdk; tuKiwNa
lfukhfTk; afukhfTk;> nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; te;jhy; ,ay;ghfTk;
MFk;.
97
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
fz; +fspW =fl;fspW Ntw;Wikapy; zd
nghd;jfL =nghw;wfL ty;ypdk;tul; gpw Mapd
kz; nghd; khl;rp =kz;khl;rp nghd;khl;rp
+td;ik =kz;td;ik
kz; nghd; nghpJ =kz;nghpJ> nghd;nghpJ my;topapy; gyTk;tu
+khz;lJ =kz;khz;lJ> nghd;khz;lJ ,ay;ghapd
ahJ =kz;ahJ nghd;ahJ
zfu dfu tPw;wpd; NfL

Fwpyiz tpy;yh zdf;fs; te;j
efue; jphpe;Jop ez;Zq; NfNl (7)
jdpf; Fw;nwOj;ijr; rhuhky; xUnkhop njhlh;nkhopfisr; rhh;e;Js;s
zfu dfu nka;fshdit> tUnkhopf;F Kjyhf te;j efuk; jphpe;jtplj;J
jhk; nfLjiyg; nghUe;Jk;
my;top Ntw;Wik
(ck;) J}z; +ed;W =J}zd;W +ed;ik =J}zd;ik
gRkz; +ed;W =gRkzd;W +ed;ik =gRkzd;ik
typad; +ed;W =typadd;W +ed;ik =typadd;ik
Nfhs; +ey;yd; =Nfhdy;yd; +ed;ik =Nfhdd;ik
rpy zfu tPw;Wg; ngah;fF

; r; rpwg;Gtpjp
rhjp FKcg; guz; ftz;nga hpWjp
,ay;ghk; Ntw;Wikf; Fzntd; rhz;gpw
lt;th fYkh ky;top Ak;Nk (8)
1. rhjpgw;wp tUk; ngah;fl;Fk;> $l;lk; gw;wp tUk; ngah;fl;Fk; guz;
ftd; vd;Dk; ngah;fl;Fk; <w;wpYs;s zfukhdJ> Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapYk;
ty;ypdk; te;jhy; ,ay;ghFk;.

98
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. cztpw;Fhpa (vs; vd;Dk; ngaiuAila) vz; vd;Dk; ngah;f;Fk;>

rhz; vd;Dk; (ePl;lysit) ngah;f;Fk; <w;W zfukhdJ my;topg;
Gzh;r;rpapYk;> ty;ypdk; te;jhy; lfukhfj; jphpjiyAk; nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
ghz; +njhopy; =ghz;nlhopy; - rhjpg;ngah;
mkz; +Nrhhp =mkz;Nrhp - FOcg;ngah; Ntw;WikapYk;
guz; +fhy; =guz;fhy; - guz;ngah; ,ay;ghapdk;
ftz; +fLik =ftz;fLik - ftz;ngah;
vz; +nghpJ =vl;nghpJ - vz;ngah; my;topapYk;
fhz; +Nfhy; =fhz;Nfhy; - rhl;ngah; jphpe;jd
lt;thfYkhk; vd;w ck;ikahy;> vz; fbJ vz;fbJ rhz;Nfhy;

rhz;Nfhy; vd ,ay;ghjNy rpwg;ghnkd;f.
gpw vd;w kpifahy; Ntw;Wikapy; ghz;+Fb =ghzf;Fb. mkz; +Nrhp=

mkzr;Nrhp vdr; rhjpf; FOg;ngah;fs; mfur; rhhpia ngWjYk; ml;^z;
+Jodp =ml;^z;Lodp> vdr; rpWghd;ik gpw ngahpYk; ,ay;ghjYk; kz;+Flk;
=kz;Flk; kl;Flk; vd tpfw;gpj;J tUjYk; ,UtopapY; ,d;Dk;
zfunka;aPw;Ws; mlq;fhjit cz;lhapd; mitAk; nfhs;f.
dfutPw;Wr; rhjpg;ngah;fF
; r; rpwg;Gtpjp
d/fhd; fpisg;nga hpay;G k/fhd;
milT khFk; Ntw;Wikg; ngUl;Nf (9)
dfuj;ij ,WjpapYila rhjpg;ngah;> ty;ypdk; tu <W jphpahky;
,ay;ghjYk;> mfur;rhhpia ngWjYk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; MFk;.
(ck;)
vapd; +Fb =vapd;Fb> vapdf;Fb
+Nrhp =vapd;Fb> vapdr;Nrhp
nghUl;Nf vd;w kpifahy; - vapd; kuG vapdkuG
vapd; +tho;T =vapdtho;T> vapd; +mzp =vapdmzp vd kw;iw

fzq;fs; thpDk; mfur;rhhpia ngWjYk;.

99
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vapd +gps;is =vapdg;gps;is> vapd; +kd;dd; =vapdkd;dd; vd

my;topapy; mfur; rhhpia ngWjYk; nfhs;f.
kPd; vd;Dk; nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
kPd;wt; nthL ngh&ck; Ntw;Wik topNa (10)
kPd; vd;Dk; ngahpd; ,WjpapYs;s dfuk; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rpapy;>
ty;nyOj;J te;jhy; wfuj;njhL tpfw;gpj;J epw;Fk; dfuk; wfukhf jphpe;Jk;
jphpahkYk; tUk;.
(ck;)
kPd; +fz; kPw;fz;> kPd;fz; tpfw;gpj;J te;jJ
+nrtp kPw;nrtp> kPd;nrtp
Njd; vd;Dk; nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

Njd;nkhop nka;thp dpay;G nkd;ik
Nktp dpWjp aopTk; typthpd;
<WNgha; typnkyp kpfYkh kpUtop (11)
1. Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; %d;wpd; nka;fSk;; Kjypy; te;jhy;>
,WjpapYs;s dfunka; ,ay;ghjYk;.
2. nky;ypdk; te;jhy; mt;tpWjp dfunka; ,ay;ghjNyad;wpf; nfLjYk;.
3. ty;ypdk; te;jhy; mt;tPw;W efunka; ,ay;ghjNyad;wpf; nfl> te;j
ty;ypdkhtJ mjw;F ,dkhd nky;ypdkhtJ kpFjYk; MFk;
Ntw;Wik my;top ,uz;bYk;.
(ck;)
my;top Ntw;Wik
1. Njd; +fbJ =Njd;fbJ +nrk;ik =Njd;nrk;ik
+khz;lJ =njd; khz;lJ +khl;rp =Njd;khl;rp ,ay;G
+ahJ =Njd; ahJ +ahg;G =Njd; ahg;G
2. Njd; +Fok;G Njd; Fok;G +Flk; =Njd; Flk; - ,ay;G
=Njf;Fok;G =Njf;Flk; - typkpfYk;
=Njq;Fok;G =Njq;Flk; - nkypkpfYk;

100
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vfpd; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

kuky; nyfpd;nkhop apay;Gk; mfuk;
kUt typnkyp kpfY khFk; (12)
1. kuj;jpd; ngauy;yhj (md;dg;gwitapd; ngauhfpa) vfpd; vd;DQ;
nrhy;> my;topapy; ,ay;ghjNyad;wp Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapYk; ty;ypdk;tu
,Wjpdfuk; ,ay;ghjYk;.
2. ,UtopapYk;> mfur;rhhpia nghUe;j> ty;nyOj;jhtJ mjw;F
,dkhd nky;nyOj;jhtJ kpFjYk; MFk;.
(ck;)
1. vfpd; +rpiw =vfpd;rpiw Ntw;Wikapy; typtu
+jiy =vfpd;wiy ,ay;ghapw;W.
2. vfpd; +Gs; =vfpdg;Gs; my;topapy; mfuk; tu typnkyp
=vfpdk;Gs; kpf;fd
3. vfpd; +fhy; =vfpdf;fhy; Ntw;Wikapy; mfuk; tu typ> nkyp
=vfpdq;fhy; kpf;fd.
mfuk; tUtjw;F tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhikahy; ehw;fzKk; nfhs;f.

(ck;)
vfpd; +khl;rp =vfpdkhl;rp> vfpdtho;fi

; f> vfpdtoF
Fapd; Cd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

FapDs; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Z kpay;Ng (13)
Fapd; vd;Dk; ngaUk;> Cd; vd;Dk; ngaUk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapYk;
,Wjpdfuk; ,ay;NgahFk;.
(Fapd;-Nkfk;> Cd;-jir)
(ck;) Fapd; +fLik =Fapd;fLik Cd; +jPik =Cd;wPik
+rpWik =Fapd;rpWik +ngUik =Cd;ngUik
kpd; Kjypa ehd;fpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

kpd;gpd; gd;fd; njhopw;nga uida
fd;dt; Ntw;W nkd;ikNah LwOk; (14)
101
ed;D}y; vOj;J
1. kpd; gpd; gd; fd; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk;> Kjepiyj; njhopw;ngah;

Nghy afuky;yhj nka;fs; te;jhy; cfur;rhhpia nghUe;Jk;.
2. ,tw;Ws; fd; vd;DQ; nrhy;> ty;ypdk; te;jhy; cfur; rhhpiaNa
ad;wp mfur; rhhpiaAk; ngw;W nky;nyOj;NjhL tpfw;gpf;Fk; (tUfpw
ty;nyOj;jhtJ mjw;F ,dkhd nky;nyOj;jhtJ kpfg;ngWk;)
gd; =xh;Gy;> fd; =rpWjuhRj;jl;L
kpd;> gpd; fbJ =kpd;Df;fbJ fLik =kpd;Df;fLik
gd;> fd; ed;W =kpd;Ded;W ed;ik =kpd;Ded;ik
typJ =kpd;DtypJ td;ik =kpd;Dtd;ik
vd ,UtopapYk; njhopw;ngah; Nghy cfuk; ngw;wd.
2. fd; +jl;L =fd;dj;jl;L my;topapy; mfuk;ngw;W
=fd;de;jl;L cwo;e;jJ
fd; +J}f;F =fd;dj;J}f;F Ntw;Wikapy; mfuk;
=fd;dj;J}f;F ntw;W cwo;e;jJ
jd;> vd;> epd; vd;gtw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

jd;ndd; ndd;gtw; wPw;Wdt; td;ikNahL
cwKk; epd;dP wpay;gh KwNt (15)
1. jhd;> ahd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpfhukhfpa jd; vd vd;Dk;
nkhopfisAila ,WjpapYs;s dfunka;ahdJ> ty;ypdk; te;jhy; jdf;F
,dty;nyOj;jhfpa wfukhfj; jphpe;Jk; jphpahJ ,ay;ghfpAk; tpfw;gpf;Fk;.
2. eP vd;gjd; tpfhukhfpa epd; vd;Dk; nkhopapd; ,WjpapYs;s
dfunka;ahdJ ty;ypdk; te;jhy; jphpahky; ,ay;NgahFk;.
(ck;)
1. jd; +gif =jd;gif jw;gid dfuk; cwo;e;jJ
vd; +gif =vd;gif> vw;gif
2. epd; +gif =epd;gif – dfuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

102
ed;D}y; vOj;J
cwNt vd;w kpifahy; cd; + gif = cd;gif vd eP vd;gjd;

jphpghfpa cd; vd;gjd; dfuk; typtu ,ay;ghjYk; „khd;Fsk;G‟ thd;rpwg;G
vd Ntw;Wikapy; rpwg;Gtpjp nrhy;yg;ngw;wit ,ay;ghjYk; thpd; +nfhs;Sk;
=thpw;nfhs;Sk; vd my;topapy; nrapd; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
nghJr; #j;jpuj;jhy; ,ay;ghfhky; jphpjYk; kpd;> gpd; Kjypait kpd;fbJ>
kpd;fLik vd ,UtopapYk; rhhpia ngWjYk; jphpjYk; kpd;wptUjYk;>
,d;Dk; dfunka;aPww;Ws; mlq;fhjit ,Ug;gpd; mitAq;nfhs;f.
kfutPW
nghJtpjp
kt;tP nwhw;wope; JaphP nwhg;gTk;
td;ikf; fpdkhj; jphpgT khFk; (16)
1. kfuj;ij ,WjpapYila nrhw;fs; (ehw;fzq;fSk; te;J GzUk;NghJ)
,WjpapYs;s kfunka; nfl;L caphPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; Nghyg; Gzh;tdTk;.
2. ty;ypdk; te;jhy; nflhky; mtw;Wf;F ,dkhd nky;nyOj;jhfj;
jphptdTk; MFk;.
caphPW xj;jthtJ – nraw;ifAaPhPwha; epd;W ,aw;ifAaphPW Nghy

caph; te;jhy;> clk;gLnka; ngUjYk;> ty;ypdk; te;jhy; kpFjYk;
nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; te;jhy; ,ay;ghfg; Gzh;jYkhk;.
(ck;)
my;top Ntw;Wik
1. tl;lk; +Mop =tl;lthop kuk; +mb =kutb ,UtopapYk;
+fy; =tl;lf;fy; +fpid =kuf;fpis kt;tW

P nfl
+Nekp =tl;lNekp +ehh; =kuehh; caphPW
+thhp =tl;lthhp +Nth; =kuNth; xypj;jJ
2. kuk; +rpwpJ =kuQ;rpwpJ> ek;+if =eq;if ,dkha;j; jphpe;jJ.
„,dkhj;jphpAk; vd;wikahy;‟ kuk; +nghpJ =kuk; nghpJ> rpwpNak; +gz;G

=rpwpNak;gz;G vdg; gfuk; tUkplj;J kfuk; gfuj;Jf;Fk; ,dkhjypd; jphpahJ
epw;Fk;.

103
ed;D}y; vOj;J
rpwg;G tpjp
Ntw;Wik kk;Ngha; typnkyp Awo;Tk;
my;top Aaphpil thpdpay; Gk;Kd. (17)
1. Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; ty;ypdk; te;jhy; kfu <Wnfl;L ty;ypkhdJ.
mtw;Wf;F ,dkhd nky;ypdkha; kpFjYk;.
2. my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; capUk; ,ilapdKk; te;jhy; nflhJ
,ay;ghjYk; cs;sdthk;.
(ck;) 1.Fsk;+fiu=Fsf;fiu Ntw;Wikapy; kg;Ngha; typnkyp cwo;e;J.
=Fsq;fiu
2.Fsk;+mofpJ=FskofpJ my;topapy; caph; ,il tu ,ay;ghapw;W.
kuk; +typJ =kuk; typJ
Ek; Kjypa ehd;fpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

Ek;jk;
vk;ek; kPwh kt;tU QeNt (18)
Ek; Kjypa ehd;F tpfhu nkhopfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahfpa kfu nka;ahdJ>
tUnkhop Kjypy; tUfpw Qfu> efuq;fshfj; jphpAk;.
,it ePh;> jhk;> ahk;> ehk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpfhuq;fs;.
(ck;) Ek; vk; ek; Qhz; =EQ;Qhz;> jQ;Qhz;> vQ;Qhz;> eQ;Qhz;
E}y; =Ee;E}y;> je;E}y;> ve;E}y;> ee;E}y;
ck; +Qhz; =cQ;Qhz;> ck; +E}y; =ce;E}y; vd ePh; vd;gjd;

jphpghfpa ck; vd;gjd; <w;W kfuKk; tUk; Qethfj; jphpjiy ciuapw;
Nfhlyhy; nfhs;f.
mfk; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

mfKdh;r; nrtpif thp tpilad nfLk; (19)
mfk; vd;Dk; cs;splg; ngahpd; Kd;> nrtp if vd;Dk; rpidg;ngah;fs;
te;jhy;> epiynkhop ,Wjp kfuk; td;ikf;F ,dkhfj; jphpjNy ad;wp mjd;
eLtpy; epd;w rfunka;Ak; mjd; NkNywpa mfu capUk; mopAk;.

104
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
mfk; +nrtp =mQ;nrtp
mfk; +if =mq;if
nfl;NltUk; vd;dhikahy; - mfQ;nrtp> mq;if vdTk; tUk;.

<k; fk;> cUk; vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
<Kq;
fk;K KUKe; njhopw;ngah; khDk;
Kjyd Ntw;Wikf; ft;Tk; ngWNk (20)
1. <k; fk; cUk; vd;Dk; %d;W nrhw;fSk; ,UtopapYk; Kjepiyj;
njhopw;ngah; Nghy afuky;yhj nka;fs; te;jhy; cfur; rhhpia ngw;W
KbAk;.
2. ,tw;Ws; Kjypy; epd;w <Kk; fk;Kk; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rpapy;> cfur;
rhhpiaNaad;wp mfur; rhhpiaAk; ngWk;.
(<k;-ed;fhL> fk;-njhopy;> cUk;-,b)
(ck;)
1. <k; fk; cUk; - fbJ ePz;lJ
+typJ =<Kf;fbJ fk;Kf;fbJ> cUKf;fbJ
=<KePz;lJ> fk;KePz;lJ> cUKePz;lJ my;top
=<KtypJ> fk;KtypJ> cUKtypJ
<k; fk; cUk; fLik + ePlr

; p
+td;ik =<Kf;fLik> fk;Kf;fLik> cLKf;fLik
=<KePlr
; p> fk;KePlr
; p> cLKePl;rp Ntw;Wik
=<Ktd;ik> fk;Ktd;ik> cUKtd;ik
vd ,UtopapYk; cfur;rhhpia ngw;wd.

2. <k; Flk; <kf;Flk; Kjypad Ntw;Wikapy;
fk; flk; fk;kf;Flk; mfur; rhhpia ngw;wd.

105
ed;D}y; vOj;J
afu ufu ofu tPW

auo <w;wpd;Kd; ty;ypdk;
auo Kd;dh;f; frjg my;top
,ay;G kpfY khFk; Ntw;Wik (21)
1. afu ufu ofu nka;fspd; Kd; ffu> rfu> jfu> gfuq;fs; te;jhy;
my;topapy; ,ay;ghjYk; kpFjYk;.
2. Ntw;Wikapy; kpFjYk;> ty;ypdkhtJ nky;ypdkhtha; kpFe;J
tpfw;gpj;jYk; tpjpahFk;.
1. Nta; +fbJ =Nta;fbJ nka; +fPh;j;jp =nka;f;fhP ;j;jp
Nth; +rpwpJ =Nth;rpwpJ fhh; +gUtk; =fhh;g;gUtk;
tPo; +jPJ =tPo;jPJ aho; +fUtp =aho;f;fUtp
vd my;topapy; ,ay;Gk; kpfYk; Mapd.
2. eha; +fhy; =eha;f;fhy;
Njh; +jl;L =Njh;j;jl;L Ntw;Wikapy; typkpf;fJ
Co; +gad; =Co;g;gad;
Nta; +Foy; =Nta;f;Foy; =Nta;q;Foy;
Mh; +NfhL =Mh;f;NfhL =Mh;q;NfhL Ntw;Wikapy; ,dj;NjhL
Fkpo; +NfhL =Fkpo;f;NfhL =Fkpo;qN

; fhL cwo;e;jd
Nky; vd;w kpifahy; tha;+GFtJ=tha;GFtJ> vd Ntw;Wikapy;

,ay;ghjYk;> gho;+fpzW=gho;ff
; pzW> gho;q;fpzW vd my;topapy; ,dj;NjhL
cwo;jYk; Nta;+ahJ=NtahJ Nta;+ahg;G=Ntahg;G jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhuhj
afutPW afuk;tu ,UtopapYq;nfLjYk; ,d;Dk; mlq;fhjitfspUe;jhy;
mitAk; nfhs;f.
jkpo; jho; vd;gtw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
jkpot; twTk; ngWk; Ntw; Wikf;Nf
jhOq; Nfhy;te; JWNk yw;Nw (22)
1. jkpo; vd;DQ; nrhy; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; (ehw;fzKk; te;jhy;)
mfur; rhhpia nghUe;jTk; ngWk;.
106
ed;D}y; vOj;J
2. jho; vd;DQ; nrhy;Yk; Nfhy; vd;DQ; nrhy; tUnkhopaha; te;J

GzUkhapd; mt;thNwahk; (mfur;rhhpia ngWk;) jkpOf;F tUnkOj;ijr;
nrhy;yhikahy; ehw;fzKk; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
1. jkpo;+gps;is =jkpo;gg
; ps;is> jkpo;ehfd;> jkpo;tstd;> jkpoturd;
vdTk;>
2. jho; +Nfhy; =jhof;Nfhy; vdTk; tUk;.
jkpioAila gps;is> jhioj; jpwf;Fq;Nfhy; vd tphpA; jhof;Nfhy;

=jpwTNfhy;> jhohfpa Nfhy; vd ,Unganuhl;L gz;Gj;njhifahf nfhz;L
,UtopapYk; mfur; rhhpiangWk; vdpDk; nghUe;Jk;.
fPo; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
fPopd;Kd; td;ik tpfw;gK khFk; (23)
fPo; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;Kd; tUfpw ty;ypdk; xUfhy; ,ay;ghfpAk;
xUfhy; kpf;Fk; tUfpw tpfw;gj;ijAk; nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
fPo; +Fyk; =fPo;Fyk; =fPo;f;Fyk; fPo; +rhjp =fPo;rhjp fPo;r;rhjp
yfu sfu <W

ysNtw; Wikapy; wlT ky;top
mtw;Nwh Lwo;Tk; typthp dhnkyp
Nktp dzT kpilthp dpay;Gk;
MF kpUtop ahD nkd;g (24)
1. nkhop ,WjpapYs;s yfu sfu nka;fs; ty;ypdk; te;jhy;
Ntw;Wikapy; wfu lfu nka;fshfj; jphpAk;.
2. my;topapy; mtw;NwhL me;j wfu lfuq;fshfj; jphpe;Jk; jphpahkYk;
tpfw;gpj;jYk; MFk;.
3. Ntw;Wik my;top ,uz;bYk; nky;ypdk; te;jhy; KiwNa dfu zfu
nka;fshfj; jphpjYk;.
4. ,ilapdk; te;jhy; ,ay;ghfTk; MFk; vd;gh;.

107
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
1. fhy;+Fiw=fhw;Fiw Ntw;Wikapy; typtu wfulfuq;fshfj; jphpe;jd

Ks; +Fiw =Kl;Fiw
2. fhy; +FwpJ =fhy;FwpJ =fhw;FwpJ my;topapy; typtu cwo;e;J
Kd; +FwpJ =KlFwpJ =Kl;FwpJ te;jd.
3. my;Ntw; fy; +nehpe;jJ =fd;ndhpe;jJ
thy; +khz;lJ =thz;khz;lJ ,UtopapYk; nky;ypdk;
fy; +kiy =fd;kiy tudfu zfuq;fshfj;
ths; +khz;G =thz;khz;G jphe;jd
4. my;Ntw; fhy; +ahJ =fhy;ahJ
Ks; +typJ =Ks;typJ ,UtopapYk; ,ilapdk;
fy; +ahid =fy;ahid tu ,ay;ghapd.
Njhs; +typik =Njhs;typik
rpwg;Gtpjp
Fwpy;top ysj;jt; tizap dha;jk;
MfTk; ngW}c ky;top ahNd (25)
jdpf;Fwpypd; gpd; epd;w yfu sfu nka;fs; my;topg;Gzh;r;rpapy; jfuk;
tUnkhop Kjypy; tUkhapd;> wfu lfu nka;fshfj; jphpjNy ad;wp Ma;jkhfj;
jphpjiyAk; nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
fy; +jPJ =f/wPJ> Kw; +jPJ =K/BJ ,J Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
yfu sfu tPw;wpd; NfL Kjypad

Fwpy;nrwp ahys my;top te;j
jfue; jphpe;jgpw; NfLkP hplj;Jk;
tUej; jphpe;jgpd; kha;Tk; typthpd;
,ay;Ge; jphpG khtd csgpw (26)
1. jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhuhj yfu sfu nka;fs; my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy;>
tUnkhopf;F Kjyhf te;j jfuk; wfu lfuq;fshfj; jphpe;J tplj;J jhk;
nfLjYk; 2. my;top Ntw;Wik ,uz;bYk; tUnkhopf;F Kjyha; te;j efuk;
dfu zfuq;fshfj; jphpe;j tplj;J jhk; nfLjYk; 3. tUnkhop Kjypy;

108
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ty;nyOj;J te;jhy; my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; tpfw;gpahky; ,ay;ghjYk; jphpjYk;>

Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; jphpahky; ,ay;ghjYk; nghUe;Jtd cz;L.
(ck;)
1. Njhd;wy; +jPad; =Njhd;wwPad; my;topapy; te;j jfue;jphpa ys
Nts; +jPad; =NtBad; nfl;ld
2. Njhd;wy; +ey;yd; =Njhd;wy;yd; my;topapy; te;j efue;jphpa ys
Nts; +ey;yd; =Ntzy;yd; nfl;ld
Njhd;wy; +ed;ik =Njhd;wd;ik Ntw;Wikapy te;j efue;jphpa
Nts; +ed;ik =Ntzd;ik ys nfl;ld
3. fhy; +fbJ =fhy;fbJ my;topapy; typtu ys
kuq;fs; +fba =kuq;fs; fba nghJtpjpg;gb tpfw;gpahky; ,y;Gk;
Nty; +gil =Ntw;gil jphpGkhapd.
ths; +gil =thl;gil
gpw vd;w kpifahy; Njhd;wwPik NtgPik vdf; Fwpy; nrwpah ys

Ntw;WikapYk; jfue;jphpAkplj;Jf; nfLjYk;> fhw;Wid jhl;Liz vd
my;topapYk; nflhikAk;> tpw;gil vdf; Fwpy; nrwpe;j yfuk; my;topapy;
cwohky; jphpjYk; nfhy;fspW> nfhs;nghUs; vdf; Fwpy; nrwpe;j yfu
sfuq;fs; my;topapy; cwohky; ,ay;ghjYk;> mfy;+gug;G=mfy;gug;G>
tpoy;+fhL =tpod;fhL vd ,UtopYk; yfuk; ty;ypdk; tu dfukhfj; jphpjYk;
mikAk;.
yfu dfutPw;Wj; njhopw;ngah;f;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
ystPW njhopw;nga hPhplj;J Kt;Twh
typthp dy;top apay;Gkh tdTs (27)
1. yfu sfuq;fis ,WjpahfTila tpFjp ngw;w njhopw;ngaUk;>
sfuj;ij ,Wjpahf cila Kjepiy jphpe;j njhopw; ngaUk; ,UtopapYk;
afuky;yhj nka;fs; te;jhy; cfuk; ngWthk;. 2. ty;ypdk; te;jhy;
my;topapy; cwohky; ,ay;ghFk; njhopw;ngah;fSk; rpy cz;L.

109
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;) 1. Mly; rpwe;jJ> tpf;Fzd;W> Nfhs;typJ – my;top
Mldd;ik> tpf;Fs; td;ik – Ntw;Wik
vd ,UtopapYk; cfur; rhhpia ngwhky; Kbe;jd.

2. elj;jy; fbJ - my;topapy; cwohky; ,ay;ghapw;W.
ty; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
ty;Ny njhopw;nga uw;wpU topAk;
gyif eha; thpDk; Ntw;Wikf; ft;Tkhk; (28)
1. ty; vd;Dk; ngah; ,UtopapYk;> njhopw;ngah; Nghy; afuky;yhj
nka;fs; te;jhy; cfur; rhhpia ngWk;.
2. gyif eha; vd;Dk; ngah; te;jhYk; Ntw;Wikapy; cfur;
rhhpiaNaay;yhky; mfur; rhhpiaAk; ngWk;.
1. ty; +fbJ =ty;Yf;fbJ ty; +fLik =ty;Yf;fLik
+ed;W =ty;Y ed;W +ek;ik =ty;Y ed;ik
+typJ =ty;YtypJ +typik =ty;Ytypik
vd ,UtopapYk; afuky;yhj nka;fs; tu cfur; rhhpia ngw;wJ.
2. ty; +gyif =ty;Yg;gyif ty; +Gyp =ty;Yg;Gyp
=ty;yg;gyif =ty;yg;Ghp
eha; =ty;Yeha; +Fjpiu=ty;Yf;Fjpiu
=ty;yeha; =ty;yf;Fjpiu
vd Ntw;Wikapy; gyif eha; gpwTk; tu cfuKk; mfuKk; ngw;wJ.

ney; Kjypa ehd;fpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
ney;YQ; nry;Yq; nfhy;YQ; nrhy;Yk;
my;topahYk; wfu khFk; (29)
ney;> nry;> nfhy;> nrhy; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fspd; <w;W yfunka;
my;topapYk; wfunka;ahfj; jphpAk; (nry;-Nkfk;> nfhy;-nfhy;yd; njhopy;)

110
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
ney; +fbJ =new;fbJ nfhy; +jPJ =nfhw;wPJ
nry; +rpwpJ =nrw;rpwpJ nrhy; +nghpJ =nrhw;nghpJ
,y; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

,y;ny dpd;ikr; nrhw;F Iaila
td;ik tpfw;gK khfh uj;njhL
td;ik ahfY kpay;G khFk; (30)
1. ,y; vd;fpw ,d;ikg; gz;ig czh;j;Jfpd;w nrhy;Yf;F Ifhur;
rhhpia nghUe;j mt;tplj;J tUfpw ty;ypdk; kpf;Fk; kpfhkYk; tpfw;gpj;jYk;
2. Mfhur;rhhpia nghUe;j mt;tplj;J tUfpw ty;ypdk; kpFjYk; 3. ,t;tpU
tpFjpAk; ngwhky; ,ay;ghjYk; nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
,y; +nghUs; =,y;iyg;nghUs; Ifhur; rhhpia tu
=,y;iynghUs; td;ik tpfw;gpj;jJ
,y; +nghUs; =,y;yhg;nghUs; +Mfhur;rhhpia ngw typkpf;fJ
,y; +nghUs; =,y;nghUs; = ,UtpjpAk; ngwhky; ,ay;ghapw;W.
rhhpia tUnkOj;ijr; nrhy;yhikahy; ehw;fzKk; nfhs;f.
Qhdk; =,y;iy Qhdk; ,y;yh Qhdk; kw;iw Kf;fzKk;
,y; +td;ik =,y;iy td;ik ,y;yh td;ik tur;rhhpia ngw;wJ
mzp =,y;iyazp ,y;yhtzp
,y; nghUs; vd;gJNghy; ,y;iynghUs;> ,y;yhg;nghUs; vd;gdTk;

,q;Fg; gz;Gj;njhifNa ,tw;Ws; IfhuKk; MfhuKk; rhhpia.
Gs; ts; vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Gs;Sk; ts;Se; njhow; ngaU khDk; (31)
Gs; ts; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; ,UtopapYk; nghJ tpjpahy;
KbjNyay;yhkYk;> njhopw;ngah; Nghy afuky;yhj nka;fs; te;jhy; cfur;
rhhpiag; ngw;Wk; GzUk;.

111
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
Gs; +fbJ =Gs;Sf;fbJ> Gs;Sed;W> Gs;StypJ my;top
ts; +fbJ =ts;Sf;fbJ> ts;Sed;W> ts;StypJ
Gs; +fLik =Gs;Sf;fLik> Gs;Sed;ik> Gs;Std;ik
ts; +fLik =ts;Sf;fLik> ts;Sed;ik> ts;Std;ik Ntw;Wik
tfu tPW
tfutPw;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngah;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Rl;L tfu% tpdKw KiwNa
Ma;jK nkd;ikA kpay;G khFk; (32)
mt;> ,t; ct; vd;Dk; m/wpizg; gytpd;ghy; Rl;Lg; ngah;fspd;
,WjpapYs;s tfunka;> ty;ypd nky;ypd ,ilapdq;fs; tu Kiwahf
Ma;jKk;> nky;ypdKk; ,ay;Gk; MFk;.
(ck;)
1. my; +fba =m/fba – typtu Ma;jkhapw;W.

2. mt; +Qhd;wd = mQ;Qhd;wd – nkyptu nkypahapw;W.
3. mt; +ahit = mt;ahit - ,iltu ,ay;ghapw;W.
,t;> ct; vd;gtw;NwhLk; ,t;tNw $l;Lf.

,r;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; mw;Wr;rhhpia ngWk; vd Nky;
vLj;Jf;$wjyhy; ,t;tpjp my;topf;nfdf; nfhs;f.
njt; vd;gjw;F rpwg;G tpjp
njt;ntd; nkhopNa njhopw;nga uw;Nw
kt;thpd; t/fd; kt;T khFk; (33)
1. njt; vd;Dk; ngah; njhopw;ngah; Nghy afuky;yhj nka;fNshL
GzUkplj;J cfur; rhhpia ngw;W KbAk;. 2. tUnkhop Kjypy; kfuk; te;jhy;
- epiynkhop aPw;W tfunka; cfur; rhhpia ngUjNyad;wp xNutplj;Jr;
rhhpia ngwhky; kfu nka;ahfj; jphpaTk; ngWk;.
njt; +gifik =njt;Tg;gifik

112
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
1. my;top Ntw;Wik
njt; +fbJ =njt;Tf;fbJ +fLik – njt;Tf;fLik
+ed;W =njt;Ted;W ed;ik – njt;Ted;ik cfuk;
+typJ =njt;TtypJ typik - njt;Ttypik ngw;wJ
2. njt +kd;dh; =njk;kd;dh; - my;top kfuk; tu tfuk;
njt +Kid =njk;Kid - Ntw;Wik kfukhfj; jphpe;jJ
tUnkhopj; jphpG
tUnkhop Kjypy; jfu efue; jphpjy;
d y Kd; edTk; zsKd; lzTk;
MFe; jef;f shAq; fhNy (34)
dfu yfu nka;fspd; Kd; tUfpw jfu efuq;fs; KiwNa wfu
efuq;fshfTk;> zfu sfu nka;fspd; Kd; jfu efuq;fs; KiwNa lfu
zfuq;fshfTk; MFk;.
dfu yfuq;fspd; Kd; tUfpw jfuk; wfukhfTk; dfu yfuq;fspd; Kd;
tUfpw jfuk; dfukhfTk; dfu sfuq;fspd; Kd; tUfpw wfuk; zfukhfTk;
jphpAk; vd;wthW.
(ck;)
nghd; +jPJ =nghd;wPJ - my;top dfuj;jpd; Kd;
+jPik =nghw;wPik - Ntw;Wik jfuk; wfu khapw;W
nghd; +ed;W =nghd;dd;W - my;top dfuj;jpd;Kd;
+ed;ik =nghd;dd;ik- Ntw;Wik jufk; dfukhapw;W
fy; +jPJ =fw;wPJ - my;top yfuj;jpw;FKd; efuk;
+jPik =fw;wPik - Ntw;Wik dfukhapw;W.
fy; +ed;W =fd;dd;W - my;top yfuj;jpw;FKd; efuk;
+ed;ik =fd;dd;ik - Ntw;Wik dfukhapw;W

113
ed;D}y; vOj;J
kz; +jPJ =kz;BJ - my;top zfuj;jpw;FKd; jfuk;
+jPik =kl;Bik - Ntw;Wik lfukhapw;W
kz; +ed;W =kz;zd;W - my;top zfuj;jpw;FKd; efuk;
+ed;ik =kz;zd;ik- Ntw;Wik zfukhapw;W
Ks; +jPJ =Kl;BJ - my;top sfuj;jpw;FKd; jfuk;
+jPik =Kl;Bik - Ntw;Wik lfukhapw;W
Ks; +ed;W =Kz;zd;W - my;top sfuj;jpw;FKd; jfuk;
+ed;ik =Kz;zd;ik- Ntw;Wik lfukhapw;W
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

cUGGzh;r;rp Kbigg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;Fk; Vw;Wjy;
cUgpd; Kbgit nahf;Fkg; nghUspDs; (35)
Nky; cUGGzhpaypd; cUGGzh;r;rpapd; KbAk; KbGfs; mt;TUGfs;
njhf;F epd;W mg;nghUs; Njhd;wg; GzUk; gjg; Gzh;r;rpapYk; xj;J KbAk;
(ck;)
1. vy;yhtw;wJk; - cUGGzh;r;rp
vy;yhtw;Wf;NfhLk; - Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rp
cUGGzh;r;rpahtJ Ntw;WikAUG ntspg;gl;L epw;fg; GzUk; Gzh;r;rp
kuj;jpw;fpis vd;gJ Nghy Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpahdJ - Ntw;WikAUG
njhf;F epw;f mt;TUgpd; nghUsikag; GzUk; Gzh;r;rp kuf;fpis vd;gJ
Nghy.
2. vy;yh ekJk; - cUGGzh;r;rp
vy;y
; h eq;ifAk; - Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rp
cUGGzh;r;rpapy; cah;jpizapy; ek;Kk; cUgpd;Nky; ck;Kk;
ngWjy;Nghy> cUG njhf;f gjg;Gzh;r;rpapYk; ngw;wit.
vy;yhh; jkJk;> vy;yh jq;ifAk; vy;yPh; ekJk; vy;yhP ; Eq;ifAk;> jdJ>
jd;if> MdJ> Md;NfhL vd cUG Gzh;r;rpNghyg; gjg;Gzh;r;rpAk; Kbe;jthW
fhz;f. ,tw;wpy; Kd;dJ cUGGzh;r;rp my;yJ gjg;Gzh;r;rp.

114
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Gzhpay;fSf;Fg; Gweil
,iAhp tlnrhyp dpak;gpa nfhshjTk
NghypA k&cTk; nghUe;jpa thw;wpw;F
,iaag; Gzh;j;jy; ahth;f;F newpNa (36)
1. ,ilr;nrhw;fSs;Sk; 2. chpr;nrhw;fSs;Sk; 3. tlr;nrhw;fSs;Sk;.
cahPw;W nka;aPw;Wg; Gzhpay;fspNy Njhd;wy; jphpjy; nfLjy; ,ay;ghjy; vdr;
nrhy;yg; Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzq;fs;> nghUe;jhky; NtWgl;L tUtdTk; 4.
,yf;fzg; Nghyp nkhopfSk; 5. k&cnkhopfSk; cyf tof;Fr;nra;As;
tof;Ffspy; elf;Fk; Kiwikf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; gb $l;b Kbj;jy;
Kiwikahk;.
(ck;)
1. Md; +fd;W =Md;fd;w Ntw;Wikapy; rhhpia ,ilr;
tz;bd; +fhy;=tz;bd; fhy; nrhw;fspd; <w;W dfuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.
2. ko +fspW =kofspW chpr;nrhy;yPw;W caph;Kd; typtu
jl +Njhs; =jle;Njhs; nkyp kpFe;Jk; te;jd
3. msp +Fyk; =mspFyk; tlnrhy;yPw;W caph;Kd; typ tu
fhj +fkyk; =fhjfkyk; kpfhJ ,ay;ghapd
4. ,y; +Kd; =Kd;wpy; ,yf;fzg;Nghyp nkhopfs; Kd;tpjp
nghJ +,y; =nghjpapy; jkf;F Vw;wgb
Ntl;if +mth =Ntzth tpfhuk; ngw;wd
5. mUkUe;jd;d =mUke;j
Fzf;Fcs;sJ =FzJ k&c nkhopfs; Kd;tjp ngwhky;
NrhoehL =NrhzhL jkf;F Vw;wgb tpfhuk; ngw;wd.
jQ;rhT+h; =jQ;ir
tLfd; je;ij =tL fe;ij
,q;Nf ,ilAhp tlnrhy; vd;wJ epiynkhopfisg; gw;wpanjd mwpf.

,jdhy; epiynkhop khj;jpuk; tlnkhopapypUe;J tUnkhopg; Gzh;r;rpapy;
Kd;nrhd;d tpjpfl;F khwp tUtdTk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
115
ed;D}y; vOj;J
tlnkhopg; Gzh;r;rp
tlnkhopj; njhlh;fs; jkpopy; tUkplj;Jg; ngUk;ghYk; mt;tlE}w;
Gzh;r;rpiaNa ngWk;> Gzh;r;rpia tlE}yhh; „re;jp‟ vd;gh;. mJ capNuhL
caph; Gzh;ifapy; jPh;ff
; re;jp Fzre;jp> tpUj;jpre;jp vd %tifg;gLk;.
jPh;f;f re;jp
1. mfu> Mfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; mtw;wpnyhd;W te;jhy;
mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; Mfhuk; Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
gj +mk;G[k; =gjhk;G[k; fq;fh +mk;Ujk; =fq;fhk;kUjk;
guk +Mde;jk; =gukhde;jk; rjh +Mde;jk; =rhjde;jk;
2. ,fu <fhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd;> mtw;wpnyhd;W te;jhy;

mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; <fhuk; Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
ftp +,e;jpud; =ftPe;jpud; kfP +,e;jpud; =kfpe;jpud;
fphp +<rd; =fphPrd; ejP +<rd; =ejPrd;
3. cfu Cfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; mtw;wpnyhd;W te;jhy;

mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; Cfhuk; Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
FU +cjak; =FUjak; Rak;G+ +cgNjrk; =Rak;G+gNjrk;
rpe;J +Ch;kp =rpe;Jh;kp Rak;G+ +Ch;r;rpjk; =Rak;G+h;r;rpjk;
Fzre;jp
1. mfu Mfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; ,fu <fhuq;fspy; xd;W te;jhy;
mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; Vfhuk; Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
Njt +,e;jpud; =NjNte;jpud; juh +,e;jpud; =jhNue;jpud;
Njt +<rd; =NjNtrd; ukh +<rd; =uNkrd;
2. mfu Mfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; cfu Cfhuq;fspy; xd;W te;jhy;

mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; Xfhue;NjhWk;.
116
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
#h;a +cjak; =#h;Nahjak; fq;fh +cw;gj;jp =fq;Nfhj;gj;jp
Qhd +Ch;r;rpjd; =QhNdhh;r;rpjd; jah +Ch;r;rpjd; =jNahh;r;rpjd;
tpUj;jprhe;jp
1. mfu Mfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; Vfhu Ifhuq;fspy; xd;W te;jhy;
mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; Ifhue; Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
guk +Vfhe;jp =guikfhe;jp Njtjh +Vfj;tk; =Njtijfj;tk;
rh;t +Ir;th;ak =rh;itr;th;ak; Njtjh +If;ak; =Njtijf;ak;
mfu Mfhuq;fspy; xd;wd;Kd; xfhu xsfhuq;fspy; xd;W te;jhy;

mt;tpuz;Lq;nfl Xh; xsfhue;Njhd;Wk;.
(ck;)
te +x\jp =tnehs\jp kfh +x\jp =knfsh\jp
jpt;a +xs\jk; =jpt;na\jk; kfh +xsjhh;ak; = knfsjhh;ak;
nka;k; KjyPw;W nkhopg;Gzh;r;rpf;F tpjp mstpwe;jdthk;.

117
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ghlk;-7
5. cUG Gzhpay;
caphPWk; nka;aPWkhd Ntw;WikAUGfs; epiynkhop tUnkhopfNshL
GzUk; tpjj;ijr; nrhy;Yk; ,ay; caphPW nka;aPW vd;wtw;Ws;
mlq;Ftdtw;iwNa jdpNa vLj;Jf;$Wjyhy; ,t;tpay; mt;tpuz;L
,ay;fspd;gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
cUGfs;
vl;L cUGfSk; rhUk; ,ltifahy; ,j;jid vd;gJ
xUt ndhUj;jp gy nud;W gy ntd
tUnga iue;njhL ngah;Kj ypUehd;F
cUG Kwo;ju ehw;gjh kUNg (1)
xUtDk; (Mz;ghYk;)> xUj;jpAk; (ngz;ghYk;)> gyUk; (gyh;ghYk;)>
xd;Wk; (xd;wd;ghYk;)> gyTk; (gytpd;ghYk;) vd;W tUfpd;w Ie;Jghw;
ngah;fNshLk;> ngah;Ntw;Wik (vOtha;) Kjy; tpspNtw;Wik tiuapy; epd;w
vl;L Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; ngUf;fpf; fzf;fpl Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
ehw;gjhFk;.
ek;gp> ek;gpia> ek;gpahy;> ek;gpf;F> ek;gpapd;> ek;gpaJ> ek;gpfs;> ek;gpNa
vd xUtd; vd;Dk; tha;gg
; hl;L cah;jpiz Mz;ghw;nganuhL vl;L cUGfSk;
te;jd $dp> kf;fs;> kuk;> kuq;fs; vd;Dk; kw;iw ehd;F tha;g;ghl;Lg;
ngah;fNshLk; ,g;gbNa $l;Lf.
Ntw;WikAUGfspd; gaDk; mit tUk; ,lKk;
ngah;topj; jk;nghUs; jutU KUNg (2)
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; jkJ nghUisf; nfhLf;f ngah;f;Fg;gpd; tUk;
jk;nghUs; - fUj;jhg;nghUs;> nrag;gLnghUs; Kjypad.
(ck;)
ek;gp ngw;whd;> ek;gpiag; ngw;whd; vd ,t;thW fhz;f.
cUG Gzh;r;rpf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

nghUl;Gzh;r;rp Kbig cUGGzh;r;rpf;Fk; Vw;Wjy;
xw;Waph; KjyPw; WUGfs; Gzh;r;rpapd;
xf;Fkd; dg;ngah; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;g;Ng (3)

118
ed;D}y; vOj;J
nka;iaAk;> capiuAk; KjYk; ,WjpAkhf cila I Kjypa MW

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; (,ilr;nrhy;ypYk;) epiynkhop tUnkhopfNshL
GzUkplj;J> Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpapy; ,ay;ghfTk; tpfhukhfTk; Gzh;e;j
nka;Aaph; KjyPw;Wg; ngah;fisg; ngUk;ghYk; xj;Jk; elf;Fk;.
(ck;)
ek;gp+fz;=tho;T ek;gpfz; tho;T - ,q;NF KiwNa „MtpauKd;

td;ik kpfh‟ vd;Wk; „zdty;ypdk; tul;lwTk; gpwthpd; ,ay;GkhFk;
Ntw;Wikf;F‟ vd;Wk; nrhy;ypagbNa fz;ZUgpd; KjYk; <Wk; ,ay;ghapd.
cwp+fz;=ghy; cwpf;fl;ghy; - ,q;Nf Kiwna „,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk;

epd;w caph;Kd; f r j g kpFk;‟ vd;Wk;> zdty;ypdk; tul;lwTk; vd;WQ;
nrhy;ypagb fz;ZUgpd; KjYk; <Wk; tpfhukhapd.
ngUk;ghYk; xf;Fk; vd;wikahy; rpWghd;ik xt;thnjd;gjhk;.
(ck;)
ek;gp+F=ek;gpf;F - ,q;Nf „MtpauKd; td;ik kpfh‟ vd;w tpjp

xt;thky; Ft;TUgpd; Kjy; ty;nyhw;W kpf;fJ.
rhhpia
rhhpia tUk; tpjk;
gjKd; tpFjpAk; gj% KUGk;
Gzh;top nahd;Wk; gyTQ; rhhpia
tUjYk; jtph;jYk; tpfw;gkhFk; (4)
gjj;jpd;Kd; tpFjpahdJ> gjkhdJ> cUghtJ GzUkplj;J (mtw;Wf;F
,ilNa) xU rhhpiaahapDk;> gy rhhpiafshapDk; 1. tUjYk; 2
tuhjpUj;jYk;> xd;Wf;Nf tUjYk; jtph;jYk; Mfpa cwo;r;rpAk; MFk;.
(ck;)
tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rp gjg;Gzh;r;rp cUGGzh;r;rp
1. ele;jdd; Gspaq;fha; mtw;iw - tUjy;
2. ele;jhs; Gspf;fwp jd;id - jtph;jy;
3. ele;jd ney;ypd;Fg;ig Mid - tpfw;gk;
ele;j new;Fg;ig Mit - tpfw;gk;

119
ed;D}y; vOj;J
khlj;Jf;F – khlf;F> epyj;Jf;F – epyf;F Kjypad rhhpia

Ntz;Lkplj;J ,y;yhikahy; njhFj;jnyd;Wk; tpfhukhk;.
nghJr;rhhpia
md; Md; ,d; my; mw;W ,w;W mj;J mk;
jk; ek; Ek; V m c I F d
,d;d gpwTk; nghJr;rh hpiaNa (5)
md; Kjd; dfunka; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpNdOk; ,it Nghy;td
gpwTk; (tpFjp gjk; cUG vd;fpw %d;W Gzh;r;rpfspYk; jdpnkhopfspYk;
tUjypdhNy) nghJthd rhhpiafshk;.
(ck;) rhhpia
md; - xd;wd; $l;lk; (g) rhhpia
Md; - xUghw;F (c) ek; - vy;yhh; ek;ikAk; (c)
,d; - tz;bd;fhy; (g) ek; - cy;yPh; ek;ikAk; (c)
my; - njhilay; (j) V – xd;Nwfhy; (g)
mw;W - gytw;iw (c) m –ele;jJ (tp)
,w;W - gjpw;Wg;gj;J (g)) c – rhj;jDf;F (c)
mj;J - khj;jpit (g) I – xw;iw (j)
mk; - neQ;rk; (j) F – nra;Ftha; (tp)
jk; - vy;yhk;jk;ikAk; (c) d; - Nfhd; (j)

,d;d gpwTk; vd;wjdhy;
jd; - mtd;wid (c) jhk; - mth;jhk; (j)
jhd; - mtd;whd; (j) Mk; - kz;zhq;fl;b (g)
M - ,y;yhg;nghUs; (g)
J – ele;jw;F (tp)
vd tUgtw;iwf; nfhs;f.

120
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vy;yhk; vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

vy;yh nkd;g jpopjid ahapd;
mw;Nwh LUgpd; NkYk; cWNk
md;Nwy; ek;kpil wile;jw; ahFk; (6)
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;
m/wpizapy; tUk;nghOJ (mjndhL MW cUGfSk; Gzh;e;jhy;)
,ilapNy mw;W vd;DQ; rhhpiaAk;> cUgpd; Nky; Kw;Wk;ikiaAk; ngWk; 2.
md;whapd; (cah;jpizapy; tUk;nghOJ) ,ilapNy ek; vd;DQ; rhhpiaiag;
ngw;W mt;thwhFk;. (cUgpd; Nky; Kw;Wk;ikiaAk; ngWk;)
(ck;)
1. vy;yhk; - I – vy;yhtw;iwAk; - m/wpiz

2. vy;yhk; - I – vy;yhek;ikAk; - cah;jpiz
vy;yh ek;ikAk; vd;gjw;F vy;yhiuAk; vd;W nghUs;. glh;f;if
„vy;yhUk;‟ „vy;yU
P k;‟ vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
vy;yhU nky;yPU nkd;gtw; Wk;ik

js;sp epuNy jk;Ek; rhug;
Gy;Y KUgpd; gpd;d Uk;Nk (7)
MW cUGfSk; GzUkplj;J vy;yhUk; vy;yPUk; vd;fpw ,U
ngah;fspDila ,WjpapYs;s Kw;Wk;ikfis ePf;fp KiwNa jk; vd;Dk;
rhhpiaAk;> Ek; vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk; mit ,Ue;j ,lq;fspNy nghUe;j>
mtw;wpdhNy ePf;fg;gl;l Kw;Wk;ikfs; cUGfspd; gpd;Nd te;J nghUe;Jk;.
(ck;)
vy;yhUk; + I =vy;yhh;jk;ikAk;
vy;yPUk; + I =vy;yPh;Ek;ikAk;
vy;yhiuAk; vy;yPiuAk; vdr; rhhpia ngwhky; tUjYk; cz;L.

jhd; Kjypa ngah;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
jhd; jhk; ehk; Kjy; FWFk; ahd; ahk;
eP ePh; vd; vk; epd; E khk;gpw;
Ft;tp dt;tU ehd;fh wpul;ly. (8)

121
ed;D}y; vOj;J
1. cUGfs; GzUkplj;J jhd; jhk; ehk; vd;Dk; %d;W ngah;fSk;

Kjy;neby; FWfp KiwNa jd; jk; ek; vd tUk;.
2. ahd; ahk; eP ePh; ,e;ehd;F ngah;fSk; KiwNa vd; vk;> epd; Ek; vd
tUk;.
3. ,t;NtO nganuhLk; Ft;TUG GzUkplj;J eLtpy; mfur; rhhpia
tUk;.
4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG GzUk;NghJ mfur; rhhpia caph;te;jhYk;>
Mwhk; Ntw;WikAUGfspd; Kjy; caph;fs; te;jhYk; mt;NtO tpfhu
nkhopfspYk; ,Wjpahfpa jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;Wf;fy; ,ul;lhthk;.
1. jhd; +I =jd;id Kjy; FWfpd ahd; +I =vd;id vd; vk; epd;
jhk; +I =jk;ik ahk; +I=vk;ik Ek; vdj; jphpe;jd
ehk; +I =ek;ik eP +I =epd;id
ePh; +I =Ek;ik
kw;iw cUGfNshL q; $l;Lf.
2. jhd; + F =jdf;F – Ftu mfur;rhhpiag; ngw;wJ.
3. jd –m – F =jdf;F ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy; mfur; rhhpia
- mJ =jdJ ngWkplj;Jk; Mwhk; Ntw;WikcUG caph;fs;
- MJ =jdhJ GzUkplj;Jk; jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;ndhw;W
- mJ =jd ,ul;lhjhapw;W
gpw vd;wjdhy; eP vd;gJ cd; vdTk;> ePh; vd;gJ ck; vdTk; jphpe;J tUk;.
M> kh> Nfh vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Mkh Nfh dt; tizaTk; ngWNk (9)
M vd;Dk; gRtpd; ngaUk;> kh vd;Dk; kpUfj;jpd; nghJg;ngaUk;> Nfh
vd;Dk; jiytdJ ngaUk; cUGfs; GzUkplj;J dfur; rhhpia nghUe;jTk;
ngWk;.
„midaTk;‟ vd;w ck;ikahy; mizahkypUf;fTk; ngWk; vd;wjhapw;W>

MfNt tpfw;gpj;J tUnkdf;nfhs;f.

122
ed;D}y; vOj;J
(ck;)
M +I =Mid> Mit
kh +I =khid> khit dfur; rhhpia ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tpfw;gpj;jd
Nfh +I =Nfhid Nfhit
xUgJ Kjypa vz;Zg; ngah;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

vd;W Kjnyl; Bwh nkz;Z}h;
gj;jpd;Kd; dhd;thpw; gy;ntuw; nwhopaNky;
vy;yh NkhL nkhd;gJ kpw;Nw (10)
xd;W Kjy; vl;L tiuapYs;s vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL Gzh;e;j gj;J
vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngahpd; Kd; cUGfs; GzUkplj;J Md; rhhpia te;jhy;
gj;J vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ gfunka; xd;WNk epw;f mjd;NkNy epd;w vy;yh
vOj;Jf;fSk; nfLk; xd;gJ vd;Dk; vz;zpd; Kd;Dk; cUGfs; GzUkplj;J
Md; rhhpia te;jhy; ,t;thNw ahFk;. gfu nka; khj;jpuNk epw;f NkNy epd;w
vy;yhntOj;Jq; nfLk;.
xUgJ> xUg/J vd ,ilnahw;Wf; nfl;Lk; Ma;jkhfj; jphpe;Jk;
tpfhug;gl;L tUk; gj;J vd;ghh; vz;Z}h; gj;J vdg; nghJg;glf; $wpdhh;. mit
xUgJ xUg/J ,UgJ ,Ug/J> Kg;gJ Kg;g/J> ehw;gJ ehw;g/J Ik;gJ
Ik;g/J mWgJ mWg/J vOgJ vOg/J> vz;gJ vz;g/J vd;gd.
Md; thpd; vd;wjdhy; Md; rhhpia tUjw;Fk; ,JNt tpjp vd;f.
(ck;)
xUgJ +I =xU ghid xd;gij xd;g/ij
xd;gJ +I =xU ghid xd;gij> xd;g/ij tpfw;gpj;J te;jd
tfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngah;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

t;tpW Rl;bw; fw;Wwjy; topNa (11)
m/wpizg; gytpd; ghyfpa mt; ,t; ct; vd;Dk; tfu nka;aPw;W
%d;W $l;Lg; ngah;fl;Fk; cUGfs; GzUkplj;J mw;W vd;DQ; rhhpia
nghUe;Jjy; Kiwikahk;.
(ck;)
mt; +I =mtw;iw vd mw;Wr;rhhpia Ntz;bNa te;jd.

123
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Ntw;Wik
,t; +I =,tw;iw
ct; +I =ctw;iw
topNa vd;wikahy; mtw;wpiz> ,tw;wpiz> ctw;wpiz vd mw;Wr;

rhhpiaNahL ,d;rhhpia tUjYk;> jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;tu
,ul;lhikAk;> mit ,it cit vd;Dk; itaPw;Wr; Rl;Lg;n gah;fs;
mitapw;iw> ,itapw;iw> citapw;iw vd ,w;Wr;rhhpia ngWjYk;> vtw;iw
vd tpdhg;ngaUk; ,t;thW epw;wYk; nfhs;f.
m/J Kjypa Rl;Lg; ngah;fl;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Rl;bd; Kd; dha;j kd;thpw; nfLNk (12)
m/J> ,/J> c/J vd;Dk; %d;W Rl;Lg; ngah;fspy; nkhopKjw;
Rl;nlOj;jpd; Kd;dpd;w Ma;jk;> mr;Rl;Lg;ngah;fSld; cUGfs; GzUkplj;J
md; rhhpia te;jhy; nfLk;.
(ck;)
m/J+I=mjid>m/ij vdr; rhhpia tpfw;gpj;Jk; rhhpia

te;jtplj;J
,/J+I =,jid>,/ij Ma;jk; nfl;Lk; te;jd.
c/J+I =cjid>c/ij
mj;Jr;rhhpia Kjy; nfLjy;

mj;jpd; mfuk; mfuKid apy;iy (13)
mj;Jr; rhhpiaapd; KjypYs;s mfuTapuhdJ> ,ay;gpdhYk;
tpjpapdhYk; epiynkhop aPw;wpy; epd;w mfuTaphpd; Kd; te;jhy; nfLk;.
caphPw;W nkhopapd; Kd; mj;Jr; rhhpia tUtjw;Fk; ,JNt tpjp.
(ck;) kf +mj;J =kfj;ij> kfj;Jf;if ,ay;G caphPW
ku +mj;J =kuj;ij> kuj;Jf;Fiwa – tpjp caphPW
mfuKidapy;iy vd;wjdhy; - Ngho;jj;J ts;sd;ik mitaj;Jr;

nrd;whh; vdg; gpw caphPw;wpd;Kd; mj;jpd; mfuk; nflhnjd;f.

124
ed;D}y; vOj;J
Gweil
rhhpiaf;Fk; Gweil: rhhpiafis mwpAk; -tif
,jw;fpJ rhhpia nadpid tpd;ikapd;
tpFjpAk; gjK KUGk; gFj;jpil
epd;w ntOj;Jk; gjKk; kpaw;ifAk;
xd;w czh;j;j YuNthh; newpNa (14)
tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rp Kjypa Gzh;r;rpfspd; ,jw;F rhhpia vd;W tiuaWj;J
jdpj;jdpr; nrhy;yha; Gfpd; Xh; msT ,y;yhikahy; tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rpAk;>
gjg;Gzh;r;rpAk; cUGGzh;r;rpAk; gphpj;J eLtpy; epd;w vfuk; mfuk; Kjypa
vOj;Jr; rhhpiaAk;> md; Md; Mfpa gjr;rhhpiaAk; ,y;yhj ,ay;igAk;
njhpa mwptpj;jy; mwpTilNahuJ Kiwikahk;.
vOj;Jr;rhhpia gjr; rhhpia ,ay;G.
(ck;)
ele;jJ ele;jdd; ele;jhd; - tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rp
Mdnea; tz;bd;fhy; jd;if – gjg;Gzh;r;rp
rhj;jDf;F vtw;iw vd;dhy; - cUGGzh;r;rp

,t;thNw %tifg; Gzh;r;rpfisAk; gFj;jy; Kiw vy;yhr;rhhpiafSk;>
,ilr;nrhy;yhapDk;> ,t;thW vOj;Jr;rhhpia gjr;rhhpia vdg; gphpj;J
mtw;Ws; NtWghL mwpjw;F itj;jFwp vd mwpf.
ehy;tifg; Gzh;r;rpf;Fk; Gweil
tpFjp gjQ;rh hpiaAU gidj;jpYk;
ciuj;j tpjpapNdhh;e; njhg;gd nfhsNy (15)
tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rpAk;> gjg;Gzh;r;rpAk;> rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rpAk; cUGGzh;r;rpAk;
Mfpa ehd;F Gzh;r;rpfsplj;Jk; nghJg;glr; nrhy;yg;gl;l tpjpfSs; (,t;tpjp
,jw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; ,t;tpjp ,jw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;W) Muha;e;J mwpe;J
vt;tpjp vjw;Fg; nghUe;JNkh mt;tpjpia mjw;Ff; nfhs;f.
tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rpAs; - „wt;nthLfu Tk;ik epfo;gy;yTk;‟ vdg; nghJg;gl

tpjpj;jhuhapDk; nrd;W vd;w ,lj;J ,we;jfhyKk; NrW vd;w ,lj;J
vjph;fhyKk; nghUe;Jnkd;W nfhs;f.
gjg;Gzh;r;rpAs; - „my;top , I k; Kd;duhapd; ,ay;Gk; kpfYk;

tpfw;gK khFk;‟ vdg; nghJg;gl tpjpj;jhuhapDk;> ahid Fjpiufs; vd
125
ed;D}y; vOj;J
ck;ikj;njhifapy; ,ay;ghAk;> Mbj;jpq;fs; vdg; gz;Gj;njhifapy; kpFe;Jk;>

fpspFwpJ fpspf;FwpJ vdr; rpy vOtha;j; njhlhpy; tpfw;gpj;Jk; tUnkd;W
nfhs;f.
rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rpAs; - „gjKd; tpFjpAk; gjK KUGk; Gzh;top

nahd;Wk; gyTQ; rhhpia> tUjYe; jtph;jYk; tpfw;gkhFk;‟ vdg; nghJg;gl
tpjpj;jhuhapDk;> ehl;bd; fz; ,Ue;jhd; vdf; fz;ZUgpw;F ,d; rhhpia
tUnkd;W ehl;bdPq;fpdhd; vd ,d;DUw;F ,d; rhhpia ngUk;ghYk;
tuhnjd;Wq; nfhs;f.
cUGGzh;r;rpAs; - „xw;Waph; KjyPw; WUGfs; Gzh;r;rpapd;> xf;Fkd;dg;

; g‟ vdg; nghJg;gl tpjpj;jhuhapDk; „ek;gpd;fz;‟ vdf;
ngah; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;gN
fz;ZUG kpfh njd;Wk;> „ek;gpf;F‟ vdf; Ft;TUG kpF nkd;Wq; nfhs;f.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpf;F rpwg;Gtpjp

,ay;gpd; tpfhuKk; tpfhuj; jpay;Gk;
cah;jpiz aplj;J tphpe;Jk; njhf;Fk;
tpuTg; ngahpd; tphpe;J epd;Wk;
md;d gpwT khF ikAUNg (16)
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp nghJ tpjpg;gb KbjNyad;wp mg;gb
tpjpj;j ,ay;gpNy tpfhukhfpAk; tpfhuj;jpNy ,ay;ghfpAk; cah;jpizg;
ngahplj;J cUG ntspg;gl;Lk;> cUG kiwe;Jk;> nghJg;ngahplj;J cUG
ntspg;gl;Lk;> cUG kiwe;Jk;> mit Nghy;td gpw NtWghLfSk; MfptUk;.
(ck;)
epd;+Gwq;fhg;g =epw;Gwq;fhg;g – epd;dPwpay;ghk; vd ,ay;ghf

Ntz;Lkplj;J ,ay;ghapw;W
kz; Rke;jhd;> nghd; nfhLj;jhd; - „z d ty;ypdk; tul;lwTk;‟ vd

tpfhukhf Ntz;Lkplj;J ,ay;ghapw;W.
ek;gpiaf; nfhzh;e;jhd; - cah;jpizaplj;J tphpe;jJ. kfd;+ngw;whd;

=kfd;ngw;whd; - cah;jpizaplj;J njhf;fJ nfhw;widf; nfhzh;e;jhd;.
nghJ> ngahplj;J tphpe;jJ. Mz; ngw;whd; -nghJg;ngahplj;Jj; njhf;fJ.
md;dgpwTk; vd;wjdhy; jw;nfhz;lhd; vd tpfw;gpf;f Ntz;Lkplj;Jj; jphpe;Nj
tUjYk; gpwTq; nfhs;f.
(jd; +nfhz;lhd;)
126
ed;D}y; vOj;J
vz;Zg; nghUspy; te;j ,we;jJ jOtpa ,opT rpwg;Gk;ikfshy;>

Ntw;Wikf;F vd;W tpjpj;j nghJ tpjpNahL xj;J „tuF je;jhd;‟ vd
,ay;gpy; ,ay;ghfpAk; „Rf;Fj;jpd;whd;‟ vd tpfhuj;jpy; tpfhukhfpAk; tUjNy
ngUk;ghd;iknad;f.
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik Gzh;r;rpf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
Gs;spA KapU khapW nrhy;Kd;
jk;kp dhfpa njhopy;nkhop thpNd
ty;ypdk; tpfw;gK kpay;G khFk; (17)
%d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifapy;> nka;Ak; capUk; ,Wjpahfpa epd;w
nrhw;fspd; Kd;> fUj;jhthfpa epiynkhopg; nghUs;fshyhfpw tpidr;nrhw;fs;
(nrag;ghl;L tpidr;nrhw;fs; tUnkhopahfp te;jhy;> mt;tplj;J tUk; ty;ypdk;
nghJtpjpg;gb KbjNyad;wp cow;r;rpAk; ,ay;Gk; MFk;.
(ck;)
Nga;Nfhl;gl;lhd;> Nga;fN
; fhl;gl;lhd;
GypNfhl;gl;lhd;> Gypf;Nfhl;gl;lhd; tpfw;gk;
Nga; gpbf;fg;gl;lhd;> Gypfbf;fg;gl;lhd; ,ay;G
ck;ikahy; muhj;jPz;lg;gl;lhd;> Rwhg;ghag;gl;lhd; vdg; nghJtpjpahy;
KbtdNt ngUk;ghydthk;.
vOj;jjpfhuj;jpw;F Gweil
,jw;fpJ Kbngd; nwQ;rhjp ahTk;
tpjpg;gd tpd;ikapd; tpjpj;jtw; wpayhd;
tFj;Jiu ahjTk; tFj;jdh; nfhsNy (18)
,Jf;F ,Jjhd; Kbe;j ,yf;fznkd;W ,t;tjpfhuj;Js;
tpjpf;fj;jf;ftw;iw vy;yhk;> Fiwahky; jdpj;jdp msT nra;J
tpjpf;fg;GFe;jhy; mjw;F xU tuk;G ,y;yhikahy; tFj;J tpjpj;jtw;wpDila
,yf;fzq;fis VJthff; nfhz;L tFj;J tpjp nrhy;yhjtw;iwAk; mEkhdg;
gpukhzj;jhy; tFj;J tpjpAiuj;Jf; nfhs;f.
(ck;)
vOj;jpaYs;> nkhopKjw; fhuzkhk; mZj;jpunshyp vOj;J vd xyp
tbntOj;ij ciuj;jjdhy; xyptbitf; fhl;Ltjw;F Xh; fUtpahf
vOjg;gl;lJ thptbntOj;J vdf; nfhs;f.

127
ed;D}y; vOj;J
gjtpaYs;> md; Md; ms; Ms; vd;DQ; #j;jpuk; KiwNa md; Md;
tpFjp Mz;ghw;nfd> tpjpj;jjdhy; „ngUkhs;‟ vd;Dk; gjk;
ngUikAilahndd;Wk; nghUs; Njhd;w epd;w ngUkhs; vd;fpw gjj;jpdJ Ms;
tpFjp Ms; tpFjpahf xNutplj;Jj; jphpe;J Mz;ghiyNa czh;j;jp
epd;wnjdf; nfhs;f.
caphPw;Wg; GzhpaYs;> ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg
„kpFk;‟ vd ciuj;jjdhy; „z d ty;ypdk; tul;lwTk;‟ vd;w ,lj;J lfuKk;
ty;ypdkhjypd; kpf;fnjdf; nfhs;f.
nka;aPw;Wg; GzhpaYs;> „Ek;jk; vk;ek; kPwhky;tUQeNt‟ vd

ciuj;jjdhy;> Mk; cd;DQ; nrhy;ypWjp kfuKk; jdpf;FwpnyLj;j xw;whjypd;
jd;ndhL kaq;fhj nky;ypdk; te;jhy; mJtha;j; jphpe;J me;eif vd mofpa
eif vd;Dk; nghUsjha; tUnkdf; nfhs;f.
cUGGzhpaYs;> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk;
Gweil ciuj;jjdhy;> Vohk; Ntw;WikAk;> kz; Nrh;;e;J> tpz;GFe;J vd
Ntw;Wikg; nghJtpjpia Vyhkw; rpWghd;ik tUnkdf; nfhs;f.
Prepared by
Dr. J. JEBAMALAR WINCES MANIMALA
Associate Professor of Tamil
Sarah Tucker College, Tirunelveli – 627 007.

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MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

B.A. TAMIL - I YEAR

DJT1C - ,yf;fzk; I - ed;D}y;

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

gp.V. (jkpo;) Kjyhkhz;L

t.v. ghlk; gf;fk;

5. caph;<w;Wg; Gzhpay; 58-93

6. nka;aPw;Wg; Gzhpay; 94-116

7. cUG Gzhpay; 117-127

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

“KfTiu gjpfk; mzpe;Jiu E}d;Kfk;

1. KfTiu vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahik fUjp E}ypd; njhlf;fj;jpy;

“ghapuk; nghJr; rpwg;G vd ,Ughw;Nw”

“E}Ny Ety;Nthd; EtYk; jpwNd

1. E}ypdJ ,yf;fzk;. 2. E}iyf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpahpd; ,yf;fzk; 3.

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

“Kd;Ndhh; E}ypd; KbG xUq;F xj;Jg;

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

“,Uth; E}w;Fk; xUrpiw njhlq;fpj;

topE}y; rhh;G E}y;fSf;Fhpa rpwg;G tpjp

“mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL miljy; E}y; gaNd”

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

jaq;fhJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy; 7. gpwh; fUj;ij Vw;fhJ jd; fUj;ijNa

“vO tif kjNk cld;gly; kWj;jy;

“Fd;wf;#y; kpifg;glf; $wy;

1. nghUis tpsf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; RUf;fpf; $wy; 2. vspjpy;

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

tof;nfhL khWghL ,d;wpf; $wy; 9. nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jjy; 10.

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

“Nehpd kzpia epuy;gl itj;J Mq;F

mjhtJ Xhpdg; nghUisg; gw;wpg; NgRk; gy #j;jpuq;fs; Nrh;e;jJ xj;J

“rpy;tif vOj;jpd; gy;tifg; nghUisr;

kpfg;nghpa nghUspd; tbtj;ijj; jd;Ds; mlf;fpj; njspthfTk;

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

,dpikAk; njspTk; jpz;ikAk; Ez;ikAk; Gyg;glf; fhl;LtJ #j;jpuj;jpd;

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

JzpTwf; fhl;Ltjhy; Vw;gLk; gaid vLj;Jiuj;jy; 14. ciuaplj;Jj;

“ghlk; fUj;Nj nrhy;tif nrhw;nghUs;

Nghyr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jtjha; E}y; vd;gJ ctk MFngauhFk;. E}y; Nghy

“Fyd; mUs;nja;tk; nfhs;if Nkd;ik

1. ew;Fbg;gpwg;G 2. ,uf;f czT 3. nja;t topghL 4. ngUe;jd;ik 5.

“njhptUk; ngUikAk; jpz;ikAk; nghiwAk;

ngUik Kjyhff; $wg;gLk; epyj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Mrphpahpd; ,ay;ghf

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

1. Xhplj;jpy; epd;W mstpl gpwuhy; mwpa Kbahj fy;tp

2. vt;tsT Rik Vw;wpdhYk; vj;Jiz nghpa fy;tpahsd;

3. Fj;jpDk; ntl;bDk; khzhf;fUk; gpwUk; nra;Ak;

4. cothpd; ciog;Gf;F khzhf;fhpd; Kaw;rpf;F Vw;gg;

“msf;fyhf msTk; nghUSk;

msT Kjyhff; $wg;gLk; ,ay;Gfs; kiyapd; khl;rpikfshFk;.

1. msf;f Kbahj mstpy;yhf; fy;tpawpT

2. msf;f Kbahg; nghUs;tsk; gd;D}y; Gyik cilik

3. vj;jifatuhYk; mirf;f gpw GytuhYk; nrhy;y Kbahj

4. njhiytpy; cs;sth; njhiytpy; cs;stUk; mwpAk;

5. thdk; twz;L ngha;g;gpDk; jhd; tWik mile;jhYk;

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

epiwNfhy; (juhR) khz;Gfs;

“Iak; jPug; nghUis czh;j;jYk;

viliaf; fhl;ly; eLTepiyik Mfpait epiwNfhypd; ,ay;Gfs;.

1. nghUs; msit Iak; jPuj; fy;tpia Iakwf; fw;Wj;jUjy;

2. vg;gf;fKk; rhahky; Ntz;bath; Ntz;lhjth; vd;W