The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a phlebotomist, including properly withdrawing blood from patients' veins for laboratory testing, preparing blood specimens, and maintaining professionalism, confidentiality, and safety. It covers topics such as the anatomy of veins and blood components, recommended equipment for blood collection including different types of tubes and needles, and techniques for selecting vein sites and collecting blood specimens.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a phlebotomist, including properly withdrawing blood from patients' veins for laboratory testing, preparing blood specimens, and maintaining professionalism, confidentiality, and safety. It covers topics such as the anatomy of veins and blood components, recommended equipment for blood collection including different types of tubes and needles, and techniques for selecting vein sites and collecting blood specimens.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a phlebotomist, including properly withdrawing blood from patients' veins for laboratory testing, preparing blood specimens, and maintaining professionalism, confidentiality, and safety. It covers topics such as the anatomy of veins and blood components, recommended equipment for blood collection including different types of tubes and needles, and techniques for selecting vein sites and collecting blood specimens.
What is phlebotomy • withdrawal of blood from a vein, artery, or the capillary bed for lab analysis or blood transfusion.
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Who is a phlebotomist • Collects blood and other specimens
• Prepares specimens for testing
• Interacts with patients & health care professionals
• plays a vital role in any health care system Other medical professionals, including doctors, nurses, technologists, and medical assistants must also be trained to collect blood specimens.
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Phlebotomist
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Laboratory work flow cycle
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela What do you keep • Professionalism • Confidentiality • Attitude • Appearance • Safety
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Professionalism
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Confidentiality • All employees are responsible for maintaining confidentiality of medical information
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Attitude
• Tone of voice and facial expression will
determine how patients respond to you. • Always be polite, friendly, calm, and considerate.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • polite
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• friendly
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• calm
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• considerate
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Appearance • Your personal appearance will also affect the impression you make. • Comply with your facility’s dress code and personal appearance policies.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Safety
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Anatomy is the branch of science concerned with the study of the structure of the body.
Physiology is the branch of science concerned
with the study of the function of the body.
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• The cardiovascular system consists of the Heart, and Blood Vessels. • Its main function is circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs to various organs, and return blood depleted of oxygen to the lungs, where it is re-oxygenated.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Structure of capillary
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How to select site for bleeding
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• Vein should feel like spongy tube.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Blood Components
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• Circulating whole blood is a mixture of: • Plasma (which contains fluid, proteins, and lipids), and • Formed elements, consisting of red cells, white cells, and platelets.
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Whole Blood
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RBC
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WBC
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Platelets
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Blood Clot • When a blood sample is left standing without anticoagulant, it forms a coagulum or blood clot. • The clot contains coagulation proteins, platelets, and entrapped red and white blood cells.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Plasma
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Serum • Serum contains all the same substances as plasma, except for the coagulation proteins, which are left behind in the blood clot.
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Equipments
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• Trays • Blood Collection tubes • Syringes • Needles • Lancets • Tourniquets • Sterilization • Bandaging Material • Gloves • Sharp Disposal Container Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Marking Pen • Washing material • Cool box/ Refrigerator
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Trays
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• Trays should be sanitized daily using appropriate disinfectant
• Kept Organized and well-stocked.
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Blood Collection tubes • glass or plastic tube with a rubber stopper. • It has a vacuum so that blood will flow into the tube. • anticoagulants and/or other chemical additives. • Rubber stoppers of blood collection tubes are color coded. • Each type of stopper indicates a different additive or a different tube type.
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Green tube / Lavender
• EDTA to prevent clotting
• hematology studies. • Should be completely filled • Must be inverted after filling
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela “MCV is not influenced by K3EDTA concentrations up to ten times normal, while K2EDTA, at high concentrations, results in a slight increase in MCV, as measured with three of the instruments2”. In addition, it has also been reported that “the difference in MCV between K2EDTA and K3EDTA was more marked under the condition of lower blood pH4”.
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Red tube • No additives • Blood bank tests, toxicology, serology • Must not be inverted after filing
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Light blue • sodium citrate. • coagulation (clotting) studies. • must be completely filled • must be inverted immediately after filling
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Function of Sodium Citrate
Sodium citrate act as chelating agent to bind the
calcium in the blood. Calcium need * To make a Plt aggregation * To form fibrin.
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ESR tube
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Gel & Clot activator
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What is gel tube ? • Gel tubes are Serum tubes, with presence of clot activator and separator Acrylic gel for automatic separation of clot and serum during centrifugation.
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Gel Advantages • Gel forms Stable barrier between the Separated serum and clot. – Prevents interference of substances released from blood clot into serum ( eg : release of K+ / LDH from Lysed RBC’s). – Gel Serves as excellent tube medium for transportation and storage of Specimen. • Allows use of primary tubes on analyzers. • Allows storage of specimens in primary tubes. • Eliminates time of serum transfer and aliquoting, Hence Improves turnaround time. • Reduces the risk of contamination and exposure of sample to atmosphere during multiple transfers. • Reduces waste and contamination • Reduces labeling error, invited by repeated aliquoting. • Eliminates cost of secondary aliquot assembly - Aliquot tubes, transfer pipette tip , Multiple labels.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Fluoride tube
Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela See expiry date on tube
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Syringes
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Components of syringe
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Types of syringe • Luer lock syringe
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• Slip tip syringe
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• Eccentric tip syringe
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• Catheter tip syringe
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Needles
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Components of needle
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Colour code
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Butterfly Needle
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• Winged infusion set • Difficult venupuncutre including pediatric draws • with a syringe or a holder and vacuum collection tube system. • 21, 23, or 25 gauge • number-one cause of needlesprik injuries, so proper use of their safety devices is critical.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Lancets
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• Lancets are used for difficult venupuncutre, including pediatric draws.
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Tourniquets
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• Vein easier to SEE, FEEL, and PUNCTURE
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Sterilization
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Bandaging Material
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Gloves • Gloves must be worn for all procedures requiring vascular access. • Non-powdered latex gloves are most commonly used;
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Collecting of blood sample
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Greeting • Always greet patient in a professional, friendly manner. • A good initial impression will earn the patients trust, and make it easier and more pleasant to draw a good specimen. • Knock on the patient’s door before entering. • Identify yourself by name and department. • Explain the reason for your presence.
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• The more relaxed and trusting your patient, the greater chance of a successful atraumatic venupuncutre. • Good verbal, listening, and nonverbal skills are very important for patient reassurance
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Identification of patient • Make sure the name, medical record number, and date of birth on your order/requisition match those on the patient’s armband. • Verify the patient’s identity by politely asking them to state their full name. • Properly identifying patients and specimens is probably the single most critical part of your job. • The consequences of misidentifying a specimen can be life threatening. Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Never rely on the patient name on the door or above the bed. Patients are frequently moved from room to room.
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Standard Precautions 01. Hand wash
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Proper method
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Applying gloves Patients are often reassured that proper safety measures are being followed when gloves are put on in their presence.
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Positioning the Patient
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• Comfortable position • Turn the arm so that the wrist and palm face upward, and the antecubital area is accessible • When supporting the patient’s arm, do not hyperextend the elbow. This may make vein palpation difficult.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Applying the tourniquet • Tie the tourniquet just above the elbow.
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• The tourniquet should be tight enough to stop venous blood flow in the superficial arm veins
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • The tourniquet should be applied a maximum of 1 – 2 minutes, approximately 2 to 3 inches above the antecubital fossa
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• After applying the tourniquet, you may ask the patient to make a fist to further distend the arm veins
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• Patients often think they are helping by pumping their fists • This is an acceptable practice when donating blood, but not in sample collection as this can lead to haemoconcentration
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Preferred sites • The median cubital vein • Cephalic vein, or the Basilic vein.
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• Veins on the back of the hand. • Use a much smaller needle for these hand veins.
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• Using the nondominant hand routinely for palpation may be helpful when additional palpation is required immediately before performing the puncture. • Often, a patient has veins that are more prominent in the dominant arm.
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Never draw from these areas • Scarred, abraded, or inflamed skin
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Arms containing IV catheters
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• Oedematous arms
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• Occluded Veins • Shunts
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Cleansing the site • Isopropyl alcohol swab • Outward expanding spiral starting with the actual venupuncutre site. • Allow the alcohol to dry:- 1-disinfect the site 2-prevent a burning sensation
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Hold vein in place
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• Insert needle
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Gently push the tube onto the needle holder so that the catheter inside the needle holder penetrates the tube. • Blood flow should be visible at this point.
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Blood won’t flow If you do not see blood flow, the tip of the needle:
1. May not yet be within the vein.
2. May have already passed through the vein. 3. May have missed the vein entirely. 4. May be pushed up against the inside wall of the vein.
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Incomplete collection or no blood is obtained • Change the position of the needle. Move it forward (it may not be in the lumen)
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• or move it backward (it may have penetrated too far).
• Adjust the angle (the bevel may be against the
vein wall).
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• Loosen the tourniquet. It may be obstructing blood flow. • Try another tube. There may be no vacuum in the one being used. • Re-anchor the vein. Veins sometimes roll away from the point of the needle and puncture site.
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Other Problems • A hematoma forms under the skin adjacent to the puncture site - release the tourniquet immediately and withdraw the needle. Apply firm pressure.
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• The blood is bright red (arterial) rather than venous. Apply firm pressure for more than 5 minutes
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Removing the Needle • Gently release the tourniquet before the last tube of blood is filled • Remove the last tube from the needle • Withdraw the needle in a single quick movement
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• Quickly place clean gauze over the site, and apply pressure. • You may ask the patient to continue applying pressure until bleeding stops.
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• Apply pressure to the puncture site and instruct the patient to keep the arm in a straight position. Have the patient hold pressure for at least 3 minutes.
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• Take this time to invert any tubes that need to have anticoagulant mixed with the blood. • Label specimens.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Re-inspect the puncture site to make sure bleeding has stopped, and apply a bandage.
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Needle disposal • Remove the needle from the holder if appropriate, and properly discard it in an approved sharps disposal container. • Discard all waste and gloves in the appropriate biohazardous waste container. • Wash hands.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Specimen Labeling • Label specimens at the bedside according to your institution’s standard procedures, or apply pre-printed labels. • Proper labelling is the single most critical task you are asked to perform
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Proper labelling generally includes • Patient’s first and last name • Hospital identification number • Date & time • Phlebotomist initials • Your institution may provide bar coded computer generated labels that contain this information.
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Labeling Errors • Labeling errors are the most common cause of incorrect laboratory results. • If detected, the incorrectly labeled specimen will be rejected. • If undetected, it will produce incorrect results which might adversely affect your patient’s care
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Finger stick-Specimen collection
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• A safety Lancet, which controls the depth of incision • Finger-sticks should not be performed on children under one year of age. • If possible, use the fourth (ring) finger or the middle finger. • Many patients prefer that you use fingers on their nondominant hand. • Choose a puncture site near the right or left edge of the finger tip. • Clean the site as you would for routine venupuncutre.
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• Select a safety lancet appropriate for the size of the patient’s finger. • You may warm the finger prior to puncture to increase blood flow. • Make the puncture perpendicular, rather than parallel, to the finger print. • Wipe away the first drop of blood using gauze to remove tissue fluid contamination.
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• Collect blood into an appropriate tube. • Label specimens appropriately. • Make sure bleeding has stopped. Apply an adhesive bandage if necessary. • Discard sharps appropriately.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Heel stick • Veins of small children and infants are too small for venupuncutre; • Butterfly needles may be used to collect venous blood in older children.
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Heel stick neonatal blood collection • These devices are designed to control the depth of incision, since going too deep into an infant’s heel could injure the heel bone, and cause osteomyelitis (bone infection).
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• Firmly grasp the infants foot. • Do not use a tourniquet. • The heel may be warmed with a cloth to help increase blood flow. • Wipe the collection site with an alcohol prep pad, and allow the alcohol to dry. • Wipe the site with sterile cotton or gauze, to be sure all the alcohol has been removed.
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• Puncture the left or right side (outskirt) of the heel, not the bottom of the foot. • Wipe away the first drop of blood since it may contain excess tissue fluid or alcohol which could alter test results.
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• Collect the blood into the appropriate tube. • Do not: Squeeze the infant’s foot too tightly and wipe with alcohol during the collection
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• After collection is completed, apply pressure to the puncture site with a sterile gauze pad until bleeding has stopped. • Do not apply an adhesive bandage to an infant’s foot since it may injure its delicate skin.
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Special situations Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Patients refusing blood work • Fainting • Unsatisfactory Specimens • Haemolysis • Clots • Insufficient volume • Labeling Errors
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Patients refusing blood work • If someone hesitates to let you collect a blood specimen, explain to them that their blood test results are important to their care. • Patients have a right to refuse blood tests • If the patient still refuses, report and document patient refusal
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Fainting • Rarely, patients will faint during venupuncutre. • It is therefore important that patients are properly seated or lying in such a way during venupuncutre so that if they do faint, they won’t hurt themselves. • self-limited
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Signs and symptoms of fainting
• Weakness • Lightheadedness • Nausea • Sweating • Rapid breathing (hyperventilation) • Dimming of vision • Difficulty hearing or ringing in the ears
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what to do
• Gently remove the tourniquet and needle
from the patients arm, apply gauze and pressure to the skin puncture site. • Call for help. • If the patient is seated, place his head between his knees. • A cold compress on the back of the neck may help to revive the patient more quickly. Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela If the patient is seated
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Get him or her to lie down. (If they are in a situation or place where they really can't lie down then sitting down is the next choice.) Help restore blood flow to the brain by raising the person's legs above the level of the head (about 30cm). Once the victim is lying down, elevate his feet about 12 inches above the ground.
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If someone faints: – Check the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), and, if necessary, begin CPR and call emergency medical services. Continue CPR until help arrives or the person responds and begins to breathe. – If the person is breathing but unconscious, then put them in the recovery position. – Loosen constrictive clothing. The person should revive quickly. If the person doesn't regain consciousness within one minute, or if there are any serious injuries as a result of falling from the faint, call for emergency medical assistance. Also call immediately if there are symptoms of stroke (e.g. slurred speech or difficulty moving a limb) after fainting. – Stay with the person while they are recovering. They may feel tired or weak for several hours afterwards.
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Recovery position
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Unsatisfactory Specimens • They can cause misleading laboratory results • Must be rejected by the laboratory. • The patient must then undergo another venupuncutre to get a better specimen. • It costs time & money to redraw the specimen. • The credibility of the laboratory is reduced if too many unsatisfactory specimens are drawn.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Haemolysis • Haemolysis means the breakup of fragile red blood cells within the specimen, and the release of their hemoglobin and other substances, into the plasma. • A haemolyzed specimen can be recognized after it is centrifuged by the red color of the plasma.
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Causes of Haemolysis • Using a too small needle for a relatively bigger vein • Pulling a syringe plunger too rapidly • Expelling blood vigorously into a tube • Shaking a tube of blood too hard.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela • Haemolysis can cause falsely increased potassium, magnesium, iron, and ammonia levels, and other aberrant lab results.
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Clots • Blood clots when the coagulation factors within the plasma are activated. • Blood starts to clot almost immediately after it is drawn unless it is exposed to an anticoagulant. • Clots within the blood specimen, even if not visible to the naked eye, will yield inaccurate results.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Causes of Clots • Inadequate mixing of blood and anticoagulant • Delay in expelling blood within a syringe into a collection tube • Inadequate sample
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Insufficient volume • short draws will result in an incorrect ratio of blood to anticoagulant, and yield incorrect test results. • Short draws can be caused by: • A vein collapsing during phlebotomy. • The needle coming out of the vein before the collection tube is full. • Loss of collection tube vacuum before the tube is full.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Labeling Errors • Labeling errors are the most common cause of incorrect laboratory results. • If detected, the incorrectly labeled specimen will be rejected. • If undetected, it will produce incorrect results which might adversely affect your patient’s care.
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Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Neerogya Health Care Pvt Ltd Dr Asela Causes • Failure to follow proper patient identification procedure. • Failure to label the specimen completely and immediately after collection.
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