AEROSPACE STRUCTURAL METALS HANDBOOK
FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS
AUTHOR: J.R. KATTUS
GENERAL
Type 422 is a hardftnable (martensitic) 13 percent chro¬
mium stainiess steel which is a modification of Type 420.
The modification consists of additions of nickel, moly¬
bdenum, tungsten, and vanadium which improve eleva¬
ted-temperature strength and resistance to stress corro¬
sion and minimize anisotropic behavior. A wide range
of mechanical properties, up to about 260 KSI Ftu can be
obtained by quench-and-temper heat treatments, how¬
ever, the highest strength condition possesses relatively
poor toughness and corrosion resistance. Good creep - 1300 to WOOF, 4 hours, air cool. This treatment,
rupture properties up to about 900F and resistance to
stress -corrosion cracking in the heat-treated condition
make this grade suitable for applications in jet engines.
Other uses include buckets for steam and gas turbines,
discs, bolts, wheels, and blades, as well as structural
components of aircraft and missiles. This alloy is also
used for a number of valve applications. Because of its
chromium content, it does not need to be protected
against corrosion throughout its application temperature
range. If welding is required, both pre -he at and post-
heat are recommended.
1.01 Commercial Designation
Type 422 stainless steel
1.02 Alternate Designations
AJSI 616
Carpenter 636 alloy
Unitemp 1420 WM (Universal Cyclop Specialty Steel)
Crucible 422
1.03 Specifications
Table 1.03.
Composition
Table 1.04.
1.05 Heat Treatment
1.051 Sub -critical anneal: Heat to 1350 to 1450F, 4 hours at
temperature , furnace or air cooi . This treatment
softens the material to about 240 Brinell which is suit¬
able for machining and light forming (3)(4).
1.052 Full anneal: Heat to 16 OOF, hold 1-1/2 hours per inch
of cross section, cool to 13 OOF no faster than 25F per
hour, hold 6 hours, cool 5 OF per hour in the furnace to
1000F. Heavy sections of 12 inches and more should be
cooled at 50F per hour to 150F to prevent cracking.
This treatment results in a hardness of about 210 Brin¬
ell, which provides optimum formability for this alloy.
Full annealing is infrequently used because extremely
slow cooling rates are required to prevent a martens itic
transformation during cooling (3)(5).
1.053 Hardening: Austen itize above IT 5 OF for 15 minutes min¬
imum; 1900 to 1925 is preferred; oil - or air -quench to
room temperature. Austenitizing should be done in inert
or endothermic atmospheres. If controlled atmosphere
is not available, time at temperature should not be un¬
necessarily prolonged since decarburization tends to
occur. The alloy is air hardening in sections up to at
least 4 inches. Large sections should generally be oil
quenched. Limited experimental evidence indicates that
air quenching results in better toughness for a given
hardness. Some heat treaters have followed the quench
with a cryogenic treatment (-32 OF) but direct experimen¬
tal evidence shows no beneficial effect (2)(4)(5)(9)(13).
Tempering: 500 to 600F or 1050 to 1300F, 1hour mini¬
mum. The secondary hardening range of about 700 to
1050F should generally not be used because it results in
a marked deterioration in fracture toughness. Temper¬
ing in the range 500 to 600F provides the best combina¬
tion of strength and toughness. The higher tempexing-
temperature range provides appreciably lower strength
but is required for applications above 6 OOF to avoid em-'
brittlement during service. A double temper is desir¬
able for heavy sections and whenever extreme dimen¬
sional stability is required (3)(4)(5)(9).
1.055 Martempering: Auetenitize at 1900tto 1925F, quench in
salt bath to 5 OOF, hold until the parts are heated uni¬
formly to this temperature, air cool to room tempera¬
ture. Temper in accordance with Section 1. 04. This
treatment can be used In exceptional cases , such as
Fe
heavy forgings, where the differential in stress levels 0.23 C
developed upon rapid cooling through the martensitic -
transformation range can cause cracking. In addition, 12 Cr
there is evidence that marquenching results in some
improvement in toughness as compared with oil quench¬ 1 Mo
ing (3){9). (See Figure 3.02712).
1.056 Stress relief: Hold at 1200 to 1300F, 8 hours, or at 1 W
which is quite similar to a sub-critical anneal is recom¬ 0.8 NI
mended after welding and after severe cold forming (3)
(4)- 0.25 V
1. 06 Hardness
l.061 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of sheet,
TYPE 422
Figure 1.061.
.
1 062 Effect of tempering temperature and time on hardness
of bar. Figure 1.062.
1. 063 Effect of tempering temperature and aosforming in the
range 1150 to 9 OOF on hardness of vacuum-melted sheet,
Figure 1.063.
1.064 Effect of temperature on hardness of bar after two diff¬
erent tempering treatments, Figure 1.064.
1. 07 Forms and Conditions Available
Table 1.07.
1. 08 Melting and Casting Practice
1.081 The alloy is generally air melted in electric arc fur¬
naces . For some applications requiring exceptional
quality, it is vacuum remelted by consumable electrode
or induction techniques <1)(5) .
1.082 Ingots are normally cast in air, but vacuum pouring is
sometimes employed after vacuum melting (1)(5).
1.083 Since Type 422 is sensitive to cracking in ingot form,
ingots are generally stripped hot and slowly cooled in an
insulating material or moved hot to a reheating furnace
for further processing (1).
1. 09 Special Considerations
1. 091 Segregation can be a serious problem with large ingots
in which segregates of non-metallics, massive carbides,
and delta ferrite -carbide aggregates tend to form. Such
segregates cause difficulties in hot working and also de¬
crease mechanical properties, particularly ductility
and toughness. A method of prevention is to balance the
composition to prevent delta ferrite, which is residual
ferrite retained in the microstructure when the metal is
cooled from the austenitic range, as distinguished from
ferrite formed at lower temperatures. It has been sug¬
gested that a balanced composition is one in which the
"chromium equivalent" does not exceed 10 as calculated
by the following formula: percent Cr + 6 (percent Si) +
4 (percent Mo) +11 (percent V) - 40 (percent C) -2 (per¬
-
cent Mn) -4 (percent Ni) 30 (percent N) (1)(23).
1.092 Vacuum melting provides better toughness and, in some
instances, better creep strength than air melting, pro¬
bably because of lower hydrogen and oxygen contents
and fewer inclusions. The superior quality of vacuum
melting is particularly desirable in producing large sec¬
tions and parts for highly critical service, especially
where transverse ductility is important.
.
1 093 The ultimate and yield strengths , notched strength (see
Table 3.02714) and resistance to stress -corrosion
cracking (see Table 2.0312) of Type 422 can be signi¬
ficantly improved by ausforming in the temperature
range 1150 to 9 OOF. (See Appendix B for definition.)
2, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2. 01 Thermal Properties
2.011 Melting range. 2675 - 2700F (2)(3).
2 .012 Phase changes .
2.0121 Time-temperature -transformation diagram, Figure
2.0121.
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FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED? SEPTEMBER 1973

2,0122 Upon heating under equilibrium conditions, the trans¬ of 0.025 inch sheet at room temperature, Figure
Fe formation from ferrite or martens ite to austenite starts 3.0213.
at about 1500F (AC1) and is complete at about 1625F 3. 0214 Effect of tempering temperature on tensile properties
0.23 C (ACS) (4X14). of bar at room temperature, Figure 3.0214.
Upon oil quenching or air cooling the transformation 3.0215 Tensile properties of specimens machined from forged
12 Cr from austenite to martensite starts at about 475F (MS) jet engine parts, Table 30215.
and is complete at about 275F (Mf) (4)<9)(14). 3.0216 Effect of ausforming in the temperature range 1150 to
1 Mo 2.0124 After oil quenching or air cooling from the austenitic 900F on tensile properties, Figure 3.0216.
condition, about 1to 3 percent austenite tends to remain 3.0217 Tensile properties of fully annealed sheet, Table
1 W in the martensitic matrix. This austenite is not appre¬ 3.0217.
ciably reduced by refrigeration down to -320F; it can be 3.022 Compression.
0.8 Ni decomposed by tempering above 1000F. Generally, the 3.0221 Stress -strain diagrams (see Figure 3.03211).
0.25 V 2.0125 retained austenite has little effect upon properties (9).
During tempering in the range 400 to 800 , carbides of
3.0222
3.023
Compressive yield strength (see Figure 3.0322).
Impact.
the form M3C precipitate in a highly dispersed form 3. 0231 Effect of tempering temperature and time on impact
TYPE 422 from the martens ite. At higher tempering tempera¬
tures, resolution of the M3C and simultaneous precipi¬ 3.024
properties at room temperature. Figure 3. 0231.
Bending.
tation of M23Cg alloy carbides occur (9). 3.025 Torsion and shear.
2.013 Thermal conductivity, Figure 2.013. 3.0251 Shear strength (see Figure 3.0351).
2.014 Thermal expansion, Figure 2.014. 3.026 Bearing.
2.015 Specific heat. 0. 11 Btu per jib F) (2). 3. 0261 Bearing ultimate and yield strengths (see Figure
2.016 Thermal dlffusivlty. 0. 27 ft' per hour (2). 3.0361).
3.027 Stress cone entrat ion .
2.02 Other Physical Properties 3.0271 Notch properties.
2. 021 Density. 0. 281 lb per inÿj 7. 78 gr per cm3 <2)(3)(4)(5). 3.02711 Crack strength (net fracture stress at cracked section)
2.022 Electrical properties. compared with ultimate and yield strengths after tem¬
2.0221 Electrical properties at 70F and 147 OF with variations pering at various temperatures, Figure 3.02711.
in tempering temperature, Table 2.0221. 3. 02712 Effect of tempering temperature on crack strength
2.023 Magnetic properties. Alloy is ferromagnetic. (net fracture stress at cracked section) after various
2.0231 Magnetic permeability at room temperature, Table cooling methods from austenitizing temperature,
2.0231. Figure 3.02712.
2.024 Emittance. 3.02713 Effect of ausforming in the temperature range 1150 to
2.025 Damping capacity. 900F on notched tensile strength. Figure 3.02713.
2.0251 Damping capacity determined in torsional vibration 3.02714 Effect of ausforming in the temperature range 1150 to
damping tests, Table 2.0251. 9Q0F on the crack strength (net fracture stress at
cracked section) of vacuum-melted sheet, Tabic
2.03 Chemical Properties 3.02714.
2.031 Type 422 has good resistance to both general and stress .
3 0272 Fracture toughness.
corrosion when hardened and tempered in the ranges 3.028 Combined properties.
500 to 600F and above 1050F. Tempering in the secon¬
dary-hardening range - 700 to 1050F - and annealing 3.03 Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures
markedly reduce resistance to both general corrosion 3.031 Tension.
and stress corrosion. Ausforming appreciably im¬ 3.0311 Stress -strain diagrams.
proves stress-corrosion resistance of material tem¬ 3. 03111 Tensile stress -strain curves for sheet at room and
pered in the secondary hardening range (5)(9)<14). elevated temperatures, Figure 3.03111.
2.0311 Effect of tempering temperature on susceptibility to .
3 0312 Effect of temperature on tensile properties of bar and
stress corrosion and general corrosion, Table 2.0311. forgings with various tempering temperatures. Figure
2.0312 Effect of ausforming on resistance of vacuum melted 3.0312.
sheet to stress corrosion in sodium chloride and to 3. 0313 Effect of temperature on tensile properties of sheet of
cathodic hydrogen cracking, Table 2.0312. different thicknesses and with various tempering treat¬
2.032 Scaling resistance in air is good up to 1300F. At room ments, Figure 3. 0313.
temperature, Type 422 is resistant to atmospheric 3. 0314 Effect of exposure time at test temperature on the ten¬
corrosion although surface discoloration may occur. sile properties of sheet, Figure 3.0314.
It also resists steam and humidity above room temper¬ 3. 0315 Effect of ausforming on tensile properties of vacuum -
ature wheu the surface is clean, but shallow rust spots melted sheet at room temperature and at J00QF, Table
can occur under these conditions if the surface has not 3.0315.
been adequately descaled and cleaned after high tem¬ 3.032 Compression.
perature processing (3)(4)(5). 3.0321 Stress strain diagrams.
2.033 It resists weak organic acids and oxidizing acids such 3.03211 Compressive stress-strain curves for sheet at room
as nitric acid, but it does not have the superior resis¬ and elevated temperatures, Figure 3,03211.
tance to pitting by dilute reducing acids characteristic 3.0322 Effect of temperature on compressive yield strength
of austenitic stainless steels (3)(4)(5). after two different exposure times at test temperature,
Figure 3.0322.
2.04 Nuclear Properties 3.033 Impact.
3.0331 Effect of temperature on impact properties, Figure
3.0331.
3. 0332 Effect of exposures at 1000F on impact properties at
3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES various temperatures after two different tempering
treatments. Figure 3. 0332.
3.01 Specified Mechanical Properties 3.034 Beading.
Table 3.01. 3.035 Torsion and shear,
3. 0351 Effect of temperature on shear strength after two
3.02 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature different exposure times at test temperature, Figure
3.021 Tension. 3.0351.
3.0211 Stress -strain diagrams (see Figure 3.03111). 3.036 Bearing.
3.0212 Effect of tempering temperature on tensile properties 3. 0361 Effect of temperature on bearing properties after two
of 0. 120 inch sheet at room temperature, Figure different exposure times at test temperature, Figure
3.0212. 3.0361.
3.0213 Effect of tempering temperature on tensile properties 3.037 Stress concentration.

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REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

.
3 037 1 Notch properties . 4.02 Machining and Grinding
3.03711 Crack strength {net fracture stress at cracked section) 4. 021 Type 422 has good mac binability in the fully annealed
compared with tensile ultimate and yield strengths at and sub-critical annealed conditions, its machinability
Fe
various temperatures, Figure 3.03711. rating being 55 percent in comparison with 100 percent 0.23 C
3.0372 Fracture toughness. for B1112 resulfurized steel. Generally its machin¬
.
3 03 8 Combined properties . ability is somewhat better than the austenitic stainless 12 Cr
steels. It can be machined with more difficulty in the
3. 04 Creep and Creep Rupture Properties hardened and tempered condition (3). 1 Mo
3.041 Creep and rupture curves for sheet at $00, 800, and
900F, Figure 3.041. 4.03 Welding 1 W
3. 042 Creep rupture curves for sheet at 800 to 1200F, 4. 031 Type 422 can be arc welded manually with coated low-
Figure 3.042. hydrogen electrodes or automatically by metal-inert - 0.8 Nl
3.043 Creep and rupture curves for forgings at 1000, 1100, gas or tungsten -inert -gas methods. Filler metal of
.
and 12OOF, Figure 3 043. the same composition can be used, or for greater
0.25 V
3.044 Creep and rupture curves for bar at 1000, 1100, and weld ductility austenitic stainless steel filler metal,
1200F, Figure 3.044. such as Type 310 or 304, can be used. To avoid the
3. 045 Minimum creep rate for bar at various stresses at danger of weld cracking caused by the high harden - TYPE 422
1000 and HOOF, Figure 3.04S. ability of Type 422, preheating to 400F and post -weld
3 . 046 Creep -rupture curves for smooth and notched speci¬ stress relief (sec Section 1.056) are recommended (2)
mens at 1000, 1100, and 1200F, Figure 3.046. (3)(4).
3.047 Isochronous stress-strain curves at 800, 1000, and 4.032 Type 422 sheet can be successfully spot welded pro¬
1200F for various tempers. Figure 3.047. vided post -weld tempering or stress relief is carried
out to avoid brialeness (21).
3.05 Fatigue Properties
3.051 Reverse-bend fatigue properties at room and elevated 4,04 Surface Treatment
temperatures for bar tempered at 980, 1150, and 4.041 Because of its good resistance to oxidation and corro¬
1200F, Figure 3.051. sion, protective surface treatments and coatings are
3.052 Stress-range diagram for bar at 900 and llOOF, not normally needed. There is some evidence that
Figure 3.052. anodic coatings, such as zinc dust dibutyl titanatc,
sprayed aluminum, and nickel-cadmium electroplate.
3.06 Elastic Properties are effective in appreciably inhibiting stress -co rrosIoD
3.061 Poisson's ratio. cracking (3) (20).
3.0611 Effect of temperature on Poisson's ratio, Figure 4,042 Preferred methods for removal of hot -work and heat-
3.0611. treat scales are either mechanical methods such as
3.062 Modulus of elasticity. sand or vapor blasting, or scale conditioning in a mol¬
3. 0621 Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in ten¬ ten caustic bath followed by light acid pickling. After
sion and compression, Figure 3.0621. acid pickling of hardened and tempered parts, it is
3.0622 Tangent modulus curves in compression for sheet at advisable to bake the parts at about 400F as a precau¬
room and elevated temperatures, Figure 3.0622. tion against hydrogen embrittlement (3).
.
3 063 Modulus of rigidity.
3.0631 Effect of temperature on modulus of rigidity, Figure
3.0631.

FABRICATION

4. 01 Formability Alloy 422

4.011 Hot working. The hot working range is from a maxi¬ Source (4)(13)(14)
mum of 215 OF to a minimum of 1600F. For large and Specification Forms
nonuniform parts, a preheat in the range 1200 to 1400F AMS 5655 .
Bars forgings , forging stock
reduces thermal stress and facilitates temperature MIL-S-S61A Bars, billets
uniformity in heating to the hot-working temperature. ASTM A565 (Grade 616) Bars, forgings, forging stock
The susceptibility of large sections (over 4 inch dia¬
meter) or intricately designed sections to crack due to TABLE 1.03 SPECIFICATIONS
thermal stresses is avoided by annealing immediately
after hot working and before cooling to room tempera¬
ture or by retarding the cooling rate, which may be
accomplished by charging the hot-worked material
directly into a furnace at about 1300F, holding the
work until equalized, and then air cooling. Slow cool¬
ing also may be accomplished by burying the material
in Sil-O-Cel or some other insulating material. In Alloy 422
order to avoid cracking, surface imperfections should Source AMS 5655 (13) Carpenter (4) ASTM A565 (15)
be removed before hardening and tempering. Small Percent Percent Percent
components, such as compressor blading, usually can rain. max. ratn. max. min. max.
be directly air cooled after hot work (3). Carbon 0. 20 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.25
4.012 Cold working. Fully annealed Type 422 can be mod¬ Manganese - 1.00 - 1.00 0.50 1.00
erately cold formed, in which condition free bends of Silicon 0.20 0.60 - 1.00 -- 0.50
two to three times the sheet thickness can be made. Phosphorus - 0.040 - 0.04 0.025
In the sub-critical-annealed condition it can be lightly Sulfur
Chromium
-
11.50
0.030
13.50
-
12.00
0.03
11.00
- 0.025
12.50
cold formed. Although its annealed hardness is higher 14.00
its general forming behavior is similar to Types 403 Nickel 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00
and 410. It is not as ductile nor does it work harden Molybdenum 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.90 1.25
v
as much as the 18-8 austenitic stainless steels. De¬ Tungsten 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.90 1.25
pending on the degree and nature of deformation, in- Vanadium 0.17 0.27 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.30
process annealing may or may not be required, Iron Balance Balance Balance
Annealing or stress relieving is recommended after
severe cold forming operations (3) . TABLE 1.04 COMPOSITION

CODE 1403
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FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

Fe
60
422
0.120 IN SHEET
v
422
—-----
\ I 1 1 1

SHEET
0.23 C 55
•—«
1900 F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH, -320F
1/4 HR TEMPER 2 HR _ • 1900F 1/2 HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 2 HR
A 1900F 1/2 HR, AIR COOL TO 1150-1000F,
12 Cr AUSFORMED BY ROLLING TO 85-90 PERCENT
\ REDUCTION, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 2 HR
1 Mo 50
<
1 W
0.8 Nl
0.25 V

TYPE 422 2
1
35 [

30
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE -F
FIG. 1.061 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON
HARDNESS OF SHEET. (8)

900 1000
TEMPERING TEMP -

FIG. 1.063 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE AND

AUSFORMING IN THE RANGE 1150 TO 900 F ON
HARDNESS OF VACUUM-MELTED SHEET. (14)

60 1
Bj
19OOF 1 H R, OIL Q JENCH + TEMPEI
50
2 HR 1
1900 F1 HR, OIL 1
QUENCH + TEMPER .ÿTEIkIPERED AT 980 F
AS SHOWN
40 L 1
1 HR TEMPER

W
Z
C
< 20 MPERED AT 1150
=(Rb 9S)

4 HR
10
<RB 90)
0
200 400 600 S00 1000
600 700 S00 900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 <RB 82) TEST TEMPERATURE - F
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE - F
FIG. 1.064 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HARDNESS OF
FIG. 1.062 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE AND TIME BAR AFTER TWO DIFFERENT TEMPERING
ON HARDNESS OF BAR. (3)(4)(5) TREATMENTS. (1)

CODE 1403
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REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

Alloy 422 422

Source <4)<5) ÿ
Form Condition r
0.23 C
Forging-quality
bars and billets
Bars
Annealed

Hot rolled and cold finished

u6
0,
•
MEAN :oeffic ;ent of THERMSIL EXPANSION
Extruded shapes Annealed FROM OPTO T emperaTURE IND1CATED
Tubular products Annealed 250 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Wire
Strip
-
Cold rolled
TEMPERATURE -F

Forgings Annealed or hardened FIG. 2.014 THERMAL EXPANSION. <2)(4)

Castings Annealed or hardened
0.25 V
TABLE 1.07 FORMS AND CONDITIONS AVAILABLE

TYPE 422

Alloy 422
2000 Condition Quenched and tempered
.AUSTENTITIZING Source (1X2)
1800 TEMPERATURE Tempering Electrical Conductivity Electrical
Temperature Temperature percent roegrahos Resistivity
F F 1ACS per in3 microhm in.
1600 70 700 2.79 0. 0410 24.4
Acl 800 2.83 0. 0416 24.0

c
1400 / CARBIDE 900 2.86 0.0420 23.8
fc.
ÿPRECIPITATION 1470 700-900 1.57-1.43 0. 0231-0. 0211 43.4-47.4

Cj 1200
TABLE 2.0221 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AT 70F AND 1470F WITH
5 PEARLITE
VARIATIONS IN TEMPERING TEMPERATURE
£1000 REACTION

I 800

400 Mf
_
"

_J
200 j—

2 5 10 20 40 2 5 10 20 40 2 5 10 20
SECONDS MINUTES HOURS Alloy 422
TIME Condition Quenched and tempered
Source (2)
FIG. 2.0121 TIME-TEMPERATURE-TRANS FORMATION- Tempering Temp. At 100
DIAGRAM. (14) F Oersteds Maximum
700 85 85
600 75 92
900 93 100

TABLE 2.0231 MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

17
422

ÿ16
fc
-15
C£
Cs3
SL
422
few Alloy
Condition 1900F 1hour, oil quench, 12OOF 2 hour
Source (in
Specific damping, percent pei cycle at
10 ksl 20 ksl 30 ksi
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1.4 1.4 1.2
TEMPERATURE -F
TABLE 2.0251 DAMPING CAPACITY DETERMINED IN
FIG. 2.013 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. (2) TORSIONAL VIBRATION DAMPING TESTS

CODE 1403
PAGE
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FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

Alloy 422 280

422
Fe Condition 1900F 1 hr. Toil quench, -320F 1/4 hr. + tempered 2 hr.
0.120 IN SHEET
Form 0. 120 inch sheet
0.23 C Source (9) 260 1900F 1 HRf OIL QUENCH
-320F, 1/4 HR + TEMPER 2 BR
Tempering Stress Corrosion, (a) General Corrosion (b)
12 Cr Temperature days to failure in 2 days
F 240
1 Mo 550 No failure None
TU
No failure
1 W 700
900 -
None
Slight
0.8 Ni 950
1000 2.2 - 4.4
2.2
Heavy
-
0.25 V 1050 2.7 -4.3 - 200
1100 21 -32 Slight
1200 No failure Slight
TYPE 422 (a) Exposed 60 days to 4-5 percent salt spray under 100 ksi stress. 180
(b) Exposed to 10 percent nitric acid at 125F.
TY
TABLE 2.0311 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON
160
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS CORROSION AND
GENERAL CORROSION
140

A T

120
10

Alloy 422 e (2 IN)

Form Sheet
5
Condition 1900F 1 hour (a), Temper 9 8 OF
Source (14)
Stress , Failirig Time 0
Ausforming ksi NaCl solution (b) Cathodic R? (c) 0 200I 400 600 S00 1000 1200
None 150 2 days
14 days
6 min.
6 min,
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE F -
85 percent 150 >36 days 16 min, FIG. 3.0212 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE
>36 days 16 min. -
PROPERTIES OF 0.120 IN SHEET AT ROOM TEMP¬
90 percent 150 > 36 days 16 min. ERATURE (8)
36>days 18 min.
(a) Material that was not ausformed was oil quenched. Aus-
formed material was air cooled to 1150-1000F, ausformed
by rolling to S5 or 90 percent reduction, and then oil
quenched.
(b) Specimens held at 10 OF at relative humidity of 98 percent.
5 percent sodium chloride solution was applied twice a day.
Failure criterion was cracks visible at 40X.
(c) Cathodic hydrogen cracking tests at a current density of
of 0.6 amp/in-in 0. 1 N sulfuric acid containing 3 mg arsenic
per liter. Failure criterion was cracks visible at 10X.

TABLE 2.0312 EFFECT OF AUSFORMING ON RESISTANCE OF

VACUUM -MELTED SHEET TO STRESS CORRO¬
SION IN SODIUM CHLORIDE AND TO CATHODIC
HYDROGEN CRACKING

Alloy 422
Form Bars and Forcings
Source AMS 5655 (13) ASTM A565 (15)
Full Sub-crit
Condition Hardened (a) Hardened (b) Anneal Anneal
Ftu» ksi, (min.) 140 140 - -
Fÿ., ksi, (min.) 115 110 - -
e (2 in.), percent, (min.)
RA, percent, (min.)
13
25
13
30
- -
BHN 293-341 302-352 247 max. 285 max.
IE, Izod V, ft. lb., (min.) 8 - - -
IE, Charpy V, ft. lb., (min.) - 8 - -
(a) 1925 F 1hour, oil or air quench + HOOF 4 hours + 1000 F 4 hours.
(b) 1900F, oil or air quench + 1150 F min, 2 hours min.

TABLE 3.01 SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

CODE 1403
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 FeM
REVISEO: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

422 I 1 1

0.025 IN SHEET 422

1900 F 1/4 HR, AIR QUENCH + TEMPER 1HR 4 IN DIA BAR
1900 F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH, 0.23 C
TEMPER 4 HR AS SHOWN

220 -
0.8 Ni
0.25 V

X
TYPE 422
fe 200

e(2 IN)

G (2 IN)
i
500 600 700 800 900 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
tempering temperature - f TEMPERING TEMPERATURE F -
FIG. 3.0213 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE FIG. 3.0214 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE
PROPERTIES OF 0.025 IN SHEET AT ROOM TEMPER¬ PROPERTIES OF BAR AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
ATURE. (1) (5)

Alloy 422
Condition 19Q0F 1/2 hour, air quench + 1150F 2 hours
Source (12)
Ftu RA
Part

First stage fan vane

ksi
153.6
2r
134.8
e(2 in.)
percent percent
23.8 46.8
Third stage compressor vane 155.9 129.0 26.2 51.4
Fifth stage compressor vane 153.3 125.7 23.8 48.6
Sixth stage compressor vane 154.5 123.2 22.6 46.4

TABLE 3.0215 TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SPECIMENS

MACHINED FROM FORGED JET ENGINE PARTS

CODE 1403
PAGE 7
FeM
FERROUS ALLOYS revised: September 1973

Alloy 422
Form Sheet
Condition Fully annealed
0.23 C Source CO
Fty Ftu e (2 in.)
12 Cr Thickness, in. Orientation kai ksi percent
0.165 L 73.7 96.8 26.0
1 Mo T 74.5 98. S 23.0
L 95.0 25.5
1 W 0.031
T
64.5
66.3 96.5 24.0
0.8 Ni 0.025 L 69.5 100.5 23.5
T 69.2 101.0 23.0
0.25 V
TABLE 3. 0217 TENSILE PROPERTIES OF FULLY ANNEALED
SHEET
TYPE 422 422 ' ' '
SHEET
320
"1900F 1/2 HR, AIR COOLED TO 1150-1000F,
AUSFORMED BY ROLLING, OIL QUENCHED
+ TEMPERED 980F 1 HR I I
300

Ftu
280

, 260

f-240

220

ÿ• L
T

TY
180

160

e(2 IN)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
REDUCTION IN THICKNESS BY AUST ROLLING - PERCENT

FIG. 3.021$ EFFECT OF AUSFORMING IN THE TEMPERATURE

range nso to 900 f on tensile properties. 422 |
(14) BAR
'
1900F 1HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER AS SHOWN

4 HR TEMPER

IE CHARPY V

0
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE f -
FIG. 3.0231 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE AND TIME
ON IMPACT PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE,
(3)(5)

CODE 1403
PAGE 8
 FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

422 ; I | |
260 SHEET Fe
1900 F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH, -320 F 1/4 HR + TEMPER
2 HR
0.23 C
12 Cr
1 Mo
1 W
0.8 Ni
0.25 V

TYPE 422
3/4 DIA
NET FRACTURE
STRESS

0. 120

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

TEMPERING TEMPERATURE F -
FIG. 3.02711 CRACK STRENGTH (NET FRACTURE STRESS AT CRACKED SECTION) COMPARED
WITH ULTIMATE AND YIELD STRENGTHS AFTER TEMPERING AT VARIOUS
TEMPERATURES. (9)

422
SHEET
•
1900 F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 2 HR
1900F 1HR, SALT QUENCH TO 500 F, HOLD
10 MIN + TEMPER 2 HR
1900 F 1HR. AIR COOL +ÿ TEMPER 2 HR SHEET
1900 F 1/2 HR, AIR COOLED TO 1150-1000F,
AUSFORMED BY ROLLING, OIL QUENCHED
- + TEMPERED 980 F 1 HR

FRACTURE
STRESS _
VA DIA

r GROUND TO

0.120
PROVIDE Kt,r6.3
—i 0.500 k-
THICKNESS 0.044
LONGITUDINAL SPECIMENS TO. 0.25 IN
500 600 700 800 900
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE - F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SO
REDUCTION IN THICKNESS BY AUSTROLLING - PERCENT
FIG. 3. 02712 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON CRACK
STRENGTH (NET FRACTURE STRESS AT CRACKED FIG. 3.02713 EFFECT OF AUSFORMING IN THE TEMPERATURE
SECTION) AFTER VARIOUS COOLING METHODS FROM RANGE 1150 TO 900 F ON NOTCHED TENSILE STRENGTH.
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE. (9) (14)

CODE 1403
PAGE 9
FeM
FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

Alloy 422
Fe Form Sheet
Condition 1900F 1 hour (a). Temper 980F 1 hour
0.23 C Source (14)

12 Cr Net Fracture Strength (b) Fty Ratio, NFS

Aus forming ksi k81 to Ftv
None 122 168 0.73
1 Mo 85 percent 212 246 0.86
1 W 90 percent 164 238
(a) Material that was not ausforroed was oil quenched. Aus-
0.68
422
BAR, FORGINGS
0.8 Nl formed material was air cooled to 1150-10OOF, aus formed
1900 TO 1925 F, 1 TO 2 HR
by rolling to 85 or 90 percent reduction, and then oil
0.25 V quenched. TEMPER 2 HR
(b) See Figure 3. 02711 for specimen configuration.

TYPE 422 TABLE 3.02714 EFFECT OF AUSFORMING IN THE TEMPERA¬

TURE RANGE 1150 TO 900 ON THE CRACK
STRENGTH (NET FRACTURE STRESS AT
CRACKED SECTION) OF VACUUM -MELTED
SHEET.

120 t,

BAR

•
ÿ
OQ + 800F
OQ + 1200 F
O OQ + 800 F
A OQ + 120OF
FORGINGS
OQ + 1200 F, 2x2 HR (17)

1 1 1
422
0.062 IN SHEET
1900 F 15 MIN, OQ + 1000F 2 HR

EX PC SURE
1/2 TO 1000 HR zÿRT

120 ÿL.400F
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMP- F

S3 60 /A ÿ"ÿ-1/2 100OF
FIG. 3.0312 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE PROPERTIES

AA
w TO 100 HR OF BAR AND FORGINGS with various tempering
K TEMPERATURES. (16)(17)(24)
1000 HR

40 A
/ 0.002 0.004
-
0.006
STRAIN IN PER IN
L

FIG. 3.03111 TENSILE STRESS- STRAIN CURVES

FOR SHEET AT ROOM AND
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.
(10)

CODE 1403
PAGE 10
 FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

•--
422 SHEET

--
240 h 1900F 1/4 HR, OIL QUENCH
I
* TEMPER AS
SHOWN

\
160

140
400 F TEST

600F
TEMPERATURE

TU
422 '
0.062 IN SHEET
1900 F 1/4 HRt OIL QUENCH
f TEMPER 1000 F 2 HR

12
1
1
Fe
0.23 C
Cr
Mo
W
0.8 Ni
0.25 V

TYPE 422

300F

1000F

SO
e (2 IN)
•0.064 IN SHEET TEMPERED
825F 4 HR O 10
1000F
800 F
k0. 062 IN SHEET TEMPERED 1000F 2 HR
80
F?
ÿ

10.188 IN SHEET TEMPERED 1000 F 2 HR ÿ600F|

0.5 1 10 100 1000
e (2 IN) EXPOSURE TIME AT TEST TEMP - HR
FIG. 3.0314 EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TIME AT TEST TEMPERATURE
ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET (10)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TEMPERATURE - F

FIG. 3.0313 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE PROP¬

ERTIES OF SHEET OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES
AND WITH DIFFERENT TEMPERING TREATMENTS
(6)(10)

Alloy 422
Form Sheet
Condition 1900F 1hour Temper 980F 1 hour
Source (14)
Test Temp. Specimen Ftu e (2 in.)
Ausforming F Orientation ksi ksi percent
None U L 168 222 12.0
T 168 216 11.0
85 percent 75 L 246 268 9.0
T 276 310 7.0
90 percent 75 L 279 238 6.5
T 308 280 6.0
None 1000 L 168 122 8.0
85 percent 1000 L 145 192 6.0
90 percent 1000 L 130 176 9.0
* Material that was not aus ormed was oil quenched. Ausforrned
material was air cooled tio 1150-1000F, ausforrned by rolling
to 65 or 90 percent reduc ion, and then oil quenched.

TABLE 3.0315 EFFECT OF AUSFORMING ON TENSILE PROPER¬

TIES OF VACUUM -MELTED SHEET AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE AND AT 1000F

CODE 1403
PAGE 11
FeM
FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

Fe 422
422

0.23 C 0.062 IN SHEET

1900F 15 MIN, OQ + 1000F, 2
_ BAR F 1
1900 HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER
2 HR AS SHOWN
12 Cr -400 F
1 Mo EXPOSURE .600 F
'S00F
•1/2 TO 1000
1 W
1000 F
0.8 Nl
0.25 V TO 100 HR 1400 F TEMPER IE CHARPY V
HR

TYPE 422
L
COMPRESSION

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

STRAIN - IN PER IN 1200F TEMPER

FIG. 3.03211 COMPRESSIVE STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR

SHEET AT ROOM AND ELEVATED TEMPER¬
ATURES. <10)

-100 0 50 100
TEMPERATURE - F

FIG. 3.0331 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON IMPACT

PROPERTIES. (3)

422 ' |
BAR
1900 F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER
1400 F 2 HR
212 F TEST TEMPERATURE

160 150F'
422
0.062 IN SHEET
1900F 1/4 HR, OIL QUENCH

£ 120 105 F- IE CHARPY V

TEMPER 1200 F 2 HR
LONGITUDINAL SPECIMENS
150 F

• 1/2 HR EXPOSURE AT TEST TEMP

A 1000 HR EXPOSURE AT TEST TEMP

200 400 600 300 1000 10 100 1000

TEMPERATURE - F EXPOSURE TIME AT 1000 F - HRS
FIG. 3.0322 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON COMPRESSIVE FIG. 3.0332 EFFECT OF EXPOSURES AT 1000 F ON IMPACT
YIELD STRENGTH AFTER TWO DIFFERENT PROPERTIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
EXPOSURE TIMES AT TEST TEMPERATURE. AFTER TWO DIFFERENT TEMPERING TREATMENTS.
(10) (3)

CODE 1403
PAGE 12
 FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

---,-- i
422 | | |
422
SHEET
120
0.188 IN SHEET
1900 F 15 MIN, OQ
_ 1900F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH, -320F
0.23 C
* 1000 F, 2 HR- 260
1/4 HR + 900 F 2 HR

• 1/2 TO 100 HR
O 1000 HR
• EXPOSURE
0.25 V
400 600 800
TEMP- F
3/4 DIA
TYPE 422
FIG. 3.03S1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SHEAR
STRENGTH AFTER TWO DIFFERENT
EXPOSURE TIMES AT TEST TEMPERATURE.
—jo. —
7]
NET FRACTURE
STRESS
(10)

-100 0 100 200 300

TEMPERATURE - F

FIG. 3.03711 CRACK STRENGTH (NET FRACTURE STRESS AT

CRACKED SECTION) COMPARED WITH TENSILE
ULTIMATE AND YIELD STRENGTH AT VARIOUS
TEMPERATURES. (8)

422
0.062 IN SHEET
1900 F 15 MIN, OQ + 1000 F, 2 HR
i~"
422
0.064 IN SHEET ' 1
1900 F 1/4 HRt DISSOCIATED- AMMONIA QUENCH + 825F 4 HR
I
CREEP STRAIN - PERCENT

600F

RUPTURE

800F

•RUPTURE

900 F
200 400 600 800 1000
TEMP- F
100
FIG. 3.0361 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BEARING TIME - HOURS
PROPERTIES AFTER TWO DIFFERENT
EXPOSURE TIMES AT TEST TEMPERATURE. FIG. 3.041 CREEP AND RUPTURE CURVES FOR SHEET AT 600,
(10) 800, AND 900 F. (6)

CODE 1403
PAGE 13
FeM
FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

422 !
1
-422 BAR
1900 F 1HR, OIL QUENCH + 1200 F 2 HR
0.23 C 0.025 IN SHEET
1900F 15 MIN. AC + TEMPER
80
CREEP STRAINÿ. RUPTURE
TEMPER 800F
PERCENT !
+ 800 F, 2 HR 60
~
A + 900F, 1HR

•
ÿ
+ 1000F, 1HR
+ 1200F, 1HR
0.8 Nl
1000F
0.25 V 900F 20

TYPE 422
1000 F i—,

20

1200 F 40
RUPTURE
RUPTURE

1200 F
10,000
10 100 1000 10,000
TIME - HR -
TIME HOURS
FIG. 3.042 CREEP RUPTURE CURVES FOR SHEET AT
FIG. 3.044 CREEP AND RUPTURE CURVES FOR BAR AT 1000, 1100,
800 TO 1200 F. (16)
AND 1200 F. <1)0-1)

SO - —r

422
'
-
BAR I
WOOF 1 HR, OIL QUENCH . ' -
1200 F 2 HR

60
i
i
!
100

80
. 422
FOR GINGS
- 1900 F, OQ + 1200 F, 2 x 2 HR
_
CO
50

60
* 1000F

1000F

9T
HOOF y/llOOF
•
.7ÿ
>
20
-RUPTURE 1200F
10

0.1 10 1000 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01

TIME - HR MINIMUM CREEP RATE - PERCENT PER HR

FIG. 3.043 CREEP AND RUPTURE CURVES FOR FORCINGS AT FIG. 3.045 MINIMUM CREEP RATE FOR BAR AT VARIOUS
1000, 1100, AND 1200 F. (17) STRESSES AT 1000 AND llOOF- (11)

CODE 1403
PAGE 14
 FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

422
422 BAR 1
1 IN BAR ÿ (23) 1900F 1 HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 980F
0.23 C
1900 F 1/2 HR, OQ + 1200 F
2 HR
_• ÿ (23) 1900F 1HR, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 1150 F
(3) 1900F, OIL QUENCH + TEMPER 1200 F 2 HR
' 33 RC
500F
TEST TEMP

0.25 V
1200 F
TYPE 422
ra 20

0.424 0.300
O SMOOTH
• NOTCHED, Kvll

r<0.001

_ RUPTURE HOOF
1100 F

o.l 1 10 100 1000 10" 10'

TIME - HR CYCLES TO FAILURE

FIG. 3.051 REVERSE-BEND FATIGUE PROPERTIES AT ROOM AND

FIG. 3.046 CREEP RUPTURE CURVES FOR SMOOTH AND NOTCHED
SPECIMENS AT 1000, 1100, AND 1200 F. (IS) ELEVATED TEMPERATURES FOR BAR TEMPERED AT
980, 1150, AND 1200 F. (3)(23)

422
SHEET

I
1900F 1 HR, OQ +
850 F, 2 HR 1
1900 F 1 HR, OQ
1000F, 2 HR
- 1900F 1 HR, OQ +
1200 F, 2 HR |
160 -47 R "47 Rr

SHORT TIME
TENSILE 0 HR SHORT
00 HR TIME 1200 F
TENSILE
500 HR

VI 80 1000 F
SHORT TIME
10 HR TENSILE
100 HR

500 HR
f
J*
10 HR
100 HR

500 HR
0 0.004 0.008 0 0.004 0.008 0 0.004 O.OOS
STRAIN - IN PER IN

FIG. 3.047 ISOCHRONOUS STRESS STRAIN CURVES AT 800, 1000, AND 1200 F FOR
VARIOUS TEMPERS. (16)

CODE 1403
PAGE 15
FeM
FERROUS ALLOYS revised: September 1973

Fe 422 (22) BAR, 1850 F 1/4 HR, AIR COOL +

1 IN BAR 900 F 4 HR
0.23 C 1900F 1 HR, OQ + 1300 F, 4 HR (2) FORM AND CONDITION NOT GIVEN
12 Cr ÿ (10) 0.062 IN SHEET, 1900F 1/4 HR,
900F OIL QUENCH + 1000 F 2 HR

----
1 Mo

---
RUPTURE
1 W 1 HR
10 HR
0.8 Ni llOOF -100 HR
0.25 V 1 HR = 2.16 x 105

TYPE 422 % _ I_
DIRECT LOAD CYCLES

E STATIC
40 60 80
MEAN STRESS - KSI

FIG. 3.052 STRESS RANGE DIAGRAM FOR BAR AT 900

AND HOOF. (19)

20
0 200 400 600 800
TEMPERATURE -F
FIG. 3.0621 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION.
(2)(10>(22)

422
SHEET
1900 F 15 MIN, OQ + 1000 F, 2 HR

1/2 TO 1000 HR
400 F\

422
BAR -120
1850 F 1/4 HR, AIR COOL + 9 )0F 4 HR
0.40 J LOOOF 1

M F 80

S; 0.35
ÿ 1/2 TO 100 HR

1000 HR
2
S
22 0.30
2 COMPRESSION

8 16 24
0.25
200 400 600 800
TANGENT MODULUS - 1000 KSI
TEMPERATURE -F FIG. 3.0622 TANGENT MODULUS CURVES IN
FOR SHEET AT
COMPRESSION
FIG. 3.0611 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON POISSON'S ROOM AND ELEVATED TEMPER¬
RATIO. (22) ATURES. (10)

CODE 1403
PACE 16
 FeM
REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

422
-
i 1 Westgren, R.C. and Dulis, E.J, , "Advances in the
Technology of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys", Fe
BAR ASTM STP369 (March 1963).
1850F 1/4 HR, AIR COOL + 900F
4 HR
15. ASTM A565 (1972). 0.23 C
16. Crucible Steel Company of America, "Crucible 422
Stainless Steel", Datasheet, Rev. No. 3 (August 1958) 12 Cr
17. Zonder, A., Rush, I.A. and Freeman, J.W., "High
Temperature Properties of Four Low -Alloy Steels for 1 Mo
Jet Engine Turbine Wheels" , WADC TR 53 -277 , Part
1(November 1953). 1 W
Brown, W.F. Jr., Jones, M.H. and Newman, D.P.,
"Influence of Sharp Notches on the Stress -Rupture 0.8 Ni
Characteristics of Heat -Resisting Alloys: Part IT\ 0.25 V
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ASTM Proc., Vol. 53, p. 665 (1953).
TEMPERATURE - F 19. Vitovec, F.H. and Lazan, B.J., "Fatigue, Creep and

FIG. 3.0631 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MODULUS OF

Rupture Properties of Heat -Resistant Materials",
WADC TR 56-181 (August 1956).
TYPE 422
RIGIDITY. (22) 20. Phelps, E.H. and Loginow, A.W., "Stress Corrosion
of Steels for Aircraft and Missiles", Corrosion, Vol.
16 (I960), p. 325t - 335 1.
21. Nippes, E.F., Savage, W. F., lanniello, L.C. and
Owc2areski, W. A. , "Spot Welding of 12 Percent Cr
Martensltic Stainless Steel, Welding Journal, Vol. 38
(September 1959), p. 360-s -366-s.
22. Garafalo , F. , "Temperature Dependence of the Elas¬
tic Moduli of Several Stainless Steels", Proceedings
ASTM, Vol. 60 (1960), p. 738 - 749.
23. Loria, E.A. , "Influence of Delta Forrite-Carbide Seg¬
regates on the Properties of 12 Percent Chromium
Steel", Transactions ASM, Vol. 54 (1961), p. 31-49.

REFERENCES

1. Briggs, J. Z. , and Parker, T.D. , "The Super 12 Per¬

cent Cr Steels", Climax Molybdenum Co. (1965).
2. Battelle Memorial Institute, "Some Physical Proper¬
ties of Martensltic Stainless Steels", DMIC Memoran¬
dum 68 (September 28, 1960).
3. Universal-Cyclops, "Unitemp 1420WM", Bulletin
HT-3026 (1971).
.4 . -
Cartech C arpenter Technology C orporation , "C arpen
ter 636 Alloy (Type 422)", Technical Data Sheet (Octo¬
ber 1969).
5. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. , "Properties of Type
422", 300-62272-422 Data Sheet (January 23, 1972).
6. Fritz, L.J." and Koster, W.P., "Low -Stress Creep
Testing of 422 Stainless Steel", Report No. 363-1535
for Air Material Command by Metcut Research Asso¬
ciates (April 5, 1960).
7. Battelle Memorial Institute, "Mechanical and Physical
Property Data on Modified 12 Percent Chromium Mar¬
tensltic Stainless Steels for Airframe Applications",
DMIC Memorandum 15 (April 18, 1959).
8. Banerjee, B.R. and Hauser, J.J., "Research and
Application Engineering to Determine the Effect of
Processing Variables on Crack Propagation of High-
Strength Steels and Titanium", ASD-TDR-62-1034,
Part 1, Crucible Steel Company of America (April
1963).
9. Banerjee, B.R. and Hauser, J.J., "Fracture Micro -
Mechanics in High-Strength Steels and Titanium",
AFML TDR-64-182, Crucible Steel Company of Amer¬
ica (July 31. 1964).
10, Kattus, J.R., Preston, J.B. and Lessley, H.L.,
"Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing
and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at Elevated Tem¬
peratures", WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
2 06 075, Southern Research Institute (November 1958).
11. Williams, W.L. , "Properties of Type 422 Modified
12 Percent Chromium Steel", E.E.S. Report 040038B,
U.S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station (November
9, 1953).
12. Cvercko, E. , "Mechanical Properties Evaluation of
Twenty-Nine Prototype Parts", by Wright Aeronauti¬
cal Division for ASD under Contract AF33(657)-15?8?
(February 28, 1967).
13. AMS 5655 (January 15, 1959).

CODE 1403
PAGE 17