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ANALYSIS OF THE WORKING PROCESS OF A DOUGH-KNEADING MACHINE

WITH PLANETARY MOTION ARM

Conference Paper · June 2011

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 RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
8 – 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA

ANALYSIS OF THE WORKING PROCESS OF A DOUGH-KNEADING

MACHINE WITH PLANETARY MOTION ARM

Gh. Voicu, Gh. Constantin, V. Moise, N.Ungureanu, and P. Voicu

Abstract: Baking industry and especially pastry industry are using small capacity dough-kneading
equipped with kneading arms with planetary motion. This paper analyses the working process of a DITO
SAMA BE-5 dough-kneading, with 5 lt. bowl capacity, equipped with a kneading arm which is attached to the
satellite gear of a planetary mechanism. Different points of the kneading arm describe normal hypocycloids,
shortened or elongated. Gear ratio of the planetary mechanism is chosen so that these hypocycloids
permanently differ from the initial position, in order to develop an appropriate technological process. The
kneading machine can work both on baking and pastry operation lines, due to the possibility to use three
kneading arm types: spiral, paddle or whisk for semi-liquid doughs.
The paper presents the sketch of the planetary mechanism which drives the kneading arm and its
kinematical analysis. The motion of the spiral kneading arm is studied so that the whole bowl space is filled
and the material in the bowl is subjected to mixing and kneading. Motion equations of the kneading arm are
also presented, for a complete cycle of the planetary mechanism, as well as the cycloids curves in different
sections on bowl height. Variation curve of the electrical power absorbed from the electrical network for the
kneading of a dough sample in order to determine the energy consumption of the kneading when the spiral
arm is used is also presented.
Data presented within this paper are useful for the designers and constructors of such machines, as
well as for those who use these kneadings.
Key words: planetary mixer, dough, spiral kneading arm, kinematical analysis, cycloidal motion

INTRODUCTION
Planetary mixers are batch operation equipments, having cylindrical kneading bowls
with plate or spherical bottoms, being equipped with different types of kneading arms:
spiral, cage or anchor, simple or double. Kneading arms have planetary motion so that all
dough in the bowl to be put into motion and all particles of hydrated flour to be involved in
the mixing process. Instant kneading area is restricted, its diameter being appreciatively
equal to the major diameter of the spiral or of the kneading arm. During the workflow,
particles of hydrated flour are piling-up together, forming the dough. Each point of the
kneading arm describes hypocycloidal trajectories, in such a manner that the dough found
near the wall of the bowl is driven by its centre and backward, so that all the components
in the bowl are well mixed and kneaded. For bread dough, the process continues until the
gluten net is formed, which gives consistency and represents the matrix that keeps the
dough bonded and incorporates fermentation gases, [1].
Planetary mixers have generally variable speed operation, so that dough kneading
and oxygenation take place at an optimal level. Kneading arm speed can be changed even
during the operation, without any shocks felt at the transition from one speed to another.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Dito Sama BE5 mixer, used for the experimental tests, works with three speed ranges
in ten levels: first two levels are used for mixing doughs with normal consistency (bakery
products) using the spiral kneading arm; another six levels are used for mixing creams
using an anchor arm, while two very fast levels are used in beating egg foams or cream
preparation, with transition from one level to another during operation.
The mixer was used for kneading of wheat flour dough, for bread production by
means of the spiral kneading arm.

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 RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
8 – 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA

Fig.1 – Planetary mixer with three working bodies and speed control mode, [2]
1.bowl; 2.head mounting for optional accessories; 3.cover; 4.removable screen; 5.housing;
6.column; 7.on/off key and speed control; 8.bowl holder; 9.base; a. spiral kneading arm; b.paddle
arm for cream; c.whisk for emulsion; A.position ―0‖; B.small speeds (kneading); C.medium speeds
(paddle for mixtures); D.large speeds (tamper for emulsions)

With bowl capacity of 5 litres, the working capacity of the mixer is 1.5 kg of flour at the
hydration capacity (water absorption) and 1 kg of hard dough.
Kneading arm is driven from a single phase electrical engine by means of a serrated
belt transmission and a hypocycloid mechanism which gives a planetary motion to the
mixing arm.
In fig. 2 is given the schematic diagram of the hypocycloid drive mechanism of the
kneading arm, for the analyzed planetary mixer.

Fig.2 – Hypocycloid mechanism of the planetary mixer and calculus notations

1.main drive pinion; 2.drive pinion for planetary motion arm; 3.fixed crown; 4.connection and
support lever of kneading arm; A,B,C,D. characteristic points.

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 RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
8 – 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA

Determination of hypocycloid equations, in cartesian coordinates (fig.3). To

determine the equations of the hypocycloid, in cartesian coordinates, following vector
equation can be written:
O1T  O1O  OT . (1)

Fig.3 – Calculus diagram for the trajectory of the points from the kneading arm

From the projection of vectorial equation (1), on the axis of xOy coordinate system,
two scalar equations are obtained, as follows, [3,4,5]:
xT  ( Rb  R) cos( )  OT  cos(   );
(2)
yT  ( Rb  R) sin( )  OT  sin(   ).
where: Rb is the radius of crown; R – radius of drive pinion of kneading arm;  – rotation
angle to crown centre in planetary motion.
Given the fact that the cord (roller) of radius R is rolling without slip on basis circle, of
radius Rb, following equation can be written:
R   Rb   , (3)
Rb
hence:   . (4)
R
Using equation (4), equations (2) become:
 R 
xT  ( Rb  R ) cos( )  OT  cos (1  b ) ;
 R 
(5)
 R 
yT  ( Rb  R ) sin( )  OT  sin (1  b ) .
 R 
representing the equations of hypocycloid in cartesian coordinates.
Depending on the position of point T towards the circumference of the circle, following
situations occur: a) OT = R, normal hypocycloid; b) OT > R, elongated hycpocycloid; c) OT
< R, shortened hycpocycloid.
Kinematic analysis of planetary mechanism. Planetary gear mechanism which
drives the kneading arm of the mixer, consists of: solar gear (central) 1, with exterior
toothing, receiving rotary motion from the electrical engine, by means of a serrated belt
transmission; satellite gear 2, with exterior toothing; solar gear 3, with inner toothing which is
fixed to the base; bearing satellite arm 4, which connects solar gear 1 and satellite gear 2.

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 RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
8 – 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA

Between the angular speeds of the elements of planetary mechanism, following

relationships can be written, given the mechanism configuration (fig.2).
Thus, using Willis equation, [3,4,5], between the angular speeds of elements 1, 2 and
4, following equation can be written:
1  4 z
4
i12   2. (6)
2  4 z1
From equation (1) it results:
z1  z 
 2   1   41  1  . (7)
z2  z2
The relationship between the angular speeds of elements 1, 3 and 4 is:
 1  4  z 2  z 3  z
4
i13  i12
4
 i23
4
        3 . (8)
 3  4  z 1  z 2  z1
Knowing that 3 = 0, from equation (8) it results that:
1
4  . (9)
z3
1
z1
From the kinematical diagram of planetary mechanism it can be noticed that:
z3  z1  2 z2 , (10)
thus:
1
4  . (11)
 z2 
21  
 z1 
Planetary mechanism gears have following tooth numbers: z1 = 25; z2 = 19; z3 = 63
tooths. For gear modulus m=1.5 mm, their division diameters are: d1 = 37.5 mm, d2 = 28.5
mm and d3 = 94.5 mm.
Using equations (7) and (11), it results: 4 = 0.284091 (rad/s), and 2 = –0.06791
(rad/s).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Using the calculus model presented in this
paper, trajectories of the kneading arm were
0.08 Shortened
Hipocicloida graphically traced for the lowest point of the arm,
Crown gear
Cerc coroana hypocycloid
scurtata respectively for the most distant point from the
centre (r = 60 mm). The diagrams are presented in
0.03
fig.4, respectively fig.5.
0
Knowing that teeth number of the two pinions
-0.12 -0.07 -0.02
-0.02 0.03 0.08 in gear 1, respectively 2, is different, after an
n operation cycle (i.e. one full rotation of element 4)
the trajectory of any point on the spiral arm will
-0.07
move towards the first trajectory, which is beneficial
Bowl
Cerczone
cuva for the development of the working process,
-0.12 because all areas in cross section of the bowl will
Fig.4 – Hypocycloid of the inferior be covered.
point of kneading arm
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 RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
8 – 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA

0.1
Crown
Cerc
gear
coroana Bowl zone
Cerc cuva 0.08

0.08
0.06

0.04

0.03
0.02

0
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-0.12 -0.07 -0.02
-0.02 0.03 0.08
-0.02

n -0.04

-0.07 -0.06

Elongated
Hipocicloida
-0.08
hypocycloid
alungita
-0.12 -0.1

Fig.5 – Hypocycloid trajectory of the exterior point of spiral kneading arm

a. for a complete cycle; b. for three cycles

CONCLUSIONS
Drive mechanisms of planetary mixers are, generally, hypocycloid mechanisms with
two main pinions connected by a link lever, the driving pinion of kneading arm being also
in permanent connection with a fixed crown which ensures its planetary motion in cross
section of the bowl. Instant kneading area is much smaller than the kneading bowl, but,
through the planetary motion of the kneading arm, the entire bowl surface is covered. At
the same time, kneading arm has a main rotary motion which ensures an appropriate
mixing process.
The mathematical model presented in this paper and the obtained results can be
useful to specialist in design, construction and utilization of planetary mixers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work has been funded by the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources
Development 2007-2013 of the Romanian Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection
through the Financial Agreement POSDRU/6/1.5/S/19/7713.
This paper represents a synthesis of the experimental researches performed in the
project ―PNII – IDEI‖ 753/2009, ID_1726, financed by CNCSIS – UEFISCDI from Romania. We
would like to thank with this occasion to the sponsor and to ―Spicul SA‖ company which
allowed us to pick up the data from the analysis laboratory of the bread factory.

REFERENCES
[1]. Voicu Gh., 1997. Procese şi uitilaje pentru panificaţie, Editura MatrixRom, Bucureşti.
[2]. * * * – Manual de utilizare al mixerului planetar Dito Sama BE5,
http://www.ditosama.com.
[3]. Artobolevski I.I., 1977. Theorie des mecanismes et des machines, Ed. Mir, Moscou.
[4]. Moise V., Simionescu I., Ene M., Neacşa M., Tabără I.A., 2007. Analiza mecanismelor
aplicate. Editura Printech, Bucureşti.
[5]. Pelecudi Chr., Maroş D., Merticaru V., Pandrea N., Simionescu I., Mecanisme, Editura
Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1985.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Gh. Voicu, Gh. Constantin, V. Moise, N. Ungureanu, and P. Voicu, ―Politehnica‖ University of
Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, Splaiul Independenţei 313, sector 6,
060032, Romania, E-mail: ghvoicu_2005@yahoo.com; constantingeorge2003@yahoo.com.

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