aristotele

(Zv.w. 384-322)

Zveli samyaros es udidesi moazrovne Tavis Tavs platonis mowafed

miiCnevda, Tumca moZRvris idealistur koncefcias ar iziarebda. Trakiis
qalaq stagiraSi dabadebuli (amitom mas stagirel filosofosadac moixsenie-
ben) mravalmxriv ganaTlebas eziara aTenSi, sadac mogvianebiT sakuTari skola
daaarsa, likeionad saxeldebuli, romelsac peripatetikosTa (moseirneTa)
skolasac uwodeben. enciklopediuri ganaTlebis mqone swavluli werda
Txzulebebs fizikis, logikis, Semecnebis Teoriis, eTikis, politikis, ritori-
kis, meteorologiis, zoologiis da sxva sferoebSi. man Camoayaliba yovel-
gvar formas da Tvisebas moklebuli pirveladi materiis Teoria. Materia prima,
aristoteles Tanaxmad, aris sruli potenciuroba, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos
nebismieri forma. anu forma aris materiis potenciis gamovlineba. pirveladi
materiis Teoria aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelia.
saxelovani stagirelis esTetikuri Sexedulebani warmodgenilia Txzule-
bebSi: `ritorika~ da `poetika~. am ukanasknels gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba literaturis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT. ar asaxelebs ra platons, aris-
totele farulad ekamaTeba Tavis moZRvars. misi Teoria, arsebiTad, platonis
SexedulebaTa kritikaa.
literaturis winamorbed TeoretikosTa Tanaxmad, aristotelesac miaCnia
poezia `mi b a Z v a d~ anu `mi m e s i s a d~. magram imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos am
`mimesisis~ obieqti, igi sakuTar mosazrebebs gvTavazobs. platonisagan gansxva-
vebiT, aristotele asabuTebs, rom xelovneba sinamdviles asaxavs (Tavi I) da
mas SemecnebiTi xasiaTi aqvs (Tavi IV). `mimesiss~, romelsac platoni mibaZvis
mibaZvad aRiqvamda, ris gamoc WeSmaritebis wvdomis funqcias arTmevda,
aristotele poeturi xelovnebis Rirsebis ganmsazRvrelad miiCnevs. misTvis
poeturi STagoneba iracionaluri eqstaziT gamowveuli aqti ki ar aris,
aramed inteleqtualur-SemecnebiTi procesia, romelic efuZneba Semoqmedisa-
Tvis bunebiT mimadlebul niWs _ mibaZos sinamdviles.
`poetika~ aristotels or wignad dauweria. Cvenamde mxolod pirveli wigni
SemorCa. igi konspeqtis STabeWdilebas tovebs, rTulad ikiTxeba da, rogorc
Cans, arc iyo gamosaqveyneblad gamiznuli. Tumca, samarTlianoba moiTxovs
aRiniSnos, rom stagireli moazrovnis es konspeqti mTeli evropuli poetikis
safuZvlad iqca.

I
Cven vilaparakebT rogorc poeziaze saerTod, ise mis calkeul saxeebzedac;
vityviT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeul maTgans da rogor unda iTxzvebodes
fabula poeturi qmnilebis srulyofis mizniT; vityviT agreTve, ramdeni da
ranairi nawilebisagan Sedgeba poeturi nawarmoebi da bevr sxva ramesac, rac
uSualod ukavSirdeba amave sakiTxs. xolo Cvens sityvas, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze
arsebiTiT daviwyebT.
epopea da tragedia, iseve rogorc komedia, diTirambuli poezia da
avletikisa Tu kiTaristikis umetesi nawili, _ yovelive es, kacma rom Tqvas,
sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara mibaZva, xolo erTmaneTisagan isini sami ramiT
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gansxvavdebian: an imiT, riTac baZaven, an imiT, rasac baZaven, anda imiT,
rogorc baZaven. da rogorc zogi xelovani Tavisi xelovnebis, Cvevisa Tu
bunebrivi niWis wyalobiT bevr rasme baZavs, roca ferebiTa da formebiT qmnis
misabaZ saganTa xatebs, _ zustad aseve xorcieldeba mibaZva xelovnebis yvela
zemoxsenebul dargSic. yoveli maTgani ritmiT, sityviT da harmoniiT baZavs, an
samiveTi erTad, an TiToeuliT cal-calke. ase magaliTad, martooden harmo-
nias da ritms iyeneben avletika, kiTaristika da musikaluri xelovnebis
zogierTi sxva dargi, vTqvaT, salamurze dakvris xelovneba. mxolod ritmiT,
harmoniis gareSe, baZaven mocekvaveni, romelnic gamomsaxvelobiTi ritmuli
moZraobebiT warmosaxaven xasiaTebs, gancdebs, qmedebebs. sityvieri Semoqmede-
ba ki iyenebs prozaulsa Tu saleqso sazomiT gamarTul poetur sityvas;
amasTan, is xan ramdenime saleqso sazomis monacvleobas axdens, xan ki mxolod
erT sazoms xmarobs. amitomaa, rom dRemde ar xerxdeba misi gansazRvra. da
marTlac, Cven xom ar SegviZlia erTi da igive saxeli vuwodoT sofronisa Tu
qsenarqes mimebs, sokratul saubrebsa da mibaZvis zogierT saxes, vTqvaT,
trimetrebiT an elegiuri Tu romelime sxva sazomiT gamarTul qmnilebebs.
magram kacni, saleqso sazoms sityva Seqmnas (poiein) rom ukavSireben, zogs
elegiebis Semoqmeds (elegeopoios) uwodeben, zogsac eposis Semqmnels
(epopoios) da amrigad, Semoqmedis, poetis (poietes) saxels mibaZvis arsis
mixedviT ki ar akuTvneben maT, aramed _ saerTo sazomis mixedviT. ase rom, Tu
vinme leqsis formiT gamoaqveynebs samedicino an sabunebismetyvelo xasiaTis
Txzulebas, isini masac poetis saxeliT ixsenieben, Tumca homeross da empe-
dokles araferi aqvT saerTo, saleqso sazomis garda. amitomac marTebuli
iqneba, Tu mxolod pirvels vuwodebT poets, meores ki umal bunebismetyvelad
unda vTvlideT, vidre poetad. zustad aseve, Tu vinme yvela saleqso sazomis
Serwyma-SereviT ganaxorcielebs Tavis mibaZvas, rogorc moiqca xeremoni raf-
sodia `kentavris~ Txzvis dros, rasakvirvelia, isic poetad unda migvaCndes.
am sakiTxze sakmarisad vilaparakeT. magram aris xelovnebis zogierTi sxva
dargi, romelic iyenebs yvela zemoxsenebul saSualebas: ritms, melodias,
metrs. aseTia, magaliTad, diTirambuli poezia da nomebis poezia, tragedia da
komedia. xolo isini erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom zogierTi
maTgani iyenebs uklebliv yvela saSualebas, zogierTi ki mxolod nawilobriv.
ai, ra gansxvavebas vgulisxmob me xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris, imis
mixedviT, Tu ra saSualebebs mimarTaven isini mibaZvisas.

II
rakiRa yvela mimbaZveli moqmed pirT baZavs, romelnic, aucileblad, an
keTilni arian, an ukeTurni (yoveli xasiaTisaTvis metnaklebad niSneulia
martooden es ori Tviseba, radgan adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
xasiaTis siqveliT Tu biwierebiT), _ amitom mibaZvis Sedegad isini warmogvid-
gebian an rogorc Cvenze ukeTesni, an uaresni, an iseTni, rogoric Cven varT.
asea mxatvrobaSic: polignotes qmnilebebSi adamianebi ufro ukeTesni arian,
vidre sinamdvileSi, pavsonisaSi _ uaresni, xolo dionisiosis qmnilebebSi _
zedmiwevniT Cveni msgavsni. cxadia, aseTive gansxvaveba iarsebebs mibaZvis yvela
zemoxsenebul saxeTa Sorisac; TiToeuli maTgani iqneba is, rac aris, da ara
sxva rame, swored mibaZvis sagnis mixedviT. es gansxvaveba Tavs iCens cekvaSic
da fleitasa Tu kiTaraze dakvris xelovnebaSic. igive iTqmis prozauli Tu
litoni poeturi sityvis mimarTac: ase magaliTad, homerosis gmirebi ukeTesni
arian, kleofonisa _ Cveni msgavsni, xolo pirveli parodistis _ hegemon Taso-
selisa da `deliadas~ avtoris _ nikoxares gmirebi _ uaresni. am mxriv, arc
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diTirambebi da nomebia gamonaklisi: gavixsenoT, Tundac, timoTesa da
filoqsenes `sparselebi~ da `kiklopebi~. aseTive gansxvavebaa komediasa da
tragedias Soris: pirvels surs warmogvisaxos uaresni, xolo meores _ uke-
Tesni, vidre Ceni Tanamedroveni arian.

III
arsebobs mesame gansxvavebac mibaZvis am saxeTa Soris, saxeldobr, xerxi,
romliTac baZavs TiToeuli maTgani. da marTlac, xom SeiZleba mibaZo erTsa
da imave sagans erTi da imave saSualebiT, magram sxvadasxva xerxiT: ase
magaliTad, ama Tu im ambis gadmocemisas an Seni pirovnebis miCqmalviT,
TiTqos sxvisi piriT mogviTxro masze, rogorc iqceva homerosi, an _ piradad,
Senive piriT da, amrigad, sxva vinmed ar iqce, anda warmogvidgino Seni gmirebi
rogorc moqmedni da qmediTni.
ai, am sami niSniT gansxvavdeba mibaZvis yvela saxe erTmaneTisagan, kerZod,
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, mibaZvis saSualebiT, sagniT da xerxiT. ase rom,
sofokle, erTis mxriv, SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnes homerosTan, vinaidan
oriveni rCeulT baZaven, xolo meores mxriv, aristofanesTan, vinaidan orives
gmirebi moqmedni arian da qmediTni. zogierTis azriT, swored aqedan war-
mosdgeba am nawarmoebTa saerTo saxeli _ `drama~, vinaidan isini moqmed
pirebs gvixataven. ai, ratomaa, rom dorielebs tragediisa da komediis
Semqmnelebad moaqvT Tavi. kerZod, aqauri megarelebi TavianT Tavs miaweren
komediis Seqmnis pativs da amtkiceben, rom is maTi demokratiuli wyobilebis
droidan iRebs dasabams. magram amave pativs iCemeben sicilieli megarelebic,
vinaidan maTi Tanamemamule iyo poeti epiqarme, romelic xionidesa da magnesze
gacilebiT adre cxovrobda. xolo tragedias sakuTar qmnilebad miiCnevs
peloponesis zogierTi doruli modgmis tomi. TavianTi azris dasamtkiceblad
isini etimologiebs iSvelieben. maTi sityviT, qalaqebis irgvliv mdebare
patara soflebs isini komebs uwodeben, aTenelebi ki _ demosebs, ase rom, kome-
diantebis saxeli zmnisagan `komaZein~ ki ar warmosdgeba, aramed qalaqSi
xelmocaruli msaxiobebis komebidan komebSi xetialisgan. garda amisa, cnebas
`moqmedeba~ dorielebi gamoxataven zmniT `dran~, xolo aTenelebi _ zmniT
`prattein~.
amrigad, Cven gavarkvieT, ramdeni da ra saxis gansxvavebani arsebobs
mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris.

IV
rogorc Cans, poeturi xelovnebis warmoSoba, saerTod, orma bunebrivma
mizezma ganapiroba. jer erTi, mibaZva bavSvobidanve Tandayolili Tvisebaa
adamianebisa, romlebic danarCeni cxovelebisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom
yvelaze met midrekilebas amJRavneben mibaZvisadmi. swored mibaZvis wyalobiT
iZenen isini pirveldawyebiT codnas. meorec, mibaZvis nayofi yvelas siamov-
nebas hgvris. amas gvimowmebs Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. da marTlac,
Cven siamovnebiT vucqeriT yovelive imis zust asls, risi cqerac sinamdvileSi
usiamovnoa, magaliTad, bilwi cxovelebisa da gvamebis gamosaxulebebs. amis
mizezi ki isaa, rom codnis SeZena sasiamovnoa ara marto filosofosTaTvis,
aramed sxvebisTvisac, TumcaRa es ukanasknelni nakleb dros uTmoben amas.
gamosaxulebebis cqera adamianebs imitom aniWebs siamovnebas, rom am dros
isini imecneben da gansjis gziT askvnian, ras warmoadgens esa Tu is
gamosaxuleba, ase magaliTad: `esa da es gamosaxavs amas da amas~. xolo Tu maT
adre ar unaxavT gamosaxuli sagani, maSin misi gamosaxulebis cqerisas isini
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mibaZvis sizustiT ki ar rCebian nasiamovnebi, aramed Sesrulebis sifaqiziT,
ferebiT an sxva ram faqtoriT.
vinaidan mibaZvis niWi bunebiT Tandagvyva Cven, iseve rogorc harmoniisa Tu
ritmis grZnoba (xolo yvela saleqso sazomi rom ritmis nawilia, es cxadia
TavisTavadac), amitom maT, vinc Tavidanve amJRavnebdnen amis unars, TandaTano-
biT ganaviTares pirveli poeturi improvizaciebi da, amrigad, dasabami misces
poezias, romelic, poetTa Sinagani bunebis mixedviT, Semdeg saxeebad dana-
wevrda: yvelaze Rirseulma poetebma daiwyes keTil qmedebaTa da keTilmoqmed
kacTa mibaZva, nakleb Rirseulebma ki ukeTur kacTa qmedebani gaixades mibaZvis
sagnad. es ukanasknelni Tavdapirvelad Txzavdnen saTrevel leqsebs, xolo
pirvelni _ himnebsa da saxotbo simRerebs. homerosamde Cven ver davasaxelebT
vercerT satirul qmnilebas, TumcaRa, maTi ricxvi, albaT, arc ise umniSvnelo
iyo, homerosis Semdeg ki SegviZlia davasaxeloT, magaliTad, misi `margite~ da
sxva misTanani. saTrevelma leqsma Tan moitana saTreveli sazomi, romelsac
dRes iambikurs vuwodebT, vinaidan am sazomiT aTrevdnen da dascinodnen
erTimeores. amrigad, Zvel poetTagan zogi heroikuli poemebis avtori gaxda,
zogic _ iambikuri qmnilebebisa. xolo homerosi, romelsac badali ar moeZebna
seriozuli poeziis dargSi, vinaidan man ara marto didebuli poemebi dawera,
aramed dramatuli saxeebic Seqmna, _ aseve pirvelobs poeziis meore dargSic,
vinaidan pirvelma Camoayaliba komediis zogadi sqema da saZraxisi ki ara,
sasacilo dasaxa komikuri mibaZvis sagnad. ase rom, mis `margitesa~ da
komediebs Soris iseTive damokidebuleba arsebobs, rogoric tragediebsa da
`iliadasa~ da `odiseas~ Soris. xolo rodesac daibada tragedia da komedia,
maSin, poeziis ama Tu im dargisadmi bunebrivi midrekilebis mixedviT, zo-
gierTma poetma iambebis nacvlad komediis weras mihyo xeli, zogierTma ki
eposis nacvlad _ tragediis Txzvas, vinaidan poeziis ori ukanaskneli dargi
pirvel orze ufro mniSvnelovania da faseuli.
sxva sakiTxia, miaRwia Tu ara tragediam ganviTarebis saboloo safexurs,
rogorc TavisTavad, ise TeatrTan mimarTebiT. tragediis, iseve rogorc
komediis sawyisi improvizaciaa, radgan pirveli diTirambebis eqsarqontTagan
iRebs dasabams, xolo meore _ falikuri simRerebis eqsarqontebisgan; am
simRerebs dResac asruleben eladis bevr qalaqSi. Semdeg tragedia nel-nela
gaizarda misi Sinagani SesaZleblobebis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis gziT da
mravali saxecvlilebis Sedegad Tavisi dRevandeli, bunebrivi saxe miiRo.
esqile iyo pirveli tragikosi, romelmac erTis nacvlad ori msaxiobi
Semoiyvana scenaze; manve Seamcira qoros partia da arsebiTi mniSvneloba
mianiWa dialogs. sofoklem samamde gazarda msaxiobebis ricxvi da mxatvrulad
gaaforma scena. tragediam SedarebiT gvian aiRo xeli mokle miTebis
damuSavebasa da Tavisi pirvelsawyisis _ satiruli poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
bel saxumaro stilze, SedarebiT gvian miaRwia Tavis awindel sidiades, xolo
misi saleqso sazomi tetrametris nacvlad iambikuri trimetri gaxda.
tragikosebi swored tetrametrs iyenebdnen Tavdapirvelad, vinaidan TviTon
poezia satiruli iyo da ufro metad exameboda cekvas. dialogebis SemoRebis
Semdeg ki TviTon bunebam izruna imaze, rom saTanado sazomi gamoeZebna. da
marTlac, iambi yvela metrze metad Sehferis sasaubro enas. amis sabuTad
gamodgeba Tundac is, rom saubarSi yvelaze xSirad iambebs vxmarobT, xolo
daqtilebs _ Zalze iSviaTad, magram am iSviaT SemTxvevebSic ki varRvevT
xolme metyvelebis bunebriv ritms. dasasrul, SeiZleboda gveTqva, rogor
gaizarda epizodebis ricxvi da rogor daixvewa yovelive is, rac amkobs da

119
srulyofils xdis tragediis calkeul nawilebs, magram yvelafris dawvrile-
biT ganxilva Sors wagviyvanda.

V
rogorc aRvniSneT, komedia biwier kacTa mibaZvaa, magram is baZavs ara
mTels maT biwierebas, aramed mxolod zogierT im nakls, romelSiac sasacilo
samarcxvinos nawilad gvevlineba. xolo sasacilo erTgvari Secdomaa, an kidev
garegani Tu Sinagani mankiereba, romelic aravis ar ayenebs tkivils an momakv-
dinebel vnebas. aseTia, Tundac, komikuri niRabi, romelic, TavisTavad,
samarcxvinoa da umsgavsi, magram tanjvas ki ar gamoxatavs.
tragediis saxecvlilebani da am cvlilebebis moqmedTa saxelebi CvenTvis
cnobilia, rasac ver vityviT komediis mimarT, vinaidan mas Tavdapirvelad
gacilebiT nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen. qoro rom qoroa, komediisaTvis misi
micemac ki Zalze gvian daiwyo arqontma. amitomac pirveli qorevtebi scenis-
moyvare moxaliseni iyvnen. komediografTa saxelebic mxolod im droidan
ixsenieba, roca komediam ukve ganviTarebis garkveul safexurs miaRwia. magram
Cven ar viciT, vin SemoiRo niRbebi an prologi, vin gazarda msaxiobebis ricxvi
da sxva misTanani. komikur TqmulebaTa damuSaveba yvelaze umal epiqarmem da
formisma daiwyes. ase rom, komedia Caisaxa siciliaSi, saidanac man saberZneTSi
gadmoinacvla, xolo aTenSi kratesi iyo pirveli komikosi, romelmac Tavi ane-
ba sakuTriv iambikuri leqsebis weras da ganmazogadoebeli xasiaTis dialo-
gebisa da fabulebis Txzvas mihyo xeli.
epopea, Tavisi maRali metris gamoklebiT, tragedias hgavs, ramdenadac
orive keTilSobilur qmedebebs baZavs, xolo misgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom
martivi metri aqvs da sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara gabmuli Txroba. egec ar iyos,
isini moqmedebis drois xangrZliobiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. trage-
dia cdilobs, ramdenadac es SesaZloa, mTeli Tavisi moqmedeba mzis erTi
sadReRamiso moqcevis periodiT Semofarglos, an rac SeiZleba mciredi xniT
gadascdes am sazRvars, epopea ki gansazRvruli ar aris droiT. Tumca isic
unda iTqvas, rom es ganusazRvreloba Tavdapirvelad iseve dasaSvebi iyo tra-
gediaSi, rogorc eposSi. rac Seexeba calkeul nawilebs, zogi maTgani saerToa
orivesaTvis, zogi ki mxolod tragediis kuTvnilebaa. amitom vinc icis, ra
gansxvavebaa kargsa da cud tragedias Soris, is eposis avkargianobasac icnobs,
vinaidan yovelive is, rac niSneulia eposisTvis, tragediasac axasiaTebs, Tumca
yovelive is, rac niSnulia tragediisTvis, uklebliv rodi axasiaTebs epossac.

VI
heqsametruli poeziisa Tu komediis Sesaxeb ufro gvian vilaparakebT. axla
ki kvlav tragedias mivubrundeT da zemoTqmulze dayrdnobiT ganvsazRvroT
misi arsi. maS, ase, tragedia aris seriozuli, dasrulebuli da garkveuli
ganzomilebis mqone moqmedebis mibaZva kazmuli sityviT, romlis sxvadasxva
nawilic sxvadasxvagvarad aris Semkuli; mibaZva, romelic Txrobis ki ara,
moqmedebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba da romelic sibralulisa Tu SiSis
gamowvevis gziT amgvar vnebaTagan ganwmendas aRwevs. `kazmuli sityvao~, rom
vambob, me vgulisxmob sityvas, romlisTvisac niSneulia ritmi, harmonia da
melodia, xolo rodesac davsZen, rom misi `sxvadasxva nawili sxvadasxvagva-
rad aris Semkuli~, amiT is minda vTqva, rom am nawilTagan zogierTisaTvis
niSneulia mxolod metri, zogierTisTvis ki _ melodiac.
raki mibaZva moqmedebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, amitom, aucileblobis
ZaliT, tragediis pirveli Semadgeneli nawili iqneba speqtaklis mxatvruli
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gaformeba, xolo Semdeg _ musikaluri kompozicia da mxatvruli stili, radgan
tragedia swored am saSualebebiT axdens mibaZvas. stils me vuwodeb sityvebis
TankavSirs, xolo musikaluri kompoziciis mniSvneloba ganumartavadac
yvelasaTvis gasagebia.
raki tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa da raki moqmedeba TavisTavad gulisx-
mobs moqmed pirT, romelTac aucileblad unda gaaCndeT sakuTari raoba
xasiaTisa Tu azrovnebis unaris mixedviT (vinaidan swored maTi wyalobiT
ganvsazRvravT Cven ama Tu im moqmedebis raobasac), _ amitom moqmedebas ori
bunebrivi mizezi aqvs: azrovneba da xasiaTi, romlebic ganapirobeben yvela
moqmedis warmatebas Tu warumateblobas.
moqmedebis mibaZva aris fabula. fabulas me vuwodeb faqtebisa da movle-
nebis saerTo qargas. xasiaTi aris is, rac gansazRvravs moqmedTa meobas, xolo
azrovnebas me vuwodeb unars, romlis wyalobiTac Tanamosaubreni raimes
umtkiceben erTimeores, an ubralod, TavianT azrebs gamoTqvamen.
amrigad, tragedias aucileblad unda hqondes eqvsi nawili, romlebic
gansazRvraven mTels mis raobas. es nawilebia: fabula, xasiaTebi, azrovneba,
speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba, stili da musikaluri kompozicia. amaTgan
mibaZvis saSualebebs miekuTvneba ori nawili, xerxs _ erTi, xolo sagans _
sami nawili; es aris da es. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am nawilebiT agebs Tavis qmni-
lebas ara marto zogierTi, aramed yvela tragikosi poeti, vinaidan nebismieri
tragediisaTvis niSneulia speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebac da xasiaTic,
fabulac da stilic, musikaluri kompoziciac da azrovnebac.
am nawilTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania moqmedebaTa saerTo qarga, radgan
tragedia ara marto kacTa mibaZvaa, aramed maTi qmediTobisa da sicocxlis,
maTi bednierebisa da ubedurebis mibaZvac aris, xolo bednierebac da
ubedurebac moqmedebaSi vlindeba. amitom tragediis mizani sakuTriv moqmede-
bis raobaa da ara moqmedebis ubralo unaris Cveneba. TavianTi xasiaTis mixed-
viT adamianebi ama Tu im Tvisebis mqoneni arian, xolo moqmedebis mixedviT _
bednierni an ubedurni. ai, ratomaa, rom poetebi uSualod xasiaTebs ki ar
gvixataven, aramed _ moqmedebas, xolo moqmedebis asaxviT xasiaTebsac
warmosaxaven. ase rom, tragediis mizani sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara moqmedeba da
fabula, xolo mizani yvelaze ufro arsebiTia. egec ar iyos, moqmedebis gareSe
tragedia ukve aRar iqneboda tragedia, maSin rodesac xasiaTebis gareSe is
mainc inarCunebs Tavis raobas. da marTlac, Tanamedrove tragikosTa
umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelyofs xasiaTebs; aseTi poeti ram-
denic gnebavT, imdenia. igive iTqmis mxatvrobis mimarTac. sakmarisia erTmaneTs
SevadaroT Zevqsisi da polignote. es ukanaskneli didostaturi xelovnebiT
gvixatavs xasiaTebs, pirveli ki araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs maT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom eTikuri Segonebebisa da natifi sityvebisa Tu
gamoTqmebis mwyobri kavSiriT gadmocema sulac ar niSnavs tragediis winaSe
dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. piriqiT, Tavis mizans ufro umal miaRwevs tragedia,
romelic gacilebiT mets scodavs am xriv, magram, amasTan, fabulisa Tu
moqmedebis saerTo qargis srulqmnilebiT gamoirCeva. asea ferweraSic:
saucxoo saRebavebis qaoturi laqebi gacilebiT nakleb siamovnebas gvgvris,
vidre TeTr fonze mkafiod moxazuli ama Tu im sagnis sul ubralo, Savi
konturi. garda amisa, Cvens sulebze yvelaze mZafr zemoqmedebas tragedia
swored fabulis nawilebiT _ peripetiebiTa da gamocnobebiT axdens. am mosaz-
rebis sisworeSi isic gvarwmunebs, rom damwyebi poetebi stilistur srulyo-
filebas umal aRweven da xasiaTebis xatvaSic ufro male ostatdebian, vidre

121
moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobis dinamiur gadmocemaSi, rac niSneulia Zveli
drois TiTqmis yvela poetisaTvis.
amrigad, tragediis sawyisi da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misi suli aris
fabula. meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs, vinaidan tragedia moqmedebis
mibaZvaa, xolo am mibaZvis wyalobiT is, upirveles yovlisa, moqmed pirT baZavs.
tragediis mesame nawili azrovnebaa. azrovneba niSnavs amtkico is, rac saqmis
arss exeba da esatyviseba; mWevrmetyvelebis sferoSi swored amas mieltvian
politika da ritorika, Zveli poetebi TavianT gmirebs politikosebiviT alapa-
rakebdnen, Tanamedrove poetebis gmirTa metyveleba ki ritorTa metyvelebas
gvagonebs. xasiaTi aris is, raSic nebis swrafva vlindeba; amitomac xasiaTs ar
gvixataven is sityvebi, romelTa mixedviTac ver vgebulobT, vin ras mieltvis an
ras gaurbis, da romlebic sruliad arafers gveubnebian imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
irCevs an uaryofs mTqmeli da bolos, azrovneba sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara unari,
romlis wyalobiTac risame arsebobas Tu ararsebobas amtkiceben, an, saerTod,
gamoTqvamen rasme. tragediis meoTxe nawilia stili. rogorc ukve vTqviT,
stili aris azris sityvieri gamoxatuleba, rasac Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs
prozaSic da poeziaSic. danarCen nawilTagan mexuTe _ musikaluri kompozicia _
tragediis umniSvnelovanesi samkaulia. xolo speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba,
Cvens sulebze mTeli Tavisi zemoqmedebis miuxedavad, Zalze Sors dgas
xelovnebisgan da, amdenad, poetikis gareT rCeba, vinaidan tragedia yovelgvari
Sejibrebisa Tu msaxiobTa xelovnebis gareSec inarCunebs Tavis Zalmosilebas.
egec ar iyos, speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba ufro dekoratoris saqmea, vidre
poetis.

VII
yovelive amis gansazRvris Semdeg isic vTqvaT, rogori unda iyos
moqmedebaTa saerTo qarga, vinaidan yvelaze mTavari da arsebiTi swored es
aris tragediaSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, tragedia dasrulebuli, mTliani da
garkveuli ganzomilebis mqone moqmedebis mibaZvaa. xolo `garkveul ganzo-
milebas~ imitom vTvli misabaZi moqmedebis erT-erT Tvisebad, rom arsebobs
mTeli, romelsac araviTari ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. mTeli ki aris is, rasac
aqvs dasawyisi, saSualo da dasasruli. dasawyisi aris is, rac aucileblobis
gamo sxvas ki ar misdevs, piriqiT, bunebrivi Tanmimdevrobis Tanaxmad, TviT
mas mosdevs an mis Semdeg xdeba sxva rame. amisda sapirispirod, dasasruli
aris is, rac aucileblobis ZaliT yovelTvis sxvas mosdevs, sxvis Semdegaa,
TviTon mas ki aRaraferi aRar mosdevs. da bolos, saSualo aris is, rac erTis
mxriv, sxva rasme mosdevs, xolo meores mxriv, win uswrebs sxvas. ase rom,
kargad gamarTuli yvela fabula, TviTneburad, saidanme ki ar unda iwyebodes
da, aseve TviTneburad, sadme ki ar unda wydebodes, aramed zemoT motanil
gansazRvrebebs unda emorCilebodes aucileblad.
da mere, raki mSvenieri _ suldgmuli arseba Tu usulo nivTi, _ garkveuli
nawilebisagan aris Semdgari, amitom is ara marto mkacri wesrigiT unda
aerTebdes am nawilebs, aramed garkveul sididesac unda warmoadgendes:
mSveniereba xom sididesa da wesrigSi vlindeba. amitom ar SeiZleba mSvenieri
iyos metismetad patara arseba, vinaidan mzeriT misi aRqma TiTqmis SeuZlebe-
lia, _ an metismetad didi, vinaidan, Tu davuSvebT, rom am arsebis sigrZe Se-
iZleba aTi aTas stadions aRwevdes, maSin mas mTlianad ki ver aRviqvamT, ara-
med mxolod danawevrebulad, mxolod nawil-nawil, da, amrigad, Cveni mzerisa-
Tvis miuwvdomeli darCeba misi erToba da mTlianoba. maSasadame, rogorc
suldgmul arsebebs da usulo sagnebs unda hqondeT advilad aRsaqmeli
122
sidide, ise fabulebsac unda hqondeT garkveuli sigrZe, romelic advilad
dasamaxsovrebeli unda iyos. fabulis sigrZis gansazRvra Teatralur Sejibre-
bebsa Tu grZnobad aRqmasTan mimarTebiT poeturi xelovnebis saqme rodia. da
marTlac, Sejibrebisas rom asi tragedia iyos warmosadgeni, maSin Sejibri
klepsidrebiT Catardeboda, iseve rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, es xdeboda
zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba tragediis sigrZis gansazRvras saqmis
WeSmariti arsis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi sididiT yovelTvis
umjobesia fabula, romelSiac moqmedebis ganviTareba saTanado sicxademdea
miyvanili. an, ufro martivad gansazRvris mizniT, Cven vityviT, rom sakmarisia
is sidide, romlis farglebSiac, albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis Tanaxmad
movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli msvlelobis gziT ubedureba SeiZleba bednierebaSi
gadaizardos, anda, piruku, bedniereba _ ubedurebaSi.

VIII
fabula imitom ki ar aris erToblivi, rom, rogorc zogierTs hgonia, erTi
gmiris Tavgadasavals mogviTxrobs. marTlac, xom SeiZleba erTsa da imave
gmirs usasrulod mravali ram gadaxdes Tavs, xolo am simravlidan zogierT
rames araferi ar aerTebs erTmaneTTan. zustad aseve, erTi da igive gmiri
SeiZleba aTasgvari saqmis moqmedi iyos, magram am saqmeTa erToblioba
arasodes ar iZleva erT mTlian saqmes. amitom, rogorc Cans, cdebian is
poetebi, romelTac ekuTvniT `herakleida~, `Teseida~ da maTi msgavsi sxva
poemebi. isini fiqroben, rom raki herakle erTi iyo, amitom erTi iqneba
fabulac, romelic mis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. homerosma ki, romelic sxva
mxrivac gamoirCeva danarCeni poetebisgan, rogorc Cans, xelovnebisa Tu
bunebrivi niWis wyalobiT, es sakiTxic marTebulad gadawyvita; kerZod,
`odiseas~ rom qmnida, man yvelaferi ki ar CarTo Sig, rac mis gmirs Tavs
gadaxdenia: ase magaliTad, homeross ar uTqvams, rogor daiWra odisevsi
parnasze da rogor scada man SeSlilad moeCvenebina Tavi yrilobisaTvis, ro-
melzedac troas winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis gegmebs awyobdnen, vinaidan arc
aucilebloba da arc albaToba ar moiTxovda imas, rom gmiris cxovrebis erT-
erT am epizods meore epizodic gamoewvia. piriqiT, Tavisi `odisea~ man, Cveni
weRandeli gansazRvrebisamebr, erTi moqmedebis irgvliv aago, da aseve moiqca
igi `iliadas~ Txzvis drosac.
amrigad, raki mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis yvela sxva dargSi erToblivi
mibaZva erTis mibaZvaa, amitom fabulac, romelic moqmedebas baZavs, erTi da,
amasTan mTliani moqmedebis mibaZva unda iyos; moqmedebis nawilebi ki ise unda
erwymodnen erTmaneTs, rom erT-erTi maTganis gadaadgileba an amoReba
mTelis cvlilebasa da gadasxvaferebas unda iwvevdes, xolo is, risi mimateba
an gamokleba arafers ar cvlis, mTelis organul nawilad ver CaiTvleba.

IX
zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom poetma imaze ki ar unda ilaparakos, rac
sinamdvileSi moxda, aramed imaze, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo da, maSasadame,
rac albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli. poeti da istori-
kosi imiT rodi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rom pirveli saleqso sazomiT
wers, meore ki proziT. SeiZleboda leqsad gardagveTqva herodotes Txzule-
bani, magram, galeqsvis miuxedavad, isini mainc istoriuli xasiaTis qmni-
lebebad darCebodnen. ara, poeti da istorikosi erTmaneTisagan swored imiT
gansxvavdebian, rom istorikosi sinamdvileSi momxdar ambebs gadmogvcems,
poeti ki imas, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo. amitom poezia ufro filosofiuria
123
da seriozuli, vidre istoria. poeziis sagani ufro zogadia, xolo istoriisa _
calkeuli. zogadi aris is, risi Tqmac an risi qmnac marTebs albaTobisa Tu
aucileblobis mixedviT, ama Tu im bunebis kacs; swored amas mieltvis poezia
maSinac ki, roca saxelebs arqmevs moqmed pirebs. calkeuli ki aris is, rac
Caidina an ganicada, magaliTad, alkibiadem. komediis mimarT es ukve cxadia:
marTlac, albaTobis mixedviT rom ageben fabulas, komediografebi SemTxveviT
saxelebs arqmeven TavianT gmirebs da, amrigad, konkretul pirovnebebze rodi
weren, iambografTa msgavsad. tragikosebi ki warsulis realur saxelebs arCe-
ven. xolo amis mizezi is gaxlavT, rom SesaZlebeli, amave dros, damajere-
belic, sarwmunoc aris: Cven ara gvjera, rom SesaZlebelia is, rac jer kidev
ar momxdara, xolo is, rac ukve moxda, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, vinaidan
SeuZlebeli rom yofiliyo, arc moxdeboda. magram zogierT tragediaSi
oriode cnobil saxels Tu SexvdebiT, danarCeni saxelebi ki gamogonilia,
xolo zogierTSi erT cnobil saxelsac vera hpovebT; aseTia, magaliTad,
agaTonis `yvavili~, romelSiac yvelaferi, maT Soris uklebliv yvela saxeli
avtoris gamogonilia, magram amisda miuxedavad, is sxva tragediebze nakleb
rodi gvxiblavs Cven. ase rom, sulac ar aris savaldebulo miTiuri Tqmulebe-
bis gamodevneba, romelTac ciklsac ar scildeba tragediebis umravlesoba. is
ki ara da, sasaciloc iqneboda amisken swrava, vinaidan is, rac cnobilia,
mxolod mciredTaTvis aris cnobili, mowonebiT ki yvelas moswons. zemoTqmu-
lidan aSkaraa, rom poeti ufro metad fabulebs unda qmnides, vidre sazomebs,
vinaidan is imdenad aris Semoqmedi, ramdenadac mimbaZvelia, xolo es mibaZva
moqmedebis mibaZvaa. mas rom Tundac sinamdvileSi momxdari ambis asaxva
mouxdes, is mainc poetad darCeba, vinaidan araferi ar uSlis xels imas, rom
zogi ram, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba, albaTobisa da SesaZleblobis mixedviT
moxdes; am aspeqtSi is maTi Semoqmedia.
martiv fabulaTa da moqmedebaTa Soris yvelaze uaresi epizoduri fabulebi
da moqmedebebia. epizodurs me vuwodeb iseT fabulas, romelSiac epizodebi
yovelgvari albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis gareSe misdeven erTmaneTs. amnair
fabulebs cudi poetebi TavianTi uniWobis gamo Txzaven, xolo kargi poetebi _
msaxiobTa gamo: marTlac TavianT tragediebs SejibrSi monawileobis mizniT
rom qmnian da, amrigad, usaSvelod Wimaven fabulebs, isini iZulebulni arian
xSirad daarRvion moqmedebis bunebrivi Tanmimdevroba.
tragedia ara marto dasrulebuli, aramed SiSisa Tu sibralulis aRmZvre-
li moqmedebis mibaZvac aris. xolo am grZnobebs moqmedeba metwilad aRZravs
maSin, roca moulodnelad xdeba, ufro metad ki maSin, roca ara marto
moulodnelad, aramed garemoebaTa urTierTganpirobebulobis Sedegadac
xdeba. am dros gancvifreba ufro didi iqneba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, raime rom
TavisTavad an sruliad SemTxveviT momxdariyo, vinaidan SemTxveviTTagan
yvelaze gansacvifrebeli swored is aris, rac SeiZleba ganzrax momxdari ego-
nos kacs. ase magaliTad, argosSi mitisis qandakebam mokla mitisisave mkvleli,
romelsac Tavze daeca im dros, roca es ukanaskneli mas aTvalierebda.
SeiZleba ifiqro, rom msgavsi movlena martooden brma SemTxveviTobas rodi
miewereba. maSasadame, amnairi fabulebi uciloblad yvelaze ukeTesi misaRebia.

X
zogierTi fabula martivia, zogierTi ki daxlarTuli, vinaidan aseTia is
moqmedebebic, romelTa mibaZvebsac fabulebi warmoadgenen. martivs, weRandeli
gansazRvrisamebr, me vuwodeb iseT uwyvetsa da erTobliv moqmedebas,
romelSiac cvalebadoba peripetiisa da gamocnobis gareSe xdeba, xolo
124
daxlarTuls _ iseT moqmedebas, romelSiac cvalebadoba gamocnobis an
peripetiis, an kidev, erTdroulad, orive maTganis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
yovelive es fabulis agebulebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, magram ise ki, rom
uwin movlenisagan aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis mixedviT iRebdes dasabams,
vinaidan marTlac didi gansxvavebaa _ erTi ram meoris Sedegad xdeba, Tu,
ubralod, meoris Semdeg.

XI
peripetia aris moqmedebis gadasvla mis sapirispiro moqmedebaSi, da Tanac,
iseTi gadasvla, romelic, Cveni mtkicebisamebr, albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis
mixedviT xdeba. ase magaliTad, `oidiposSi~ mefis karze mosulma macnem, ro-
melsac surda keTili ambavi exarebina oidiposisaTvis da, amdenad, dedis wina-
Se SiSisagan daexsna igi, mis mier motanili ambiT sapirispiro Sedegs miaRwia.
da kidev erTi magaliTi: `menekevsSi~ erTi kaci sikvdiliT dasasjelad
mihyavT, xolo danaosi ukan mihyveba, raTa moakvdinos igi, magram moqmedebis
ganviTarebis Sedegad TviTon danaosi mokvda, sikvdilmisjili ki gadarCa.
gamocnoba, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara
arcodnidan codnaze, an kidev megobrobidan mtrobaze gadasvla; me vgulisxmob
imaT gadasvlas, visac gangebam bedniereba an ubedureba arguna wilad. yvelaze
ukeTesi gamocnoba is gamocnobaa, romelic peripetiebis TanxlebiT xvdeba;
aseTi gamocnoba gamoyenebulia, magaliTad, `oidiposSi~. ra Tqma unda,
arsebobs bevri sxva gamocnobac: rogorc iTqva, SeiZleba gamocnoba usulo
sagnebisa Tu sxvadasxva SemTxveviTobis mixedviT; SeiZleba gamocnoba imis
mixedviTac, Tu vin ra Caidina an ar Caidina. magram yvelaze arsebiTi rogorc
fabulisTvis, ise moqmedebisTvisac mainc zemoaRniSnuli gamocnobaa, vinaidan
amgvari gamocnoba uTuod gamoiwvevs sibraluls an SiSs, xolo tragedia,
rogorc gavarkvieT swored amnairi moqmedebis mibaZvaa. egec ar iyos, amgvar
gamocnobasve mosdevs bednierebac da ubedurebac.
raki gamocnoba ramdenime gmirs Soris xdeba, amitom an erTi gmiri
cnobilobs meores (roca erT-erTi maTgani cnobilia), an orive _ erTimeores.
ase magaliTad, orestem ifigenias mier misTvis gagzavnili weriliT icno da,
ifigenias ki sxvagvari sabuTi dasWirda orestes sacnobad.
maSasadame, am mxriv, fabulas ori nawili aqvs: peripetia da gamocnoba.
mesame nawilia tanjva. peripetiisa da gamocnobis Sesaxeb ukve vilaparakeT,
xolo tanjva iseTi moqmedebaa, romelic sikvdils an sastik tkivils iwvevs;
aseTia, magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvari sikvdili scenaze, autaneli tkivili,
Wrilobis miyeneba da sxva misTanani.

XII
tragediis im nawilTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mis safuZvlad unda migvaCndes,
zemoT vilaparakeT, xolo moculobisa da qvedanayofebis mixedviT mas Semdegi
nawilebi aqvs: prologi, episodioni, eqsodosi da qorikoni, romelSiac, Tavis
mxriv, Semdegi ori nawili gamoiyofa: parodosi da stasimoni. es ori nawili
saerToa yvela qorikonisaTvis, xolo komosebi da simRerebi scenidan mar-
tooden zogierTi qorikonis kuTvnilebaa. prologi aris tragediis mTliani
nawili qoros gamosvlamde; episodioni aris tragediis mTliani nawili,
romelic CarTulia qoros mTlian sagalobelTa Soris; eqsodosi aris trage-
dis mTliani nawili, romelsac qoros galoba aRar mosdevs; rac Seexeba
qorikonis nawilebs, parodosi aris qoros pirveli mTliani sityva, stasimoni

125
_ qoros galoba uanapestod da utroqeod, xolo komosi _ qorosa da
msaxiobTa saerTo godeba.
amrigad, tragediis im nawilTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mis safuZvlad unda
migvaCndes, zemoT vilaparakeT, xolo moculobisa da qvedanayofebis mixedviT
mas Semdegi nawilebi aqvs.

XIII
zemoaRniSnulis kvaldakval saWiroa iTqvas, ras unda eswrafvodnen an ras
unda aridebdnen Tavs fabulebis mTxzvelni da ra ganapirobebs tragediis
winaSe dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. raki saukeTeso tragedia Tavisi Sedgenilo-
biT martivi ki ar unda iyos, aramed rTuli da, amasTan, SiSisa da sibralulis
aRmZvreli moqmedebis mibaZvas unda warmoadgendes (vinaidan swored esaa
mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis am dargis Tavisebureba), amitom, rasakvirvelia,
arc keTili kaci unda iqnes warmodgenili rogorc bednierebidan ubedurebaSi
gadamavali, radgan es SiSisa da sibralulis aRmZvreli ki ar aris, aramed
aRmaSfoTebeli, da arc ukeTuri _ rogorc ubedurebidan bednierebaSi gada-
mavali, vinaidan es yvelaze nakleb tragikulia, raki amnair tragedias ar
gaaCnia araferi, rac misTvis saWiroa, ese igi is, rac iwvevs kacTmoyvareobis,
SiSisa Tu sibralulis grZnobas. da bolos, arc yovlad uvargisi kaci unda
vardebodes bednierebidan ubedurebaSi, vinaidan ase agebuli fabula kacT-
moyvareobis grZnobas ki aRZravda CvenSi, magram ver gamoiwvevda verc sibra-
luls da verc SiSs. da marTlac, sibraluli Cven aRgveZvris imis mimarT, visac
daumsaxureblad atydeba Tavze ubedureba, xolo SiSi _ Cvenive msgavsis
mimarT. maSasadame, amnairi SemTxveva ver gamoiwvevs verc sibraluls da verc
SiSs. ase rom, rCeba mxolod kaci, romelsac saSualo adgili uWiravs
zemoCamoTvlilTa Soris. xolo aseTia is, vinc gansakuTrebuli siqveliTa da
samarTlianobiT ar gamoirCeva da visac ubedureba sakuTari simdablisa da
ukeTurebis gamo ki ar atydeba Tavze, aramed ama Tu im Secdomis gamo, TumcaRa,
uwin sayovelTao pativiscemiT garemosili da didad bednieri iyo, rogorc
magaliTad, oidiposi, Tieste da maTi msgavsi sxva warCinebuli pirni.
amrigad, aucilebelia, rom kargad gamarTuli yvela fabula umal martivi
iyos, vidre rTuli, anu ormagi, rogorc amtkicebs zogierTi, da rom mas
ubedurebidan bednierebaSi ki ar gadavyavdeT, aramed bednierebidan ubedu-
rebaSi, da Tanac, ara gmiris ukeTurebis, aramed misi miutevebeli Secdomis
gamo; xolo es gmiri zedmiwevniT unda hgavdes zemoT aRwerils, an, umal,
ukeTesi unda iyos, vinem uaresi. amas gvimowmebs istoriac: Tavdapirvelad
poetebi mravalricxovan SemTxveviTs miTebs amuSavebdnen, dRes ki yvelaze
ukeTesi tragediebi sul ramdenime sagvareulos beds gvixataven; aseTebia,
magaliTad, alkmeonis, oidiposis, orestes, meleagres, Tiestes, telefosisa da
sxvaTa gvarebi, romelTac bedma wilad arguna daeTminaT an CaedinaT saSineli
ram boroteba.
maSasadame, xelovnebis wesebis Tanaxmad, yvelaze ukeTesi tragedia swored
ase agebuli tragediaa. amitom cdeba yvela, vinc hgmobs evripides imis
gulisTvis, rom is swored ase agebs Tavis qmnilebebs da rom bevri misi
tragedia ubedurebiT mTavrdeba. magram es, rogorc ukve iTqva, savsebiT
gamarTlebulia. amis sabuTad isic kmara, rom scenaze, Sejibris dros, aseTi
tragediebi yvelaze tragikul qmnilebebad Canan. Tuki maTi dadgma sworad
aris gadawyvetili, da evripidec, zogierTi xarvezis miuxedavad, yvelaze
tragikul poetad gvevlineba Cven.

126
 xolo tragediis meore saxes, romelsac zogi pirvelad Tvlis, `odiseas~
msgavsad, ormagi fabula aqvs da avTa da kargTaTvis urTierTsapirispiro
SedegiT mTavrdeba. pirvel saxed ki imitom Tvlian, rom sakmaod mdare
gemovnebis mayurebeli hyavs: poetebi xom TavianT Semoqmedebas xSirad mayu-
rebelTa gemovnebas usadageben. magram siamovneba, romelsac amgvari qmnileba
gvaniWebs, ufro komediisTvisaa niSneuli, vidre tragediisTvis. da marTlac,
komediis gmirebi, romlebic, fabulis mixedviT, Tavdapirvelad mosisxle
mtrebi iyvnen, rogorc magaliTad, oreste da egisTe, bolos megobrebi xdebian
da arcerTi ara kvdeba meoris xeliT.

XIV
SiSisa da sibralulis grZnoba SeiZleba speqtaklis mxatvrulma gaformebam
aRZras CvenSi, magram mas TviT fabulis zogadi qargac iwvevs, rac upirvelesi
Rirseba da WeSmariti poetis niSani aris. fabula ise unda iyos agebuli, rom
masSi gadmocemuli ambavi scenaze warmodgenis gareSec aZrwunebdes da
sibraluliT avsebdes mkiTxvels. es gancda daeufleba yvelas, vinc oidiposis
ambavs moismens. magram am grZnobis gamowveva speqtaklis mxatvruli gafor-
mebis saSualebiT qoregiis saqmea da ara poeturi xelovnebisa. xolo mas, visac
sasceno warmodgeniT SiSis ki ara, martooden gancvifrebis gamowveva surs,
araferi aqvs saerTo tragediasTan, vinaidan tragediaSi yovelnair siamov-
nebas ki ar unda veZebdeT, aramed mxolod misTvis niSneuls. da raki poets
marTebs mibaZvis gziT gvaniWebdes siamovnebas, romelic SiSisa da sibralulis-
gan unda gamomdinareobdes, amitom, cxadia, TviT tragediis fabula am grZnobe-
biT unda iyos gamsWvaluli. maS, vikvlioT, romeli moqmedeba iwvevs SiSs da
romeli _ sibraluls. yvela es moqmedeba aucileblad unda xdebodes erTur-
Tis mimarT an mtrulad, an moyvrulad, an arc mtrulad da arc moyvrulad
ganwyobil pirTa Soris. ukeTu mteri stanjavs mters, maSin misi moqmedeba anda
zraxva ki ar iwvevs CvenSi sibraluls, aramed TviT tanjva TavisTavad. igive
iTqmis im SemTxvevaSic, roca aseve iqcevian erTurTis mimarT arc mtrulad da
arc moyvrulad ganwyobili pirni, magram rodesac moyvasi stanjavs moyvass,
ase magaliTad, roca Zma hklavs Zmas, Svili _ mamas, deda _ Svils, Svili _
dedas da a. S., an apirebs moklas, an raime amis msgavss sCadis _ ai, ras unda
eZiebdes poeti miTSi.
Cvenamde gadmocemiT moRweuli miTebis Secvla ar SeiZleba; ase magaliTad,
ar SeiZleba Secvalo is, rom klitemnestras oreste klavs, xolo erifiles _
alkmeoni. poeti TviTon unda poulobdes misTvis saWiro masalas da ostatu-
rad sargeblobdes gadmocemebiT. magram ufro garkveviT vTqvaT, ras
vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT `ostaturado~. moqmedeba SeiZleba ise xdebodes,
rogorc warmoedginaT Zvel poetebs, romelTa gmirebi Segnebulad moqmedeben;
ase magaliTad, evripides medea winazraxviT hklavs Tavis Svilebs. magram
gmirma SeiZleba Seugnebladac Caidinos Semzaravi danaSauli da mxolod
Semdeg Seityos, raoden axlobeli yofila misTvis misive msxverpli. aseTia,
magaliTad, sofokles oidiposi. Tumca es saSineleba sofoklesTan sakuTriv
dramis gareT xdeba, xolo TviT tragediaSi ase moqmedeben astidamasis
alkmeoni da telegone `daWril odisevsSi~. arsebobs moqmedebis mesame saxec,
roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinrobis gamo, apirebs Caidinos saSineli
danaSauli, magram boroti zraxvis aRsrulebamde scnobs Tavis msxverpls. sxva
saxis moqmedeba aRar arsebobs: aucilebelia Caidino an ar Caidino danaSauli,
da, Tanac, _ Segnebulad an Seugneblad. am moqmedebaTagan yvelaze uaresi isaa,
roca gmiri Segnebulad apirebs danaSaulis Cadenas, magram ar sCadis. es
127
gulSemzaravia, magram ara tragikuli, vinaidan aq gamoricxulia tanjvis
momenti. ai, ratomaa, rom yvela Tavs aridebs moqmedebis amnair ganviTarebas,
ramdenime iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,
magaliTad, hemonis qceva `antigoneSi~ kreonis mimarT. moqmedebis sxvagvari
ganviTarebisas gmiri ukan ki ar ixevs, aramed saqmed aqcevs ganzraxuls. magram
yvelaze ukeTesi mainc isaa, roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinarobis gamo sCadis
danaSauls, xolo gamocnoba danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg xdeba, vinaidan aq
araferia gulSemzaravi, gamocnoba ki SemaZrwunebel STabeWdilebas axdens. da
bolos, yvelaze qmediTi gza moqmedebis ganviTarebisa: sanimuSod aviRoT
`kresfonte~, romelSiac merope apirebs moklas Tavisi vaJi, magram ara klavs
_ dedam icno Svili. ase `ifigeniaSic~ da icnobs Zmas, xolo `heleSi~ vaJiSvili
_ sakuTar dedas, romelic is-is iyo unda gaeca. ai, ratomaa, rom tragediebi,
rogorc zemoT iTqva, sul ramdenime sagvareulos beds agviweren. TavianTi
Ziebisas tragikosebma xelovnebis wyalobiT ki ara, SemTxveviT miagnes imas,
rom maTTvis saWiro masala uSualod mocemulia miTebSi. amitom maT Zala-
uneburad uxdebaT im sagvareuloebze wera, romlebsac miwyiv Tana sdevdaT
amnairi ubedureba.
amrigad, moqmedebaTa Sedgenilobisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyvnen
fabulebi, sakmarisad vilaparakeT.

XV
rac Seexeba xasiaTebs, aris oTxi piroba, romelsac unda viTvaliswinebdeT:
pirveli da yvelaze arsebiTi is gaxlavT, rom xasiaTi keTilSobiluri iyos.
moqmed pirs xasiaTi aqvs, Tuki rogorc zemoT iTqva, misi sityva an qceva
cxadyofs, rom is raRacas irCevs, xolo xasiaTis keTilSobilebas arCevanis
keTilSobiluroba ganapirobebs. keTilSobileba SeiZleba yvela adamians ax-
asiaTebdes, ase gasinjeT, diacsa da monasac ki, Tumca pirveli mdabali
qmnilebaa, xolo meore yovlad ubadruki arseba aris. meore piroba isaa, rom
xasiaTi Sesaferisi iyos: ase magaliTad, atlantes mamakacuri xasiaTi aqvs, ma-
gram diacs ar Sehferis, rom mas mamakacuri an sastiki zne hqondes. mesame
pirobis Tanaxmad, xasiaTi marTali unda iyos. xasiaTis simarTle sul sxva
gziT miiRweva. es arc keTilSobiluri xasiaTia da arc Sesaferisi, rogorc
zemoT iyo naTqvami. da bolos, meoTxe pirobis Tanaxmad, xasiaTi Tanmimdev-
ruli unda iyos. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca moqmedi piri araTanmimdevrulia da
am saxiT warmosdgeba Cvens winaSe, misi araTanmimdevruloba mainc Tanmim-
devrulad unda iyos naCvenebi. xasiaTis iseTi simdablis nimuSad, romelic
aucileblobiT ar aris gamowveuli, SeiZleba davasaxeloT menelaosi `ores-
teSi~, uxamsi da uRirsi qcevis nimuSia odisevsis moTqma `skilaSi~ da
melanipes sityva, xolo araTanmimdevruli qcevisa _ `ifigenia avlisSi~, vinai-
dan mavedrebeli ifigenia srulebiT ara hgavs im ifigenias, romelic ufro
gvian gvevlineba tragediaSi.
xasiaTebSi, iseve rogorc moqmedebaTa qargaSi, yovelTvis unda veZebdeT
albaTobas da aucileblobas, raTa esa da es ambobdes an akeTebdes amas da
amas aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis mixedviT da raTa erTi ram xdebodes
meoris Semdeg isev da isev aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis mixedviT.
zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom fabulis gaxsna TviT fabulidan unda gamomdi-
nareobdes, TviT fabuliT unda xdebodes da ara manqanis saSualebiT, rogorc
magaliTad, `medeaSi~, an `iliadaSi~ (gavixsenoT xomaldiT ukan gabrunebis
scena). manqanas unda iyenebdnen mxolod imis gasacxadeblad, rac dramis gareT
xdeba: an imisa, rac adre moxda da, maSasadame, risi codnac ar ZaluZs kacs,
128
anda imisa, rac ufro gvian moxdeba da amitom winaswarmetyvelebasa da RvTaeb-
riv gamocxadebas moiTxovs; diax, RvTaebrivs, vinaidan Cveni warmodgeniT,
mxolod RmerTebi arian yovlis ganmWvretni.
moqmedebaSi araferi unda iyos alogikuri, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, is
tragediis gareT unda darCes, rogorc magaliTad, sofokles `oidiposSi~.
rakiRa tragedia ukeTes kacTa asaxvaa, amitom is karg portretistebs unda
baZavdes: visime portrets rom qmnian, es ukanasknelni martooden msgavsebis
gadmocemiT ki ar kmayofildebian, aramed lamazadac gvixataven mas. zustad
aseve, ficx, Tavqarian Tu sxva amnair TvisebaTa mqone pirebs rom baZavs, poeti
ufro keTilSobil arsebebad unda warmogvidgendes maT. ase dagvixates
agaTonma da homerosma ulmobeli aqilevsi. ai, ras unda viTvaliswinebdeT im
STabeWdilebebTan erTad, romlebsac uSualod poeturi nawarmoebi iwvevs
CvenSi, radgan maTac SeuZliaT xSirad gvacdunon. amis Sesaxeb sakmaod bevri
ram aris naTqvami Cems gamoqveynebul TxzulebebSi.

XVI
Cven ukve vTqviT, ra aris gamocnoba. axla ki mis saxeebzec vilaparakoT.
pirveli da yvelaze nakleb ostaturi saxe, romelsac gamouvali mdgomareo-
bidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT mimarTaven, _ esaa gamocnoba garegnuli niSnebis
saSualebiT. am niSanTagan zogi bunebrivia, rogorc magaliTad, `Subi, romelic
xelT upyriaT miwis naSierT~, anda varskvlavebi _ karkines `TiesteSi~, zogi
ki _ SenaZeni, romelTaganac zogierTi niSani an gmiris tans amCnevia, rogorc
magaliTad, naWrilobevi; an tansacmelia, rogorc magaliTad, maniaki, da
bolos, amave niSanTagania zogierTi sxva nivTic, magaliTad, patara navi _
`tiroSi~. am niSnebis gamoyeneba ukeTesadac SeiZleba da uaresadac. ase maga-
liTad, odisevsi naWrilobevis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad icnes, erTis mxriv
ZiZam, xolo meores mxriv, meRoreebma. yvelaze nakleb ostaturia gamocnoba,
romelic dajerebis gulisTvis xdeba, iseve rogorc yvela sxva amgvari
gamocnoba saerTod. ukeTesia gamocnoba, romelic peripetiidan gamomdi-
nareobs, rogorc magaliTad, `ganbanis~ scena `odiseaSi~.
meore saxis gamocnoba TviT poetis mier aris gamogonili da, amdenad,
nakleb ostaturia. ase magaliTad, oreste `ifigeniaSi~ aRiarebs, rom is
orestea; ifigenia weriliT amJRavnebs Tavis vinaobas, oreste ki laparakobs
imas, rac poets surs, magram rasac ar moiTxovs TviTon fabula. amitom aseTi
gamocnoba axloa zemoxsenebul naklTan: SesaZlo iyo orestes zogierTi
garegnuli niSanic hqonoda. amnairi gamocnobis nimuSia naqargis RaRadisic
sofokles `terevsSi~.
mesamea gamocnoba mogonebis saSualebiT, roca ama Tu im sagnis xilva raime
grZnobas iwvevs. ase magaliTad, dikaiogenes `kiproselebSi~ gmirma dainaxa su-
raTi da qviTini daiwyo, xolo `alkinoesTan saubarSi~ gmirma mousmina kiTa-
rists da, warsulis mogonebiT gulSeZruli, mwared atirda. ai ase icnes orive.
meoTxe saxis gamocnoba daskvnis saSualebiT xdeba, rogorc magaliTad,
`qoeforebSi~: `mosula viRac Cemi msgavsi, magram Cemi msgavsi aravinaa,
orestes garda, maSasadame, mosuli _ orestea. aseTive gamocnobaa gamoyene-
buli sofist poliedes TxzulebaSi ifigenias mimarT: oreste marTebulad
daaskvnis, rom misi da msxverplad Seswires, amitom masac Seswiraven
msxverplad. xolo Teodektes `tidevsSi~ gmiri daaskvnis, rom, raki Tavisi
vaJis saZebnad movida, usaTuod daiRupeba. asevea `fineidebSic~: dainaxaven Tu
ara adgils, qalebi wamsve mixvdebian, rom aq unda daixocon, vinaidan aqve
gadmosxes isini.
129
 arsebobs egreTwodebuli rTuli gamocnobac, romelic mayurebelTa mcdar
daskvnazea dafuZnebuli, rogorc magaliTad, `crumacne odisevsSi~, sadac
odisevsi acxadebs, rom SeuZlia icnos mSvildi, romelic TvaliT ar unaxavs,
mayurebels ki hgonia, rom marTla icnobs da, amrigad, mcdar daskvnamde midis.
magram yvelaze ukeTesi gamocnoba mainc uSualod moqmedebidan gamomdinare
gamocnobaa, am dros mayureblis gancvifrebas movlenaTa bunebrivi ganviTare-
ba iwvevs. aseTi gamocnoba gamoyenebulia sofokles `oidipossa~ da `ifige-
niaSi~. marTlac, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom ifigenias werilis gadacema surs.
mxolod amgvari gamocnoba xdeba xelovnuri niSnebis gareSe. meore adgili
ekuTvnis gamocnobas daskvnis saSualebiT.

XVII
fabulebis agebisa da maTi stilisturi damuSavebis dros poets Tvalwin
unda edgas yvelaferi, razedac wers. Semoqmedi mxolod maSin miakvlevs imas,
risi mikvlevac marTebs da mis Tvals mxolod maSin ar gamoepareba Sinagani
winaaRmdegobani, roca yvelafers ise cxadad iTvaliswinebs, TiTqos mis mier
aRwerili ambebis TviTmxilveli iyos. amas gvimowmebs Tundac is, rasac
karkines usayvedurebdnen: mis dramaSi amfiare gamodioda taZridan, rac
dafaruli rCeboda mayureblisaTvis, romelic drtvinavda da ukmayofilebas
gamosTqvamda amis gamo. swored aman ganapiroba dramis marcxi scenaze.
ramdenadac SesaZloa, poets naTlad unda hqondes warmodgenili gmirTa
gancdebic. ama Tu im gancdis gadmocemisas yvelaze damajerebelia is, vinc
TviTonac gulSeZrulia amave grZnobiT gvaRelvebs is, vinc TviTonac Relavs,
xolo Cvens risxvas iwvevs risxviT gulanTebuli. amitom poezia, maRalniWier
an RvTaebrivi siSmagiT Sepyrobil kacTa saufloa, vinaidan pirvelT
gardasaxvis Zali SeswevT, xolo meoreT _ aRtkinebis, aRfrTovanebis.
rogorc miTiuri TqmulebebiT Semonaxuli, ise SeTxzuli masalac poetma
zogadad unda moiazros weris dros, Semdeg ki epizodebis CarTviT ganavrcos
igi. Cemis azriT, zogadi SeiZleba ise moiazro, rogorc magaliTad, `ifige-
niaSi~: umanko qalwuls msxverplad swiraven. is gaepareba mzoravT da Soreul
qveyanaSi gadaixveweba, romlis mcxovrebnic, winaparTa wesisamebr, ucxoelebs
msxverplad swiraven qalRmerTs. aq mas mzorav qurumad ganamweseben. cota xnis
Semdeg, RmerTis brZanebiT, am qveyanaSi Cadis qalwuli qurumis Zma (ra iyo am
brZanebis mizezi _ es zogadi sqemis gareTaa, xolo ra iyo mizani _ es fabulis
gareT rCeba). sabralos CasvlisTanave Seipyroben da msxverplad Sewirvas
daupireben. da ai, swored aq icnes igi (SesaZloa, ise, rogorc evripidem
warmoadgina, an ise, rogorc polieides mieraa warmodgenili), vinaidan
uneburad aRmoxda sityva, romelic savsebiT bunebrivia mis dReSi myofi
kacisTvis: kerZod, man Tqva, rom ara marto mis das, aramed Turme masac bedad
ewera, rom msxverplad SeewiraT RvTaebisaTvis. swored aman gadaarCina
ganwiruli.
mas Semdeg, rac moqmed pirebs saxelebi daerqmevaT, poets epizodebis
Semotana marTebs, magram es epizodebi organulad unda erwymodnen da
examebodnen mTels moqmedebas, rogorc magaliTad, orestes gaSmageba, ris
gamoc is Seipyres, Semdeg ki ganwmenda, ramac ixsna igi.
dramaSi epizodebi moklea, eposSi ki gavrcobili. ase magaliTad, `odiseas~
mTeli Sinaarsi SeiZleba sul ramdenime fraziT gadmovceT: gmiri wlebis
ganmavlobaSi daexeteba xmelsa Tu zRvaze. mas sdevnis poseidoni. is martoa.
amasobaSi sasiZoebi mTels mis avla-didebas aniaveben da borots izraxaven
misi Zis mimarT. xangrZlivi tanjva-wamebis Semdeg is Sin brundeba, Tavis
130
vinaobas umJRavnebs zogierT Sinaurs da Tavs esxmis sasiZoebs, romlebsac
musrs gaavlebs, TviTon ki gadarCeba. amiT amoiwureba poemis mTeli Sinaarsi,
yovelive danarCeni ki epizodebia.

XVIII
yoel tragediaSi ori nawili gamoiyofa: gaskvna da gaxsna. pirveli,
Cveulebriv, moicavs movlenebs, romlebic dramis gareTaa da zog rasme iqidan,
rac sakuTriv dramaSi Sedis, xolo meore _ yovelive sxva daranCens. gaskvnas
me vuwodeb im nawils, romelic grZeldeba dasawyisidan gardatexis momen-
tamde, saidanac bednierebidan _ ubedurebaSi, an, piruku, ubedurebidan bed-
nierebaSi gadasvla xdeba, xolo gaxsnas _ im nawils, romelic gardatexis mo-
mentiT iwyeba da dasasrulamde midis. ase magaliTad, Teodektes `linkevsSi~
gaskvna aris is, rac adre moxda, saxeldobr, bavSvis gataceba da gamtacebelTa
Sepyroba, xolo gaxsna mkvlelobaSi bralis dadebidan dasasrulamde grZel-
deba.
arsebobs tragediis oTxi saxeoba, ese igi, imdeni, ramdeni nawilic zemoT
aRiniSna: kerZod, daxlarTuli tragedia, romelSiac yvelaferi peripetiasa da
gamocnobazea dafuZnebuli; paTetikuri tragedia, rogorc magaliTad, `fTio-
tidebi~ da `pelevsi~, da bolos fantastikuri tragedia, rogorc magaliTad,
`forkidebi~, `promeTe~ da sxva misTanani, romelTa moqmedebac hadesSi xdeba.
poeti, uwinares yovlisa, unda cdilobdes imas, rom misi qmnileba yvela am
saxeobas aerTianebdes, an, Tu yvelas ara, umTavres da umravles saxeebs mainc,
miTumetes dRes, roca poetebs ase usamarTlod esxmian Tavs: miuxedavad imisa,
rom yvela am saxeobaSi bevri kargi poeti gvyavs, mainc daJinebiT moiTxoven,
rom TiToeuli maTgani Crdilavdes Tavis yvelaze Rirseul winamorbedT.
SesaZloa, ufro marTebulad moviqceviT, Tu tragediaTa msgavsebas an
aramsgavsebas fabulebis mixedviT ki ar ganvsazRvravT, aramed gaskvnisa da
gaxsnis mixedviT. bevri poeti, romelsac kargad gamoudis gaskvna, xSirad Tavs
ver arTmevs gaxsnas, Tumca saWiro kia, rom maT orive am nawilis srulyofili
gadawyvetisTvis ukravdnen taSs.
arc is unda daviviwyoT, rac araerTgzis aRgviniSnavs: veridoT tragediaSi
eposiseburi kompoziciis gamoyenebas. eposiseburs me vuwodeb mravalfabulian
qmnilebas; ase magaliTad, vinmes rom mTeli `iliada~ tragediis enaze
gadaetana, swored amnair nawarmoebs miviRebdiT. eposis sigrZis gamo misi
nawilebic saTanadod arian gavrcobilni, tragediaSi ki nawilTa amnairi
gavrcoba sruliad moulodnel Sedegs iZleva. ai, sabuTic: im tragikosebma,
romlebmac TavianT tragediebs mTeli `ilionis damxoba~ daudes safuZvlad da
ara misi zogierTi nawili, evripides msgavsad, anda niobes mTeli Tavga-
dasavali daamuSaves da ara misi cxovrebis erTi epizodi, rogorc esqilem, _
an sastiki marcxi iwvnies, an Sejibrisas TavianT metoqeebs dauTmes pirveloba.
swored aman ganapiroba agaTonis marcxic, TumcaRa, peripetiebisa da martiv
moqmedebaTa gadmocemisas is yovelTvis warmatebiT aRwevda mizans. xolo
mizani miRweulad iTvleba maSin, roca, avtoris CanafiqriT, brZeni, magram
boroti kaci TviTon rCeba motyuebuli, rogorc magaliTad, sisifosi, anda
mamaci, magram usamarTlo kaci marcxdeba. es tragikulicaa da samarTlianic,
magram, amave dros, bunebrivic aris, vinaidan, agaTonis Tqmisa ar iyos,
`bunebrivia isic, rom bevri ram arabunebrivad xdeba~.
dasasrul, qoro erT-erT msaxiobad unda migvaCndes. is unda iyos mTelis
nawili da Tavisi wvlili Sehqondes moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi, magram ara ise,
rogorc evripidesTan, aramed _ rogorc sofoklesTan. danarCen poetTa
131
SemoqmedebaSi ki qoros sagaloblebi imdenadvea dakavSirebuli sakuTar
fabulasTan, ramdenadac nebismier sxva tragediasTan. amitom maT qmnilebebSi
qoro CarTul sagaloblebs asrulebs mxolod. amnairi `CarTva~ pirvelad
agaTonma SemoiRo. magram kacma rom Tqvas, ra gansxvavebaa: gind qoros Seus-
rulebia CarTuli sagalobeli da gind erTi tragediidan meoreSi gadagitania
visime sityva, an, Tundac, mTeli epizodi.

XIX
amrigad, yvela sxva sakiTxis ganxilvas movrCiT; axla ki stilisa Tu
azrovnebis Sesaxebac vilaparakoT, magram am ukanasknelis ganxilva ufro
ritorikis saqmea, vinaidan Tavisi arsiT is umal codnis am dargs ukavSirdeba.
azrovnebiseulia yvelaferi, rac sityvis meSveobiT unda iqnas miRweuli.
kerZod, damtkiceba, gabaTileba, ama Tu im gancdis, magaliTad, sibralulis,
SiSis, mrisxanebis Tu sxva misTanaTa gamowveva, agreTve risame gandideba an
daknineba. rasakvirvelia moqmedebaTa gadmocemis drosac imave saSualebebs
unda mivmarTavdeT, romlebsac viyenebT azris sityvieri gadmocemisas, Tuki
gvmarTebs warmovadginoT sawyalobeli an saSineli, Cveulebrivi Tu araCveu-
lebrivi. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom dramatul moqmedebaSi yovelive es
TavisTavadac, ese igi, yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSec cxadi unda iyos,
maSin rodesac Tavis sityvaSi yovelive amas TviTon molaparake gvicxadebs.
marTlacda, riRas maqnisi iqneboda es ukanaskneli, misi saTqmeli rom
uimisodac cxadyofdes, vTqvaT, sasiamovnos anda saSinels?
rac Seexeba stils, aq erT-erTi gansaxilavi sakiTxia sityvis garegnuli
gaformeba. misi codnac samsaxiobo xelovnebisa Tu am xelovnebas srulyo-
filad dauflebuli kacis saqmea. me vgulisxmob imis codnas, Tu rogori forma
unda hqondes brZanebas, Txovnas, Txrobas, muqaras, kiTxvas, pasuxs da sxva
misTanaT. yovelive amis codna Tu arcodna poeturi xelovnebis arsebiT
Rirsebad an naklad ver CaiTvleba da amitom arc imisi azria maincdamainc
didi yuradRebis Rirsi. vinc am niSniT iwonebs an iwunebs poets. marTlacda,
gana SeiZleba homerosi davgmoT imis gulisTvis, risTvisac mas hkicxavs
protagora? kerZod, is Tvlis, rom homerosi scodavs, rodesac ambobs:
`mimRere, RmerTqalo, risxva~...
vinaidan, protagoras azriT, brZanebiT kiloSi dasmuli moqmedebis
aRmniSvneli sityva martooden brZanebas gamoxatavs da ara Txovnasac... maS,
modi, nuRar SevCerdebiT am sakiTxze, romlis ganxilvac sxva xelovnebis
saqmea da ara poetikisa.

XX
stilis Semadgeneli nawilebia: sawyisi bgera, marcvali, kavSiri, saxeli,
zmna, nawevari, fleqsia, winadadeba.
sawyisi bgera ewodeba umartives, ganuyofel bgeras, magram ara yvelanairs,
aramed mxolod iseTs, romelic Tavisi bunebiT dasabams aZlevs gonivrul
sityvas. marTlacda, cxovelebsac xom aqvT daunawevrebeli bgerebi, romelTa-
ganac arcerTs ar vuwodeb sawyis bgeras. am ukanasknelis saxeebia _ xmovani,
naxevarxmovani da araxmovani. xmovania bgera, romelic enis mkveTri moZrao-
bis gareSe warmoiTqmeba; naxevarxmovania bgera, romelic enis mkveTri moZ-
raobiT warmoiTqmeba, rogorc magaliTad, `s~ an `r~; da bolos, araxmovani
bgera sametyvelo organoebis moZraobisas TavisTavad ki ara bgers, aramed
mxolod sxva, metnaklebad TavisTavadi bgerebis mezoblobaSi aRiqmeba
rogorc bgera. aseTia, magaliTad, `g~ an `d~. es bgerebi erTmaneTisagan
132
gansxvavdebian sametyvelo organoTa mdgomareobiT, maTi warmoTqmis adgi-
liT, fSvinvis sisustiT Tu siZlieriT, sigrZe-simokliT da, bolos, mkveTri,
blagvi Tu Semosili maxvilis mixedviT. yovelive es, ufro dawvrilebiT,
metrikaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli.
marcvali aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis armqone ori an meti bgeris
kompleqsi, romelic erTi xmovnisa da erTi an ramdenime araxmovnisagan
Sedgeba. ase magaliTad `ga~ marcvalia `r~-s gareSe da `r~-sTan erTadac _
`gra~. magram marcvalTa urTierTgansxvavebis ganxilvac metrikis saqmea.
kavSiri aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis armqone sityva, romelic arc xels
uwyobs da arc xels uSlis ramdenime sityvisagan erTi azriani winadadebis
warmoqmnas. is daismis winadadebis boloSi an SuaSi, garda im SemTxvevisa,
roca SesaZlebelia misi dasma winadadebis TavSi, rogorc magaliTad, men, etoi,
de. an kidev, kavSiri aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis armqone sityva, romelic
ramdenime TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvas erT azrian winadadebad
akavSirebs.
nawevari aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis armqone sityva, romelic gviCve-
nebs winadadebis dasawyiss Tu dasasruls, an mis dayofas calkeul nawilebad;
aseTebia, magaliTad, amfi, peri da sxva misTanani. (an kidev, es aris TavisTavadi
mniSvnelobis armqone sityva, romelic arc xels uwyobs da arc xels uSlis
ramdenime sityvisagan erTi azriani winadadebis warmoqmnas. is daismis
winadadebis boloSi an SuaSi).
saxeli aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone rTuli sityva, romelic ar
Seicavs drois gagebas da romlis nawilebs TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ar
gaaCniaT. da marTlac, Cven xom TavisTavadi mniSvnelobiT ara vxmarobT ormag
saxelTa TviTeul nawils, ase magaliTad, saxelSi Theodoros meore nawilis
doros _ mniSvneloba dakargulia.
zmna aris TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone rTuli sityva, romelic Seicavs
drois gagebas da romlis nawilebs, iseve rogorc saxelisas, TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad, `kaci~ an `TeTri~ ar Seicavs drois
gagebas, maSin rodesac `modis~ da `movida~, garda TavianTi uSualo mniSvne-
lobisa, drosac aRniSnaven: pirveli _ awmyos, xolo meore _ warsuls.
fleqsia saxelsa Tu zmnaSi aRniSnavs an iseT mimarTebas, rogoricaa: `aman~,
`amas~ da a. S., an mxolobiTs da mravlobiTs, rogorc magaliTad, `kaci~ da
`kacni~, an kidev urTierTmimarTebas molaparakeTa Soris, vTqvaT, kiTxvis an
brZanebis formas, magaliTad, `wavida?~, `wadi!~
winadadeba aris sityvaTnaerTi, romelsac, iseve rogorc mis nawilebs,
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela winadadeba rodi Sedgeba zmnebisa da
saxelebisgan. SesaZloa uzmno winadadebac, magaliTad, adamianis gansazRvra,
magram winadadebis erT wevrs mainc yovelTvis unda hqondes TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba. ase magaliTad, winadadebaSi `kleoni modis~ aseTi wevri iqneba
`kleoni~. winadadeba erTiania ormagi azriT: an imiT, rom erT sagans aRniS-
navs, an imiT, rom simravlis erTobas aRniSnavs. ase magaliTad, `iliada~ er-
Tiania, rogorc simravlis erTobis gamomxatveli, xolo `adamianis~
gansazRvra _ rogorc erTis gamomxatveli.

XXI
zogi saxeli martivia, zogi ki rTuli. martivs me vuwodeb saxels, romelic
mniSvnelobis armqone nawilebisgan Sedgeba, rogorc magaliTad, `miwa~. xolo
rTul saxelTagan zogierTi mniSvnelobis mqone da mniSvnelobis armqone
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, (oRond pirveli nawilis mniSvneloba TviTon saxelSi
133
waSlilia), zogierTi ki mniSvnelobis mqone ramdenime nawilisagan, rTuli
saxeli SeiZleba iyos ormagi, sammagi, oTxmagi a a. S. aseTia maRalfardovan
saxelTa umravlesoba, rogorc magaliTad, `hermokaikoqsanTosi~.
TiToeuli saxeli SemiZleba iyos an sayovelTao, an glosa, an metafora, an
samkauli, an SeTxzuli, an gagrZelebuli, an Semoklebuli, anda Secvlili.
sayovelTaos me vuwodeb saxels, romelsac iyenebs yvela, glosas ki _
saxels, romelsac iyeneben mxolod zogierTni. amrigad, aSkaraa, rom erTi da
igive saxeli SeiZleba glosac iyos da sayovelTaoc, magram ara erTi da igive
kuTxis mcxovrebTaTvis. ase magaliTad, sigyon (Subi) kviproselTaTvis sayo-
velTaoa, CvenTvis ki _ glosa.
metafora aris saxelis gadatana, misi mniSvnelobis SecvliT, an gvaridan
saxeze, an saxidan gvarze, anda saxidan saxeze, da bolos, es gadatana SeiZleba
analogiis gziTac moxdes. saxelis gvaridan saxeze gadatanis nimuSia _ `da aqve
dgas Cemi xomaldic~, vinaidan `Ruzis CaSveba~, `Ruzaze dgoma~ kerZo saxea
cnebisa `dgoma~. saxidan gvarze gadatanis nimuSia _ `diax, gviCvena odisevsma
miriadi sagmiro saqme~. vinaidan `miriadi~ niSnavs `mravals~, amitom poetma es
sityva `mravlis~ nacvlad ixmara. saxidan saxeze gadatanis nimuSia, erTis
mxriv, _ `amoarTva maxviliT suli~, xolo meores mxriv, _ `da mohkveTa basri
maxviliT~. aq `amorTmeva~ niSnavs `mokveTas~ da, piruku, `mokveTa~ niSnavs
`amorTmevas~, xolo orive risame `warTmevis~ mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari.
analogiiT gadatanas me vuwodeb iseT SemTxvevas, roca meore ise miemarTeba
pirvels, rogorc meoTxe _ mesames. amitom SeiZleba meoris nacvlad meoTxe
iTqvas, xolo meoTxis nacvlad _ meore. zogjer metaforas umateben im
sityvasac, romelsac miemarTeba misi Semcveli metafora: ase magaliTad, fiala
dionisesaTvis igivea, rac aresisaTvis _ fari; amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
fiala dionises faria, xolo fari _ aresis fiala. an kidev: sibere sicocxlis
mimarT igivea, rac saRamoa dRis mimarT; maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saRamo dRis siberea, xolo sibere _ sicocxlis saRamo, anu, empedokles Tqmisa
ar iyos, _ sicocxlis Casvla. zogierT movlenas Sesatyvisi saxeli ar gaaCnia,
magram analogiis gziT mainc SeiZleba misi xatovani gamoTqma: ase magaliTad,
mTesvelis mier Teslis fantvas `Tesva~ ewodeba. mzis mier sxivebis fantvas ki
sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCnia. magram sxivebis fantva ise miemarTeba mzes,
rogorc Tesva _ mTesvels. swored amitom Tqva poetma: `Tanac Tesda
RvTaebriv naTels~. amgvari metaforis gamoyeneba sxvanairadac SeiZleba,
kerZod, sityvis gadatanisas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli raime niSnis uaryofis
gziT. ase magaliTad, Cven SegveZlo farisaTvis gvewodebina ara `aresis
fiala~, aramed `uRvino fiala~.
SeTxzulia sityva, romelic aravis ar uxmaria da TviTon poetis mier aris
gamogonili. aseTia, magaliTad, ernyges (ylortebi) ta kerata-s (rqebi) mniSvne-
lobiT da areter (mlocveli) hiereys-is (qurumi) mniSvnelobiT.
aris agreTve gagrZelebuli da Semoklebuli sityvebi. gagrZelebulia
sityva, romlis ama Tu im mokle xmovans grZeli xmovniT cvlian an romelSic
mTel marcvals rTaven; Semoklebuli ki aris sityva, romelsac rasme akleben,
pirvelis magaliTebiTa: poléos (poleos), Péléos (Péleos), Péléiadeó (Péleiadoy,) xolo
meorisa: cri; do da mia ginetai amfoteron ops.
sityva Secvlilia maSin, roca xmarebuli formis erT nawils toveben,
meores ki umateben; ase magaliTad dexiteron cata mazon nacvlad dexion-isa.
saxelTagan zogi mamrobiTi sqesisaa, zogi mdedrobiTis da zogic saSualo
sqesisa. mamrobiTi sqesis saxelebi n, r, s-iTa da am ukanasknelis Semcveli asoe-
biT bolovdebian, aseTi aso ki oria ps da x mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelebi an
134
mudam grZeli xmovnebiT é da ó-Ti bolovdebian, an kidev xan grZeli da xanac
mokle xmovniT. ase rom, mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelebis
daboloebaTa ricxvi Tanasworia, vinaidan ps da x igivea, rac s. araxmovniT an
yovelTvis mokle xmovniT arcerTi saxeli ar bolovdeba. i-Ti bolovdeba
mxolod sami saxeli: meli (Tafli), commi (webo) da peperi (pilpili), xolo y-iT
_ xuTi da bolos, saSualo sqesis saxelebi am xmovnebiT, agreTve n da s-iT
bolovdebian.

XXII
stilis Rirseba is aris, rom naTeli iyos da ara mdabali. yvelaze mkafio
stils sayovelTaod xmarebuli saxelebi udevs safuZvlad. magram aseTi stili
mdabalia. amis nimuSia kleofonisa da sTeneles Semoqmedeba. maRali da natifi
stili ki uCveulo sityvebis xmarebazea dafuZnebuli. uCveulo sityvas me
vuwodeb glosas, metaforas, gagrZelebas da yovelive imas, rac sayovelTaod
xmarebuli saxelebis ricxvs ar ekuTvnis. magram Tu vinme mxolod amnairi
saxelebiT aagebs mTel Tavis sityvas, maSin miviRebT gamocanas anda barba-
rizms. martooden metaforebiT Sedgenili winadadeba gamocanaa, marto glose-
biT Sedgenili ki barbarizmia. marTlacda, gamocanis arsi xom isaa, rom arse-
bulze laparakisas mas SeuTavso SeuZlebeli. sayovelTaod xmarebuli
sityvebis meSveobiT amis miRweva ar SeiZleba, metaforebis meSveobiT ki
SesaZlebelia. ase magaliTad:
`vixile kaci, romelmac cecxliT miarCila spilenZi sxeuls~, da sxva
misTanani... barbarizmi warmosdgeba glosebisagan. maSasadame, saWiroa, rom
mwerlis enaSi es sityvebi zomierad erwymodnen erTmaneTs, vinaidan glosis,
metaforis samkaulebisa da sityvis sxva zemoxsenebuli saxeebis wyalobiT
stili amaRlebuli da daxvewili xdeba, xolo sayovelTaod xmarebuli
sityvebi sinaTles aniWeben mas. stilis sinaTles da sinatifes mniSvnelo-
vanwilad ganapirobeben gagrZelebuli, Semoklebuli Tu Secvlili sityvebi,
vinaidan amgvari sityvebis gansxvaveba sasaubro enis Cveulebrivi formebisagan
Tavidan gvacilebs stilis simdables, xolo maT gverdiT sasaubro enisaTvis
Cveulebrivi formebis gamoyeneba sinaTles unarCunebs stils. ase rom,
umarTebulod avsityvaoben amnairi stilis mgmobelni da poetis ganmqiqebelni,
rogorc magaliTad, ufrosi evklide. misi azriT, araferia leqsis weraze
ufro advili, Tuki Tavs nebas miscem ise daagrZelo sityvebi, rogorc
mogeprianeba. man TviT Tavisi leqsis formiT dascina aseT stils:
Epicharen eidon Marathonade badizonta,
anda:
oyc an g`eramenos ton eceinoy elleboron
Tumca am xerxis uadgilod xmareba marTlac sasaciloa, vinaidan
sityvierebis yvela nawilis aucilebeli pirobaa zomiereba. amitom is, vinc
metaforebs, glosebs da sxva misTanaT uadgilod an ganzrax, vTqvaT, sicilis
gamowvevis mizniT iyenebs, TviTonve gaixdis Tavs sasacilod. xolo rarig
mniSvnelovania yovelive amis Tavis adgilas xmareba, dae, mkiTxvelma Tavad
gansajos es epiuri poeziis magaliTze, roca mis saleqso sazomSi sayovelTaod
xmarebul saxelebs rTaven. is, vinc glosebs, metaforebs da sxva misTanaT
sayovelTaod xmarebuli sityvebiT Secvlis, TvalnaTliv darwmundeba Cveni
mosazrebis sisworeSi. ase magaliTad, esqilesa da evripides ekuTvniT iambi-
kuri sazomiT gamarTuli TiTo striqoni, romlebic mxolod erTi sityviT
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. esqiles leqsSi sayovelTaod xmarebuli sityva

135
evripidem glosiT Secvala, da es cvlileba sakmarisi aRmoCnda, raTa erT
leqss aSkarad daeCrdila meore. kerZod, esqile `filoqteteSi~ ambobs:
`Wams mwvave wyluli fexis xorcs Cemsas~,
evripidem ki sityva `Wams~, Secvala sityviT `nTqams~. zustad aseTsave Sedegs
miviRebdiT, vinmes rom am striqonSi:
`axla ki vin? am ubadrukma, usaxo jujam~...
glosebi sayovelTaod xmarebuli saxelebiT Seecvala:
`axla ki vin? am sacodavma, uSno kacunam~...
anda qvemoT motanili striqonis nacvlad _
`uSnod naCorkni miuCoCa mas jorko da dabali tabla~,
eTqva:
`uSnod gaTlili miuCoCa mas skami da patara sufra~; an kidev amis nacvlad
_ `kbodeebi bRavian~, _ daewera: `kbodeebi yvirian~... jer kidev arifrade
dascinoda tragikosebs: iseT gamoTqmebs iyeneben, rogorsac aravin ixmarda
saubarSio: ase magaliTad, domaton apo da ara apo domaton; Achilleos peri da ara
peri Achilleos; sethen, ego de nin da a. S. magram amnairi gamoTqmebi swored imitom
gvacileben Tavidan stilis simdables da sitlanqes, rom yoveldRiur
metyvelebaSi ar ixmarebian. arifrades ki es ar esmoda.
Zalze mniSvnelovania sityvebis yvela zemoxsenebuli saxis, rogorc
magaliTad, glosebisa Tu rTuli saxelebis Tavis adgilas xmareba. magram
yvelaze arsebiTi mainc metaforebis ostaturad gamoyeneba gaxlavT. mxolod
ar SeiZleba amis gadmoReba sxvebisgan. es bunebrivi niWis utyuari niSania,
vinaidan srulyofili metaforebis Seqmna msgavsebis arsSi wvdomis unarze
metyvelebs.
sityvaTa Soris rTuli saxelebi yvelaze metad diTirambebs Sehferis, glo-
sebi _ heroikul nawarmoebebs, xolo metaforebi _ iambikuri sazomiT gamar-
Tul leqsebs. heroikul poeziaSi sityvebis yvela zemoxsenebuli saxe gamoiye-
neba, iambikur poeziaSi ki Sesaferisia yvela is sityva, romelsac yoveldRiur
metyvelebaSi iyeneben, vinaidan sasaubro enas yvelaze ufro metad iambebiT ba-
Zaven. aseTi sityvebia: sayovelTaod xmarebuli saxelebi, metaforebi da epiTe-
tebi.
maS, davjerdeT imas, rac tragediasa da moqmedebismieri mibaZvis Sesaxeb
vTqviT.

XXIII
rac Seexeba TxrobiTsa da sagmiro sazomis mqone poezias, cxadia, rom misi,
iseve rogorc tragediis fabula dramatuli da, amasTan erTi mTliani,
dasrulebuli moqmedebis momcveli unda iyos, moqmedebisa, romelsac aqvs
dasawyisi, saSualo da dasasruli, raTa man, rogorc mTlianma cocxalma
organizmma, misTvis Cveuli siamovneba mogvaniWos. Tavisi kompoziciiT is ar
unda hgavdes istorias, romelSiac aucilebelia ara erTi moqmedebis, aramed
drois erTi monakvTis asaxva, romlis ganmavlobaSiac xdeba yovelive is, rac
SeemTxva erTsa Tu mravals da ris SigniTac calkeuli movlenebi mxolod
SemTxveviT ukavSirdebian erTimeores. ase magaliTad, erTdroulad gaimarTa
salaminis sazRvao brZola da brZola karTagenelebTan siciliaSi, romlebic
sulac ar isaxavdnen erTsa da imave mizans. zustad aseve, drois Tanmimdevrul
dinebaSi, bevri ram xdeba erTimeoris Semdeg, romelTaganac arc erTs ar
aerTebs saerTo mizani. da mainc, bevri poeti mcdar gzas irCevs da istorikoss
baZavs. amitom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, homerosi am mxrivac RvTaebrivad
gveCveneba sxva poetebTan SedarebiT: mas ar ucdia mTeli omis asaxva, TumcaRa
136
am oms Tavisi dasawyisic hqonda da dasasrulic; ar ucdia, radgan am SemTxveva-
Si misi qmnileba an metismetad grZeli gamovidoda, rac Zalian gaarTulebda
mis mimoxilvas, an SedarebiT mokle, magram moqmedebaTa siWrelis gamo Zalze
daxlarTuli. da ai, arCia ra omis mxolod erTi nawili, homerosma mravali
epizodi CarTo Sig, rogorc magaliTad, `xomaldTa katalogi~ da sxva misTa-
nani, romelTa wyalobiTac mravalferovneba mianiWa Tavis poemas. sxvebi ki
TavianT qmnilebebs erTi gmiris, drois erTi monakveTisa da erTi danawevre-
buli moqmedebis aRweriT ageben, rogorc magaliTad, `kipriebisa~ da `mcire
iliadas~ Semoqmedni. amitomaa, rom `iliadasa~ da `odiseasgan~ mxolod TiTo
tragediis Seqmnas Tu SeZlebs kaci, maSin rodesac `kipriebi~ SeiZleba ramdeni-
me tragedias daedos safuZvlad, xolo `mcire iliada~ _ aTamdes mainc: esenia
`dava saWurvelis gamo~, `filoqtete~, `neoptolemosi~, `evripile~, `msxemoba~,
`lakedemoneli qalebi~, `ilionis damxoba~, `dabruneba~, `sinoni~, `troas
asulni~.

XXIV
garda amisa, epopeas igive saxeebi unda hqondes, rac tragedias, ese igi, an
martivi unda iyos, an daxlarTuli, an eTikuri, an paTetikuri, da imave
nawilebisagan unda Sedgebodes, musikaluri kompoziciisa da sasceno sanaxao-
bis gamoklebiT, vinaidan, misTvisac aucilebelia peripetiebi da gamocnobani,
xasiaTebi da vnebani, iseve, rogorc natifi stili da maRali azri. yovelive es
pirvelad da didostaturad gamoiyena homerosma. misi poemebidan `iliada~
martivi da paTetikuri qmnilebaa, xolo `odisea~ _ daxlarTuli (mTeli poema
gamocnobebiT aris savse) da eTikuri. egec ar iyos, homerosi sityvieri
ZalmosilebiTa da azrovnebis siRrmiTac aSkarad Crdilavs sxvebs.
epopea Tavisi Sedgenilobis sigrZiTa da Tavisi saleqso sazomiTac gamo-
irCeva. am sigrZis sazRvrebis dasadgenad sakmarisia is, rac zemoT iTqva:
saWiroa erTbaSad, Tavidan bolomde SeiZlebodes misi mimoxilva, rac mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu poemis Sedgeniloba Seesatyviseba erTi
warmodgenisaTvis gankuTvnili tragediebis saerTo moculobas. Tavisi teva-
dobis wyalobiT epopeas erTi arsebiTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs: saqme isaa,
rom tragediaSi SeiZleba aisaxos ara ramdenime erTdrouli movlena Tu
moqmedeba, aramed mxolod is, rac scenaze xdeba da rasac msaxiobebi warmo-
gvidgenen. epopeaSi ki, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara gabmuli Txroba,
SeiZleba erTbaSad gadmoices saqmis arsTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime erTd-
rouli moqmedeba, romlebic zrdian poemis moculobas. amrigad, es upirateso-
ba sidiades aniWebs eposs da msmenelis ganwyobilebis swrafi cvlisa da mra-
valferovan epizodTa aseve swrafi monacvleobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas.
xolo gulisgamawvrilebeli erTferovneba xSirad iwvevs tragediis Cavardnas
scenaze.
egreTwodebuli sagmiro sazomi epopeam cdis safuZvelze SeiTvisa da
Seisisxlxorca. vinmes rom eposi romelime sxva sazomiT an ramdenime sazomis
monacvleobiT gaemarTa, es uadgilod da Seufereblad mogveCveneboda,
vinaidan sagmiro sazomi yvela sxva metrze ufro statiuria da ufro zviadi;
amitomac iTavsebs yvelaze metad glosebsa da metaforebs. iambi da tetrametri
ki ufro dinamiuria. amasTan, pirveli moqmedebis gadmocemisTvisaa zedgamoW-
rili, xolo meore ukeT udgeba, ukeT esadageba cekvis ritms. kidev ufro
uadgiloa eposSi saleqso sazomebis aRreva, rac niSneulia xeremonis
qmnilebisaTvis. ai, ratomaa, rom eposis Txzvisas aravin ar iyenebs sxva metrs,

137
sagmiro sazomis garda. rogorc zemoT iTqva, TviTon buneba gvaswavlis,
romeli sazomi ufro metad Sehferis eposs.
bevr sxva RirsebasTan erTad homerosi im mxrivac imsaxurebs qeba-didebas,
rom poetTa Soris mxolod man icis, risi qmna marTebs. da marTlac, poeti
yvelaze nakleb unda Candes Tavis qmnilebaSi, vinaidan amis mixedviT rodi
iwodeba is mimbaZvelad. da mainc, sxva poetebis pirovneba aSkarad cnaurdeba
maTs qmnilebebSi, maSin rodesac TavianTi Tavis es mimbaZvelni xasiaTebs
Zalze iSviaTad da Zunwad xataven. homeross ki mokle Sesavlis Semdeg dauyov-
nebliv Semohyavs kaci, qali an sxva arseba da yvelas Tavis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs uZebnis, yvelas Tavisi xasiaTiT mosavs.
eposSi, iseve rogorc tragediaSi, unda aisaxos gansacvifrebeli. magram
gancvifrebas umeteswilad alogikuroba iwvevs, romelic eposSi ufro advili
Sesatania, vinaidan aq moqmed pirebs ar uyureben. marTlacda, heqtoris devnis
epizodi rom scenaze yofiliyo warmodgenili, uTuod sicils gamoiwvevda: aba,
warmoidgineT: aqavelni uZravad dganan, aqilevsi ki Tavis qneviT raRacas
aniSnebs maT. eposSi ki es araviTar uxerxulobas ar iwvevs, xolo gansacvifre-
beli _ sasiamovnoa. amis sabuTad isic kmara, rom, raime ambis moyolisas,
TiTqmis yvela mTxrobeli, Tavis mxriv, raRac uCveulos umatebs mas, radgan
fiqrobs, rom amiT aamebs msmenels.
homerosma isic kargad aswavla sxvebs, Tu rogor unda icruo. amnairi
sicrue mcdar daskvnazea dafuZnebuli. kacni ase sjian: Tu erTi ramis arseboba
an gamovlena meore ramis arsebobis an gamovlenis pirobaa, amitom, Tu arse-
bobs an vlindeba es ukanaskneli, maSin pirvelic unda arsebobdes an vlindebo-
des. magram es mcdari daskvnaa, vinaidan Tu pirveli yalbia, maSin, miuxedavad
imisa, rom meore, SasaZloa, WeSmaritic iyos, Cven jer kidev ver vityviT imas,
TiTqos pirvelic aucileblad arsebobs, vlindeba an gamomdinareobs. magram
xSirad, raki viciT, rom meore WeSmaritia, Cveni suli mcdarad daaskvnis, rom
pirvelic WeSmariti unda iyos. amis nimuSia erTi epizodi `ganbanidan~.
SeuZlebeli, magram sarwmuno, unda gverCios SesaZlebels, magram arasarw-
munos. Txroba Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari alogizmisagan. ra Seedreba
Txrobas, romelic saerTod ar Seicavs raime aralogikurs. magram Tu es ar
xerxdeba, alogikuri fabulis gareT unda iqnes datovebuli (rogorc
magaliTad, `oidiposSi~, sadac mTavarma gmirma ar icis, rogor mokvda laio-
si) da ara TviT dramaSi (rogorc magaliTad, `eleqtraSi~, romelSiac
gadmocemulia cnoba piTiur TamaSobaTa Sesaxeb, an `misielebSi~, romelSiac
aRwerilia munjis Casvla tegeidan misiaSi). amitom sasaciloa imis mtkiceba,
TiTqos es daSlis da daarRvevs fabulas. kacma rom Tqvas, poetma Tavidanve
unda aiRos xeli amnairi fabulis Txzvaze. magram Tu mas mainc Semoaqvs
alogikuri da amis wyalobiT Tavisi qmnileba ufro srulyofili eCveneba,
SesaZloa, verc sruli uazroba aicilos Tavidan. ase magaliTad, TviT
`odeseaSic~ ki vxvdebiT garkveul Seusabamobas (kerZod, gmiris gadmosvla
iTakis napirze), rac WeSmaritad autaneli iqneboda, es rom uxeiro poets
Semoetana, magram homerosi sxva RirsebebiT afermkrTalebs da sasiamovnod
warmogviCens alogikurs.
rac Seexeba stils, saWiroa misi daxvewa nawarmoebis yvela im araarsebiT
nawilSi, sadac poeti arc xasiaTebs gvixatavs da arc azrebis siRrmiT
gvacvifrebs, vinaidan metismetad brwyinvale ena aSkarad Crdilavs xasiaTs da
azrsac Znelad aRsaqmels xdis.

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 XXV
sakiTxi poetis winaSe mdgari amocanebisa da maTi gadaWris, iseve rogorc
maTi raodenobisa da raobis Sesaxeb, naTeli gaxdeba CvenTvis, Tu mas Semdegi
TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT: raki poeti, fermwerisa Tu romelic gnebavT sxva
Semoqmedis msgavsad, mimbaZvelia, amitom mas marTebs mibaZvis sami saxeobidan
erT-erTis mixedviT baZavdes sagnebs: an ise, rogorc isini iyvnen Tu arian, an
ise, rogorc isini warmoudgeniaT anda hgoniaT, an kidev ise, rogorc isini
unda iyvnen; yovelive es poetur enaSi sayovelTaod xmarebuli sityvebiT,
glosebiT da metaforebiT gamoiTqmeba. aris enis bevri sxva modusic, romle-
biTac sargeblobis uflebas Cven Tamamad vaniWebT poets. egec ar iyos, poli-
tikisa da poetikis kanonebi iseve gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rogorc poe-
tikisa da romelime sxva xelovnebisa. sakuTriv poetikaSi SesaZlebelia
ornairi saxis Secdoma, romelTagan erTi TviT poeturi xelovnebis arss
exeba, meore ki SemTxveviTia. ase magaliTad, Tu poeti miznad daisaxavs mibaZos
SeuZlebels (SeuZlebels poeziisTvis), es pirveli saxis Secdoma iqneba; xolo
Tu poeti ganizraxavs arasworad asaxos rame, magaliTad, warmogvidginos
cxeni, romelsac orive marjvena fexi maRla aweuli aqvs, an Tu is uzustobas
dauSvebs romelime sxva xelovnebis, vTqvaT, samedicino xelovnebis specifikur
sakiTxSi, an kidev raime SeuZlebels SeTxzavs, _ aseTi Secdoma SemTxveviT Sec-
domad CaiTvleba. amitom yvela is sayveduri, romelsac poeturi xelovnebis
mimarT gamoTqvamen mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadaWrisas daSvebuli Secdo-
mebis gamo, swored am TvalsazrisiT unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaqarwylebuli.
uwinares yovlisa, ganvixiloT sayveduri im Secdomebis gamo, romelic TviT
poeturi xelovnebis arss exeba. Tu xelovneba asaxavs SeuZlebels,
rasakvirvelia, cdeba, magram is camde marTalia, Tuki mis mier dasaxul mizans
aRwevs, ese igi, Tuki poeti Tavisi qmnilebis ama Tu im nawils ufro mZafri
zemoqmedebis Zalas aniWebs. amis magaliTia heqtoris devna. magram isic unda
iTqvas, rom Tu SesaZlebelia miznis met-naklebi sisruliT miRweva xelovnebis
wesebis Tanaxmad, maSin Secdoma gaumarTlebelia, radgan Tu SeiZleba
Secdomis Tavidan acileba, ratom ar unda aviciloT igi? da mere, unda vnaxoT,
ra xasiaTisaa TviT es Secdoma: xelovnebis arss exeba Tu SemTxveviTia. radgan
poeti ufro nakleb cdeba maSin, roca ar icis, rom furirems rqebi ara aqvs,
vidre maSin, roca srulyofilad ver agviwers mas. garda amisa, roca poets
usayvedureben _ sinamdviles Ralatobso, am sayveduris pasuxad SeiZleba igive
iTqvas, rac sofoklem Tqva erTxel: me vxatav adamianebs ise, rogoric isini
unda iyvnen, evripide ki ise, rogoric isini ariano. xolo Tu verc erTisa da
verc meoris magaliTs ver davimowmebT, maSin unda vTqvaT, rom ase amboben,
magaliTad, RmerTebis mimarT: kerZod, SesaZloa, arc is iyos swori, rom
RmerTebi, rogorc amboben, sinamdvileze maRla dganan, arc is, rom isini
sinamdvilis Tanafardni arian, da swori iyos qsenofanes moZRvreba RmerTebis
bunebis Sesaxeb, _ magram mainc ase amboben! sxva rame ki SeiZleba sinamdviles
ar Seesabamebodes, magram ase iyo Zvelad: ai, magaliTad, ras ambobs homerosi
saWurvlis Sesaxeb _
`...Sveulad idgnen maTi Subebi,
Rrmad CarWobilni miwaSi tariT...~
aseTi iyo Zveli wesi, romelic dRes mxolod ilirielebs SemorCaT.
xolo rodesac varkvevT, kargia Tu cudi is, rac vinmem Tqva an qmna, saWiroa
davukvirdeT ara marto imas, Tu rogoria es naTqvami an naqnari _ kargi Tu
cudi, aramed imasac, Tu vin aris mTqmeli an mqmneli da vis mimarT, rodis,

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visTvis an risTvis iTqva an iqmna is, rac iTqva da iqmna, ase magaliTad, ufro
didi sikeTis damkvidrebisa Tu ufro didi borotebis Semusvris mizniT?
sayveduri, romelsac stilis mimarT gamoTqvamen, SeiZleba glosebze
dakvirvebis gziT gaqarwyldes: ase magaliTad: poeti ambobs _
`Tavdapirvelad ekveTa jorebs...~
magram xom SeiZleba, rom is jorebs ki ar gulisxmobdes, aramed mcvelebs.
an kidev, roca poeti dolonze ambobs, rom is iyo `Tvalad nasi~, SeiZleba
uSno tans ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed ugvan saxes, vinaidan kretelebisaTvis
`pirmSvenieri~ igivea, rac `mSvenieri Sesaxedavi~. zustad aseve "Zbroteron de
ceraie" niSnavs ara `SemogvTavaze Seureveli~, rogorc SeSvenis loTebs, aramed
_ Segvizave Seureveli~.
zogi gamoTqma metaforaa; ase magaliTad:
`yvelas eZina _ RmerTebsac da daRlil mxedrebsac~... xolo iqve poeti
ambobs:
`is gascqeroda troelTa vels da gancvifrebiT
yurs miugdebda sakravTa xmas...~
maSasadame, `yvela~ aq naxmaria metaforulad _ `mravlis~ mniSvnelobiT,
vinaidan `yvela~ garkveuli simravlea. aseve metaforulia gamoTqma: `mxolod
erTaderTs ar uZevs wili~. vinaidan yvelaze ufro cnobili, Taviseburi
gagebiT, erTaderTia.
zogierTi gaugebroba maxvilis gadaadgilebiT baTildeba. ase daazusta
hipia Tasoselma Semdegi gamoTqmebis azri: "didomen (didómen) de hoi" da "to men
oy (oy) katapythetai ombro" zogierTi _ sasveni niSnebis dasmiT, rogorc
magaliTad, empedokles sityvebSi:
`mokvdavad iqca uceb yoveli, rac Zveli swavliT,
ukvdavi iyo, SeumRvreveli uwin SeimRvra~.
zogierTi ki _ sityvis orazrovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT: ase magaliTad,
striqonSi "parochecen de pleo nyx" sityva "pleo" orazrovania.
zogjer sayveduris gasabaTileblad sakmarisia aRiniSnos ama Tu im sityvis
xmarebis Tavisebureba. ase magaliTad, `Rvino~ xSirad `sasmelis~
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba; amitomac amboben, rom `ganimede zevss usxams Rvinos~,
Tumca RmerTebi Rvinos ar svamen. zustad aseve, xSirad mespilenZes uwodeben
rkinis mWedelsac da, albaT, amitom vxvdebiT leqsSi `axalnaWedi kalis
sabarkuls~; Tumca es, SesaZloa, metaforac iyos. xolo rodesac gveCveneba,
rom sityvis ama Tu im mniSvnelobiT xmareba garkveul winaaRmdegobas qmnis,
maSin unda gavarkvioT, magaliTad, am striqonSi _
`da swored iman Seakava spilenZis Subi~ _
ramdeni mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes gamoTqmas `iman Seakava~, an rogor
SeiZleba ufro ukeT aixsnas es. magram ase rodi iqceva is, visac, glavkonis
sityviT rom vTqvaT, ama Tu im adgilis garCevisas winaswar akviatebuli azris
mixedviT gamoaqvs daskvna, da Tu es daskvna mis warmodgenas ewinaaRmdegeba,
myisve poetis gmobas iwyebs, TiTqosda am ukanasknels marTla eTqvas is, rac
man daaskvna. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, ra ambebi datrialda ikariosis saxelis
irgvliv. fiqroben, rom ikariosi lakedemoneli iyo da amitom verasgziT ver
auxsniaT, ratom ar Sexvda mas lakedemonSi Casuli telemaqe. magram iqneb
ufro sworni arian kefales mkvidrni: maTi mtkicebiT, odisevss iqauri qali
SeurTavs da mis simamrs ikariosi ki ar rqmevia, aramed ikadiosi. rogorc
Cans, mTeli gaugebroba am ubralo SecdomiTaa gamowveuli.
saerTod, roca poeziismier SeuZlebelze vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda
viTvaliswinebdeT, ras mieltvis poeti _ ukeTess Tu Cveulebrivs. poezii-
140
saTvis umjobesia sarwmuno SeuZlebeli, vinem arasarwmuno SesaZlebeli. ase
magaliTad, SeuZlebelia arsebobdnen iseTi adamianebi, rogorsac xatavda
Zevqsisi. magram aseTi SeuZlebloba umjobesia, vinaidan xelovnebis nimuSi
ufro ukeTesi unda iyos, vidre is, rasac xelovneba baZavs. xolo is, rasac
alogikurs uwodeben, SesaZloa zogjer arc iyos alogikuri, vinaidan, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, `bunebrivia isic, rom bevri ram arabunebrivad xdeba~.
winaaRmdegoba naTqvamSi ise unda iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc uaryofa
ritorikul xelovnebaSi: kerZod, unda ganvixiloT, erTi da igive ram erTi da
imave piris mimarT erTnairad aris Tu ara Tqmuli. amitom zemoaRniSnuli
winaaRmdegobis gadaWrisas aucileblad unda viTvaliswinebdeT imas, rasac
poeti ambobs, an rac SeeZlo evarauda gonier kacs.
magram savsebiT samarTliania sayveduri, romelsac gamoTqvamen alogiku-
risa da araeTikuris gamo, roca poets yovelgvari saWiroebis gareSe Semoaqvs
alogikuri (ase iqceva, magaliTad, evripide Tavis `egevsSi~) an araeTikuri
(gaixseneT menelaosis simdable missave `oresteSi~).
amrigad, yovelgvari sayveduri, romelsac poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT
gamoTqvamen, xuTi saxisaa: sayveduri SeuZleblis, alogikuris, araeTikuris,
winaaRmdegobrivisa da, bolos, araxelovnebiseulis gamo. xolo yvela am
sayvedurs, maTganve gamomdinare, Tormeti sxvadasxva saxis gabaTileba upiris-
pirdeba.

XXVI
SesaZloa vinmem ikiTxos: ra sjobso _ eposi Tu tragedia? Tu nakleb
tlanqi poezia ukeTesia, xolo aseTia poezia, romelsac ukeTesi msmeneli da
mayurebeli hyavs, amitom ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom poezia, romelic
uklebliv yvelafers baZavs, tlanqia da dauxveweli. Semsrulebelni ki, TiTqos
SiSoben, rom mayurebeli verafers gaugebs mas, Tuki, Tavis mxriv, cota ram
mainc ar waumates speqtakls, _ cibrutiviT brunaven da winaukmo trialeben
uxeiro fleitistebis msgavsad, romlebic `diskos~ asaxiereben scenaze, an aqeT-
iqiT daaTreven korifeoss, roca fleitaze arsuleben `skilas~. ase rom,
tragediis Sesaxeb SeiZleba igive iTqvas, rasac ufrosi Taobis msaxiobebi
amboben TavianTi memkvidreebis mimarT: ase magaliTad, miniske maimuns eZaxda
kalipides, romelsac zomierebis grZnoba aklda; aseve `amkobdnen~ pindaresac.
ra damokidebulebac arsebobs Zveli da axali Taobis msaxiobTa Soris,
iseTive damokidebuleba arsebobs mTels dramatul xelovnebasa da epiur
poezias Sorisac. eposi, misi damcvelebis azriT, daxvewili gemovnebis mqone
msmenelTaTvisaa gankuTvnili, romelTac ar sWirdebaT araviTari mimika,
taragedia ki _ brbosTvis. amrigad, Tu tragikuli poezia tlanqia, cxadia, is
eposze dabla unda idges.
magram, jer erTi, es poeturi xelovnebis ki ara, aqtioruli xelovnebis
kritikaa, vinaidan zomierebis grZnobam, mimikuri moZraobisas, SeiZleba
rafsodsac uRalatos, rogorc magaliTad, sosistrates, da aedsac, rogorc
magaliTad, mnasiTeos opuntiels. egec ar iyos, mimikur moZraobas ki ar unda
uarvyofdeT saerTod, Tu ara gvsurs uarvyoT cekvac, aramed mxolod uxeiro
msaxiobebis mouxeSav mimoxras, rasac Tavis droze uwunebdnen kalipides da
amJamadac uwuneben yvelas, vinc srulyofilad vera baZavs keTilSobil qalebs.
da bolos, tragedia mimikuri moZraobis gareSec axerxebs sakuTari miznis
miRwevas, iseve rogorc epopea, romlis Rirseba-naklovaneba ubralo
kiTxviTac cnaurdeba mkiTxvelisaTvis. amrigad, Tu yvela sxva mxriv tragedia
eposze maRla dgas, maSin mimika zedmeticaa misTvis.
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 da mere, tragedias aqvs yvelaferi, rac gaaCnia eposs: mas SeuZlia
isargeblos heqsametriTac; garda amisa, tragediaSi umniSvnelo adgili rodi
uWiravs musikalur kompozicias da speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebas, romelTa
wyalobiTac is ufro cxovelmyofel zemoqmedebas axdens mayurebelze. trage-
dia ufro cxadia da TvalsaCino rogorc kiTxvis, ise scenaze warmodgenis
drosac. egec ar iyos, tragedia eposze maRla dgas imiTac, rom ufro mcire
moculobiT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis mizans, radgan yovelive is, rac ufro
Sekrulia, gacilebiT ufro sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens, vidre is, rac
drois grZel manZilzea gaWimuli da gaWianurebuli. warmoidgineT, ra
iqneboda imdenive striqonisagan Semdgari sofokles `oidiposi~ ramdensac
`iliada~ iTvlis. da bolos, tragedia eposze ufro mTliania da erTiani. amis
sabuTad isic kmara, rom romelic gnebavT epopea SeiZleba ramdenime
tragedias daedos safuZvlad. ase rom, roca epikosebi erT fabulas Txzaven,
poema an `kudmokvecili~ Cans, Tu mokledaa gadmocemuli, anda wyalwyala, Tu
grZeli metriT aris gamarTuli. me vgulisxmob... xolo Tu poema `iliadasa~ da
`odiseas~ msgavsad, mraval moqmedebas gadmogvcems, maSin is bevr iseT nawils
Seicavs, romelTaganc TiToeulis sidide sakmarisi iqneboda zogierTi
mTliani poeturi qmnilebisaTvis. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom es poemebi,
SeZlebisamebr, srulyofilad arian Sedgenilni da unaklod gadmogvcemen
moqmedebis erTianobas.
maSasadame, Tu tragedia rogorc yovelive zemoTqmuliT, ise Tavisi
qmediTobiTac gansxvavdeba eposisagan (radgan is yovelgvar SemTxveviTs
siamovnebas ki ar unda gvaniWebdes, aramed mxolod iseTs, rac zemoT aRiniSna),
cxadia, is eposze maRla dgas, vinaidan ukeT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis mizans.
amrigad, tragediisa da epopeis, maTi saxeebisa da Semadgeneli nawilebis, am
ukanasknelTa raodenobisa da urTierTgansxvavebis, poetur qmnilebaTa av-
kargianobis mizezebis, yovelgvari sayvedurisa da maTi yovelgvari gabaTile-
bis Sesaxeb sakmarisad vilaparakeT.

Targmna baCana bregvaZem

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