INSTRUMENT RATING

14 CFRs (Regulations)

14 CFRs Parts 1 and 61

 14 CFRs Part 1
• 1.1
– General Definitions
• 1.2
– Abbreviations and Symbols
• 1.3
– Rules of Construction

Same as before… but more definitions,

abbreviations, acronyms
 14 CFR 61.3

• Requirements for Certificates,

Ratings, and Authorizations

• Section (e) Instrument rating

–Required for PIC under IFR or IMC
 14 CFR 61.51
• Pilot Logbooks
• Section (b) Logbook Entries
• Section (g) Logging instrument flight time
– Log only time as sole operator of flight controls
– Actual or simulated instrument conditions
– Flight instructor logs the period in IMC
– What to record for recency of experience
– Simulator or FTD: authorized instructor must be
present in order to log time
 14 CFR 61.57
• Recent Flight Experience: Pilot in
Command
• Section (c) Instrument experience
– 6 calendar months
– 6 approaches
– Holding, Intercepting and Tracking

–“66-HIT”
• Section (d) Instrument proficiency check
– have additional 6 calendar months grace
 14 CFR 61.65
• Instrument Rating Requirements
• Section (d) Aeronautical experience
– cross country
– hours
– approaches
• Section (h) Use of flight simulators or flight
training devices
– maximum hours available
– NOTE: part 61 is different than part 142
requirements
 14 CFR 61.129
• Aeronautical Experience
• Section (a) For an airplane single-engine
course
– instrument training time requirements for
pursuance of Commercial
• Section (b) For an airplane multiengine
rating
– instrument training again
 14 CFR 61.133
• Commercial Pilot Privileges and
Limitations
• Section (b) Limitations
– Without an instrument rating, cannot
carry passengers for hire on XC flights
greater than 50 nm or at night.
 14 CFR 61.167

• A) A person who holds an Airline

Transport Certificate (ATP) is
entitled to the same privileges as
those afforded a person who holds
a commercial pilot certificate with
an instrument rating
INSTRUMENT RATING
14 CFR
14 CFR Part 91
NTSB Part 830
 14 CFR 91.3
• Responsibility and Authority of
Pilot in Command
• Directly Responsible and has the final
authority as to the operation of an aircraft
• May deviate from a rule of this part to the
extent required to meet an emergency
• Send a written report of that deviation to
and upon request of the Administrator
 14 CFR 91.21
• Portable Electronic Devices
– Not allowed to be operated while an aircraft is
under IFR
• Not included in the list is:
– Portable voice recorders
– Hearing aids
– Heart pacemakers
– Electric shavers
– Any other device the operator has determined
will not cause interference with navigation or
communication systems of the aircraft
 14 CFR 91.103
• Preflight Action: NW KRAFT
• (a) For a flight under IFR, pilot should know:
• N- Notams (all available info concerning flight)
• W- weather reports and forecasts
• K - known traffic delays
• R –runway lengths
• A- alternatives available
• F -fuel requirements
• T –Take Off/Landing Distance info, Section (b)
 14 CFR 91.109
• Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument
Flight and Certain Flight Tests
• Section (b) No person may operate an
aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless
– Safety pilot = private pilot rated in aircraft
(Category/Class)
– Safety pilot has adequate vision forward and
side
– Fully functioning dual controls
 14 CFR 91.113
• Right-of-Way Rules: Except Water
Operations
• Whether IFR (weather conditions
permitting) or VFR, pilot in command is
still responsible for “seeing and avoiding”
• When you can see outside you must look
outside- even on IFR flight plan!
– (This is why you need a safety pilot for
simulated instrument flight)
 14 CFR 91.121
• Altimeter Settings
• Below 18,000’MSL
– Set to a station along route within 100 nm
– ATC periodically advises pilots of current
altimeter setting
• At or above 18,000’MSL
– 29.92 “Flight Levels”
• Lowest usable flight levels
– determined by atmospheric pressure to
avoid overlap of MSL & pressure altitude if
current altimeter setting is lower than 29.92
(see table in 91.121)
 14 CFR 91.123
• Compliance with ATC Clearances and
Instructions
• Deviation from clearances
– emergency exists
– amended clearance obtained
– resultant danger imminent
• Priority by ATC in an emergency
– report within 48 hours to manager of
particular ATC facility if requested
 14 CFR 91.131
• Operations in Class B Airspace
• Section (c) Communications and navigation
equipment requirements
– For IFR operation, aircraft must be
equipped with an operable VOR or
TACAN receiver
– For all operations, an operable 2 way radio
• Section (d) Transponder requirement
 14 CFR 91.135

• Operations in Class A Airspace

• Must have IFR clearance
• 2 way radio
• Transponder
• ATC can approve continuation with
failed transponder
 14 CFR 91.167
• Fuel Requirements for Flight in IFR Conditions:
– to first airport of intended landing
– to alternate airport (if required)
– 45 minutes at normal cruising speed
• Alternate is NOT needed when:
– first airport has IAP AND
– 1 - 2 - 3 rule forecast wx
– +/-1 hour ETA
– At least 2,000’ceiling
– At least 3 SM visibility
 14 CFR 91.169
• IFR Flight Plan: Information Required
• Section (c) IFR alternate airport standard
minimums WITH
– 600’ ceiling / 2sm for precision IAP
– 800’ ceiling / 2sm for nonprecision
– at ETA at alternate
NO IAP:
• forecast WX must allow descent from MEA to
airport under basic VFR
– (check VFR minimums for all airspace you will transit!)
 14 CFR 91.171
• VOR Equipment Check for IFR Operations
• Within preceding 30 days
– VOT
– Ground/ Flight Checkpoint
– Airway check
– Dual system

• Place
• Amount of bearing error
• Date
• Signature
• Must be recorded in aircraft log or other record
 14 CFR 91.173
• ATC Clearance and Flight Plan
Required
• No person may operate an aircraft in
controlled airspace under IFR unless
that person has
–Filed an IFR flight plan, AND
–Received an appropriate ATC
clearance
 14 CFR 91.175

• Takeoff and Landing Under IFR

• Section (a) use Standard Instrument
Approach Procedure (SIAP) in Part 97
• Section (b) Authorized DH or MDA
-Decision Height
-Minimum Descent Altitude
 14 CFR 91.175
• Section (c) Operation Below DH or MDA
– At least one of following visual references:
– Runway, markings, lights
– Threshold, markings, lights
– Touchdown zone, markings, lights
– REIL
– Visual Approach Slope Indicator
• The approach light system, except that the pilot
may not descend below 100 feet above the
touchdown zone elevation using the approach
lights as a reference unless the red terminating
bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly
visible and identifiable.
 14 CFR 91.175
• Section (d) Flight Visibility
(see part 1.1 definition)
-Flight visibility means the average
forward horizontal distance, from the
cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which
prominent unlighted objects may be
seen and identified by day and
prominent lighted objects may be
seen and identified by night.
 14 CFR 91.175
• Section (e) Missed Approach
-if requirements of (c) not met:

-Flight
visibility at least published
minimums
-Aircraft in position to make normal
landing
-Runway Environment in sight
 14 CFR 91.175
• Section (f) Civil airport Takeoff minimums
-Do not apply to part 91 (not for hire)
-only 121, 125, 129, 135 (commercial
operations)
-2 engines or less- 1 SM
-more than 2 engines- ½ SM

Section (g) Military Airports

• Section (h) RVR & visibility

-not mathematically equivalent, use legal chart!
 14 CFR 91.175
• Section (i) Unpublished routes and radar vectoring
for approaches
-Don’t descend until established on PUBLISHED
route segment

• Section (j) Procedure turn limitations

-NO PT, Radar Vectors, timed approach from holding
fix

• Section (k) ILS Components

– Substitutions for ILS parts and pieces
– Compass Locator may substitute for Outer or Middle
Marker beacon, (however substitution not necessary for
inoperative MM- minimums do not change)
 14 CFR 91.177
• Minimum Altitudes for IFR Operations
• Applicable minimums
– Mountainous (2000’AGL / 4nm)
– Other (1000’AGL / 4nm)
– MEA / MOCA / 22nm
• Climb to higher minimum immediately, or MCA
designated
– (we’ll cover this in more detail in Enroute
operations)
 14 CFR 91.179
• IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level
• In controlled airspace
– assigned by ATC

• In uncontrolled airspace
– East/Odd West/Even
– (don’t add 500 ft for IFR)
– Above FL290 4000’ intervals
with RVSM 2000’ intervals
 14 CFR 91.181
• Course To Be Flown
• IFR controlled airspace
– on Federal airways stay on centerline
– on any other route
• along direct course between nav aids or
fixes
• Still allows for maneuvering and clearing turns
 14 CFR 91.183
• IFR Radio Communications
• Mandatory reports

• Unforecast weather conditions

• Safety of flight
• Altitude and time passing each
compulsory reporting point or if in radar
contact requested reporting points
– (we’ll cover this in more detail in Enroute operations)
 14 CFR 91.185
• IFR Operations: Two-Way Radio Failure
• VMC: Continue VFR & land as soon as
practicable
• IMC
–Route – Assigned-Radar Vector- Expect- As
Filed in Flight Plan
–Altitude – Highest of: Minimum-Expect-Assigned
– Leave clearance limit at EFC Time or ETA if no
EFC
(we’ll cover this in more detail in Emergency procedures)
 14 CFR 91.187
• Operations under IFR in Controlled Airspace:
Report any malfunctions of:
– Navigational equipment
– Approach equipment
– Communication equipment
• Content of report … who you are –what broke -
how it affects your IFR capability- assistance
needed?
• (we’ll cover this in more detail in Emergency procedures)
 “GRABCARDD” 91.205 (d) & (e)
• G enerator or alternator
• R adios: Two-way Communication AND
navigation equipment appropriate to facilities used
• A ltimeter (adjustable)
• B all (slip & skid)
• C lock
• A ttitude Indicator
• R ate of turn indicator
• D irectional gyro
• DME at & above FL 240
 14 CFR 91.211
• Supplemental Oxygen required :
• (1) At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500
feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet
(MSL) for that part of the flight more than 30
minutes
• (2) At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000
feet (MSL) required minimum flight crew
during the entire flight time at those altitudes
• (3) At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000
feet (MSL) each occupant of the aircraft must
be provided with supplemental oxygen.
 14 CFR 91.215
• Transponder required:
• All aircraft. In Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace
areas;
• All aircraft. In all airspace within 30 nautical miles of a
primary class B airport from the surface upward to 10,000
feet MSL;
• All aircraft in all airspace above the ceiling and within the
lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class C airspace area
designated for an airport upward to 10,000 feet MSL; and
• In all airspace of the 48 contiguous states and the District
of Columbia at and above 10,000 feet MSL, excluding the
airspace at and below 2,500 feet above the surface

• ATC authorized deviations: For operation of an aircraft

that is not equipped with a transponder, the request must
be made at least one hour before the proposed operation.
Equipment tests & inspections required for IFR:
91.171; 91.207; 91.405; 91.411; 91.413…
• Airworthiness Directives (recurring/one-time)
• VOR (preceding 30 days)
• Inspections (Annual/100 hour if for hire)
• Altimeter (preceding 24 calendar months
• Transponder (preceding 24 calendar months)
• ELT (preceding 12 calendar months)
• Static system (preceding 24 calendar mo.)
 14 CFR 97
• STANDARD INSTRUMENT
APPROACH PROCEDURES
• 97.3 Symbols & terms used in
procedures
–You’ll learn these when we study
approaches
• Subpart C: TERPS
–“US Standards for Terminal Instrument
Procedures”
 NTSB Part 830.1
• Applicability
• Part 830 contains rules
concerning:
–Initial notification
IMMEDIATELY
–Later reporting of …
• aircraft incidents
• aircraft accidents
• other occurrences
 NTSB Part 830.2
• Definitions
– Aircraft accident
– Public / civil aircraft
– Fatal injury
– Incident
– Operator
– Serious injury
– Substantial damage
 NTSB Part 830.5
• Immediate Notification
• Lists examples of aircraft accidents
or incidents to report
– Collision
– Electrical and hydraulic for large
multi-engine aircraft
– In flight fire
• Overdue aircraft
 NTSB Part 830.6
• Information to be Given in
Notification
• Lists 9 specific information parts
to initial notification of
accidents, incidents, and
overdue aircraft
 NTSB Part 830.10
• Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage,
Mail, Cargo, and Records
• Examples
– recording mediums of flight
– maintenance
– voice recorders
• Can move to help persons, further
prevent damage, or protect the
public
 NTSB Part 830.15
• Reports and Statements to be Filed
• 10 days after accident
• 7 days after overdue aircraft is still
missing
• As requested for an incident
• Reports filed with the field office of the
Board nearest the accident or incident.