IFR Federal Aviation Regulations

 IMC, VMC – weather condition; IFR, VFR – flight rules; IFR≠IMC, VFR≠VMC
 Instrument Rating requirement
 Under IFR (Beside IMC what condition, Class A and a flight in VFR conditions
while on an IFR flight plan. IMC and below VFR is not the same.)
 Under IMC (Instrument Meteorology Condition; in weather conditions less than
the minimum for VFR flight)
 Class A airspace
 A certificated commercial pilot who carries passengers for hire at night or in excess
of 50 NM is required to have at least an IR rating in the same category and class of
aircraft.
ASEL or PP-ASEL (Private Pilot Airplane, Single Engine, Land license) – An ASEL
identifies that the pilot in question holds a Private Pilot License for an fixed-wing
aircraft that has a single engine and only lands on land – not a seaplane. It is the
most common license sought seek by private pilots.

With certain exception, no person may operate, nor may any operator or pilot in
command of an aircraft allow the operation of any portable electronic device on
U.S. registered civil aircraft operated in IFR conditions.

 Instrument Currency Requirements

 No person may act as a PIC under IFR or in weather conditions less than the
minimums prescribed for VFR, unless within the preceding 6 calendar months,
that person has performed and logged under actual or simulated instrument
conditions:
– At least 6 instrument approaches made in an aircraft, flight simulator, or
flight training device;
– Holding procedures; and Intercepting and tracking courses through in the
use of navigation systems

“After 12/16/2011”
person who has failed to meet the instrument experience
requirements of paragraph (c) for more than six calendar
months may reestablish instrument currency only by
completing an instrument proficiency check…
14 CFR 61.57(d)
 14 CFR Part 91 IFR equipment requirements
– All VFR day and night equipment – TOMATO FLAMES (VFR Day); FLAPS (VFR
Night) 91.205
- VFR Day – TOMATO FLAMES
 Tachometer (RPM)
 Oil pressure gauge
 Manifold pressure gauge (C152 no)
 Airspeed indicator
 Temperature gauge (liquid cooled) (C152 no)
 Oil temperature gauge
 Fuel gauge (each tanks)
 Landing gear position indicator (C152 no)
 Altimeter
 Magnetic Compass
 Emergency Equipment (for hire over water 91.509)
 Safety Belts
- VFR Night – ATOMATO FLAMS + FLAPS
 Fuses (3 each type 1 full set) – C152 use circuit breaker. If using
fuse, need 4 sets(8 items)
 Landing light (for hire)
 Anti-Collision Light(s) – beacon lights; strobe lights
 Position Light(s) – left-red; right-green; tail-white
 Source Electrical Power (for all installed electrical and radio
equipment)
– Generator – generator of adequate capacity
– Altimeter – Sensitive altimeter
– Radio – Two-way radio and navigational equipment appropriate to the
ground facilities to be used.
– Ball – Slip-skid indicator
– Clock with sweep-second hand or digital display
– Attitude indicator
– Rate of turn – gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator
– Directional gyro – gyroscopic attitude indicator and Gyroscopic heading
indicator
– Mode C transponder with encoding altimeter for flight at specified altitudes
and airspaces (above 10,000 feet MSL in controlled airspace, excluding at
and below 2,500 feet AGL).
Above 24,000 feet MSL, DME is required if VOR is used for navigation on
flights.
  Aircraft equipments requirement in Class B airspace
– Two-way radio with appropriate ATC frequencies
– A VOR or TACAN receiver unless flying VFR
– A Mode C transponder (there are some local exceptions when operating to
non-primary airports.)
- ATC may authorize deviation on a continuing or individual basis for
operations of aircraft without a transponder, in which case the request
for a deviation must be submitted to the ATC facility having jurisdiction
over the airspace concerned at least 1 hour before the proposed
operation.
 Equipment failure
– DME failure at or above 24,000 feet MSL
- The PIC shall report the failure to ATC immediately.
- The PIC may then continue at and above 24,000 feet MSL to the next
(NOT nearest) airport of intended landing.
– Transponder failure or flight without transponder
- During the aircraft’s transponder fails during flight within Class B
airspace, ATC may authorize deviation from the transponder
requirement to allow aircraft to continue to the airport of ultimate
destination, including any intermediate stops, or to proceed to a place
where suitable repairs can be made.
- ATC may authorize deviation on a continuing or individual basis for
operations of aircraft without a transponder, in which case the request
for a deviation must be submitted to the ATC facility having jurisdiction
over the airspace concerned at least 1 hour before the proposed
operation.
 No person may operate an aircraft in Class B airspace unless the airspace
unless the aircraft is equipped with –
– For IFR operation. An operable VOR or TACAN receiver, and
– For all operations
- An operable two-way radio capable of communications with ATC on
appropriate frequencies for that Class B airspace area, and
- a transponder with Mode C capability.
 A pilot is more subject to spatial disorientation, if (B body signals are used to
interpret flight attitude.
 Equipments Inspections
 The PIC of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to,
the operation of that aircraft.
 Equipments Inspections – 91.409, 91.411, 91.413, 91.207 AVIATES
– AD’s (airworthiness directives)
– VOR Cheek (IFR – 30 days)
– Inspections (100 hr can’t exceed 10 hrs & annual)
 - 100-hr is performs by A&P (Airframe and Power plant mechanic)
- Annual must be performs by IA (Inspection Authorization)
- Annual inspection can take place a 100-hrs inspection, but 100-hrs
can’t take place as annual inspection.
– Altimeter (IFR -24 mo)
– Transponder (24 mo)
– ELT (12 mo, 1 hr use or 1/2 bat. life; test during the first 5 mins after the
hour)
– Pitot and Static System (24 mo)
 Logbook requirement
 When the pilot operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments, pilots
are authorized to log both simulated and actual instrument time.
 When instruction is given during IMC, an instrument instructor may log
instrument time.
 Each logbook entry must include the place and type of each instrument
approach, and for each flight in simulator, the name of the safety pilot.
 Safety pilot
– A safety pilot must occupy the other control seat when the PIC is operating
the aircraft solely by reference to instruments.
– The safety pilot is required at least to be an Private Pilot Certificate with
category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown. IR Exam 5-
19 4011
 Preflight Action – 91.103 RAWN FAT
 Runway Lengths (any flight)
 ATC Delays (Traffic delay)
 Weather report and forecast
 NOTAM
 Fuel Requirements (day plus 30 min, night plus 45 min)
 Alternatives airport
 Take-off and landing distances (any flight)

 Aircraft Accident/Incident Reporting

 The reporting procedures are set forth in National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) Part 830
 What action, if any, is appropriate if the pilot deviates from an ATC instruction
during an emergency and is given priority? File a detailed report within 48
hours to the chief of the appropriate ATC facility, if requested.
 NTSB
– Accident or incident
- Accident: An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft with the intention to fly and the time they
 disembark and must involve death or “serious injury” or result in
“substantial damage”.
- Incident: An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of
operations.
– Immediately report: Accident or incident below
- Flight control system malfunction
- Crewmember can not perform normal duty.
- Turbine engine failure
- In-flight fire
- Collision in-flight
- Property damage > $25,000
- Over-due aircraft and believe in accident
– Not immediately
- Within 10 days after an accident – The operator of an aircraft that has
been involved in an accident is required to file an accident report
within 10 days.
- After 7 days if an overdue aircraft is still missing.
- Inciden only required if requested by NTSB
– May aircraft wreckage be moved prior to the time the NTSB takes custody?
Yes, but only to protect the wreckage from further damage.
 NOTAM IR Exam 5-27
 Type of NOTAMS
– FDC NOTAM
- Issued by NFDC (National Flight Data Center)
- Regulatory information: an amendment to IAP, charts, TFR
- To advise of changes in flight data which affect instrument approach
procedure (IAP), aeronautical charts, and flight restrictions prior to
normal publication. IR Exam 4080
– NOTAM(D) – Distant NOTAMs; information about all navigational facility
which are the part of the U.S. airspace system. NOTAM-Ds are attached to
hourly weather reports and are available at flight service station (AFSS/FSS).
– Military NOTAMs
– Pointer NOTAMs – highlight or point out another NOTAM, such as FDC or
NOTAM(D). Pointer NOTAMs will assist pilots in cross-referencing important
information that may be found under an airport or NAVID identifier.
– Military NOTAMs – pertain to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy
NAVAIDs/airposts that are part of the NAS.
– Special Use Airspace (SUA) NOTAMs – SUA NOTAMs are issued when Special
Use Airspace will be active outside the published schedule times and when
required by the published schedule. Pilots and other users are still
responsible to check published schedule times for Special Use Airspace as
 well as any NOTAMs for that airspace.
– NOTAM(L) – Local NOTAMs; no more
 Notices to Airmen publication
– contains NOTAM-Ds and FDC NOTAMs
– be issued every 28 days
 IFR altitude and course requirements
 Pilots may not operate below 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle in
mountainous terrain within 4 n.m of course, except for takeoff or landing.
 In non-mountainous terrain, pilots may not operate below 1,000 feet above
the highest obstacle within 4 n.m. of course.
 On a Federal airway, along the centerline of that airway. IR Exam 5-34 4441
 On any other route, along the direct course between the navigational aids or
fixes defining that route. IR Exam 5-34 4441
 When maintaining VFR-on-top, the pilots should maintain a VFR cruising
altitude based on magnetic course.
 Communication Reports under IFR in controlled airspace IR Exam 5-36
 Report as soon as possible
– Any unforecast weather
– The time and altitude passing each designated reporting point (including
fixes used to define direct routes) except when in radar contact. (Resume
normal position reporting when advised “Radar Contact Lost” or “Radar
Service Terminated”).
– Any other information relating to the safety of flight.
 Advising ATC immediately when any of following malfunctions occurs in flight.
– Loss of VOR or ADF capability
– Complete or partial panel of ILS receiver capability
– Impairment of air/ground communication capability
 Additional reports without specific request from ATC
– An approach has been missed
– Leaving a previously assigned altitude for a newly assigned altitude
– Unable to climb or descend at a rate of at least 500 fpm
– Changing altitude when operating VFR-On-Top
– Change in average true airspeed of ±5% or 10 knots (whichever is greater)
from that filed in the flight plan.
– Time and altitude reaching a holding fix or clearance limit
– Leaving holding
– When not in radar contact, leaving the final approach fix inbound on final,
and should a previously submitted estimate be made more than 3 minutes
in error, a corrected estimate should be given to ATC.
 Minimum fuel
– Indicating that an aircraft’s fuel supply has reached a state where, upon
reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay.
 – NOT an emergency situation, but merely indicates an emergency situation is
possible should any undue delay occur.
 Climb and descent rate – When ATC has not used the phrase “at pilot’s
discretion” nor imposed any climb or descent restrictions, pilots should initiate
climb or descent promptly on acknowledgment of the clearance. IR Exam 5-37
– Descend or climb at an optimum rate consistent with the operating
characteristics of the aircraft to 1,000 feet above or below the assigned
altitude.
– Attempt to descend or climb at a rate of between 500 and 1,500 fpm until
the assigned altitude is reached.

 Airspace
 Class A requirements
– Operated under IFR at a specific flight level assigned by ATC (should file an
IFR flight plan)
– Equipped with instruments and equipment required for IFR operations
– Flown by a pilot rated for instrument flight
 Class B requirements
– PPL or student pilot with endorsement
– Maximum altitude usually is 10,000 feet.
– When operating to or from the primary airport, large turbine-powered
airplanes must remain at or above the floor of Class B airspace.
– IR equipments requirement in Class B airspace
- Two-way radio with appropriate ATC frequencies
- A VOR or TACAN receiver unless flying VFR
- A Mode C transponder (there are some local exceptions when
operating to non-primary airports.)
- ATC may authorize deviation on a continuing or individual basis
for operations of aircraft without a transponder, in which case
the request for a deviation must be submitted to the ATC
facility having jurisdiction over the airspace concerned at least
1 hour before the proposed
 Class C
– Class C airspace is controlled airspace surrounding designated airports
within which ATC provides radar vectoring and sequencing for all IFR and
VFR aircraft.
– Two-way radio and maintain ATC while flying within Class C airspace
– Mode C transponder is required within, and up to 10,000 feet MSL over
Class C airspace
 Class D
– Class D airspace exists only when and where an airport traffic control tower
 is in operation.
– Usually extends for a 5 s.m. radius (4 n.m.) from the center of the airport
and from the surface up to, but no including, 2,500 feet AGL. The actual
dimensions may be different, as needed.
– ATC authorization is required for all operations within airspace.
– When the control tower is not operating, the Class D airspace becomes
Class E or Class G, as appropriate.
 Class E – controlled airspace that has not been designated Class A, B, C, or D.
Vector airway is from 1,200 feet AGL To 17,999 feet MSL.
 Class G – the airspace is not control airspace (Class A, B, C, D, or E). ATC has
neither the authority nor the responsibility for exercising control over air traffic
in these areas. Maximum altitude is 14,500 feet MSL and/or above 1,200 feet
AGL.
 Transition Area – Class E airspace which begins at 700 feet AGL or at 1,200 feet
AGL and is used as a transition to/from the terminal environment.
 Alert Area – contains a high volume of pilot training or other unusual aerial
activity.
 Military Operation Area (MOA) – designated to separate or segregate certain
military activities from IFR traffic and to let VFR traffic know where these
activities are taking place.
 Prohibited and Restricted Areas – denote the presence of unusual, often
invisible, hazards to flight.
 Warning Areas – contain the same sort of hazardous activities as those in
Restricted Areas, but are located in international airspace.
 Jet Route – 18,000 feet MSL up to, and including FL450.