AIR LAW

1. International Law: Conventions, Agreements and Organisations.

CABOTAGE:
refers to the transportation of goods between two places within the same country, by
a company from another country. Cabotage refers to domestic air services.
FREEDOMS OF THE AIR:

 1st Freedom – Fly across a territory without landing.

 2nd Freedom – Land in a territory for non- traffic purposes.
 3rd Freedom – Put down traffic from the home state in another.
 4th Freedom – Take on traffic in another state to the home state.
 5th Freedom – Put down and take on traffic in another state to a 3rd party.
ICAO (OACI):
The International Civil Aviation Organization’s misión is to serve as the global fórum
of states for international civil aviation.
The Standards contained in the Annexes to the Chicago convention are to be
considered binding for the member states that have not notified ICAO about national
difference.
ICAO must be informed about differences from the standards in any of the Annexes to
the convention.
The Annexes contains Standards and Recommended Practices to be adopted by
Contracting States.
The Council shall elect its President for a term of 3 years. Consists of 36 members.
The Council convenes the Assembly.
Annexes:

 1. Personnel licensing.
 2. Rules of the air.
 3. Meteorological service for international air navigation.
 4. Aeronautical charts.
 5. Units of measurement to be used in air and ground operations.
 6. Operation of aircraft.
 7. Aircraft nationality and registration marks.
 8. Airworthiness of aircraft.
 9. Facilitation.
 10. Aeronautical Telecommunication.
 11. Air traffic services.
 12. Search and rescue.
 13. Aircraft accident investigation.
 14. Aerodromes and heliports.
 15. Aeronautical information services.
 16. Environmental protection.
  17. Security.
 18. The safe transport of dangerous goods by air.
 19. Safety management.

AMC (ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE), GM (GUIDANCE MATERIAL)

AND IRs (IMPLEMENTING RULES):
AMC and GM are non-binding material on those applying for regulatory approval and
decide to show compliance with the aplicable certification requirements using other
means
IRs are binding.
AIR NAVIGATION COMMISSION (ANC):
Considers and recommends Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) for adoption or approval by the ICAO
Council.
Is composed of 19 members appointed by the ICAO Council.
THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA):
Is the trade association for the world’s Airlines, representing some 290 airlines or 82%
of total air traffic. It supports many areas of aviation activity and help formulate
industry policy on critical aviation issues. IATA’s misión is to represent, lead, and
serve the airline industry.
BASIC REGULATION:
Refers to a binding rule adopted by the European Parliament and the Council,
establishing the EASA.
CONVENTIONS:

 Chicago Convention (1944)

 Tokyo Convention (1963)
 Montreal Convention (1999)
 Warsaw Convention (1929)
EASA:
The Eurpean Aviation Safety Agency’s mission is to promote the highest common
standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation. The agency
develops common safety and environmental rules at the European level.
Regulation:

 HARD LAW: (binding) Regulations, delegated acts, implementing acts, and

implementing rules.
 SOFT LAW: (non-binding) Certification specifications, aceptable means of
compliance, and guidance material.
 2. Airworthiness of Aircraft, Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT:
Any aircraft deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic forces.
Registration Marks:

 Wings: The registration mark shall be located on the left half on the lower
Surface of the wing structure.
 Fuselage: Either on each side of the fuselage between the wings and the tail
Surface or on the upper halves of the vertical tail surfaces.
AEROPLANE:
A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of
flight.
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT:
Any aircraft supported chiefly by its buoyancy in the air.
ROTORCRAFT:
A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the
air on one or more rotors.
ANNEX 7:

 International telecommunications unión (ITCU) allocate the common marks to

ICAO.
 ICAO assign the common marks to the state of registry.
 The state of registry assign the registration marks to aircraft.

3. Personnel Licensing

TRAINING COURSES:
ATPL:

 Instrument – 75h of which 30h on ground

 Night – 100h PIC/co-pilot
 Sim – 100h/25h
 ATPL cross country 200h/100h
ATPL-A 250h/70h CPL:

 Modular – 200h
 Integrated – 150h of which 5h may be on ground
 Instrument – 10h of which 5h may be on ground
 Cross country – 20h with a flight of 300NM
 Night – 5h with 5 take offs and landings
 FI for CPL: 500h total of which 200h instruction time MPL:
70h PIC for first type rating IR:

 50h cross country of which 10h on aeroplane/helicopter

RATINGS:
Banner towing rating:

 100h off light time and 200 take-offs and landings as PIC on aeroplanes or
TMG, after the issue of the licence.
Flight test rating:

 1000h off light time in the appropriate aircraft category, of which at least
400h as PIC.
Validity:

 IR - 1 year
 MEP - 1 year
 SEP(A) - 2 years
CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A MEDICAL EXAMINATION MAY BE DEFERRED:

 Commercial - 2 consecutive periods each of 3 months,

 Non-commercial - single period of 6 months;
 Private - single period nor exceeding 24 months.

4. Rules of the Air According to ICAO Annex 2 and SERA

TRANSPONDER MODES:

 A: Enables to see code only.

 C: Enables ATC to see alttitude or flight level.
INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT WITH AN SSR TRANSPONDER:
7700 and select mode A.
SIGNALS FOR AERODROME TRAFFIC:

SIGNALS:
TRACKS:

CLOSING A FLIGHT PLAN:

a) Aircraft identification.
b) Departure aerodrome.
 c) Destination aerodrome (only in the case of a diversionary landing).
d) Arrival aerodrome.
e) Time of arrival.
SEPARATION MINIMA:
RVSM:

 same direction 2000

opposite direction 1000 NON-RVSM:

 same direction 4000

 opposite direction 2000
Western tracks:
RVSM | NonRVSM
300 | 310
Eastern tracks
RVSM | NonRVSM
290 | 290
 For RVSM add 20
 For N-RVSM add 40
VFR:
Unless authorized by the appropiate ATS authority, VFR flights shall not be operated:
 Above FL 200.
 At transonic and supersonic speeds.

SPECIAL VFR:

 Visibility > 1500m

 Ceiling is 180m (600ft)
 Only request if speed is below 140kts
COMMUNICATION FAILURE:
(Always Squawk 7600)
VMC

 Land at nearest suitable aerodrome.

IMC

 No Radar = 20 minutes then continue with Filled Flight plan.

 Radar = 7 minutes then continue with Current Flight Plan.
CRUISING ALTITUDES:
(VFR + 500 ft)

TRANSITION ALTITUDE:
The altitude at or below which the vertical position o fan aircraft is controlled by
reference to altitudes.
TRANSITION LEVEL:
The lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude.
TRANSITION LAYER:
The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level.
OPERATION ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME:

 Observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision;

 Conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in
operation;
 Make all turns to the left, when approaching for a landing and after taking
off, unless otherwise instructed;
 Land and take-off into the wind unless safety, the runway configuration, or
air traffic considerations determine that a different direction is preferible.
INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT:
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT (IFR):
Suitable and appropriate for the route
FUEL DUMPING:
When an aircraft operating within controlled airspace needs to dump fuel, the flight
crew shall advise ATC. The ATC unit should then coordinate with the flight crew the
following:
 The route to be flown, which, if posible should be clear of cities and twons,
preferably over wáter and away from áreas where thunderstorms have been
reported or are expected;
 The level to be used, which should be not les tan 1800 m (6000 ft); and
 The duration of the fuel dumping.
SUBMISSION OF A FLIGHT PLAN:

 Controlled flight – delay of 30 minutes off-block time.

 Uncontrolled flight – delay of 60 minutes off-block time.

5. Aircraft Operations

MISSED APPROACH:
Consist of the following phases:
 Initial phase
 Intermediate pase
Final pase MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAPt):
That point in an instrument approach procedure at or before which the prescribed
missed approach procedure must be initiated in order to ensure that the mínimum
obstacle clearance is not infringed.

MISSED APPROACH GRADIENT:

Normally procedures are base don a mínimum missed approach climb gradient of
2,5%.
TYPES OF APPROACH:

 Straight-in approach= 30 or less

 Straight departure= 15 or les

HOLDINGS:
The first aircraft to arrive over a holding fix or visual holding location should be at
the lowest level.
In a holding pattern, aircraft are stacked up, one on top of another with the
necessary vertical separation applied (1000 ft).
CRITERIA:
All turns are to be made at a bank angle of 25º or at a rateo f 3º per second,
whichever requires the lesser bank
CIRCLING 20º!!
HOLDING FIX ENTRY:

1) PARALLEL:
 Fly to the fix
 Turn to the outbound course
2) TEARDROP or OFFSET:
 Fly to the fix
 Turn to the outbound course (+-30 degrees)
 1 minute if at or below 4250 m (14000 ft); or
 1:30 minutes if above 4250 m (14000 ft).
3) DIRECT:
 Fly to the fix
 Turn to the outbound course

AEROPLANES CATEGORIES:

 A: less then 91kt

 B: 91-120kt
 C: 121-140kt
 D: 141-165kt
 E: 166-210kt
CATEGORIES OF AIRCRAFT:
The most significant performance factor is aircraft speed.
ACCURACY OF FIXES:

SEGMENTS OF INSTRUMENT APPROACH:

 Arrival Segment
 Inital approach fix: marks the end point of the STAR.
 Intermediate approach fix: speed and configuration should be adjusted
 Final approach segment: alignment and descent for landing are made.
 Missed approach segment

ICAO DOC 9643:

Manual on simultaneous operations on parallerl or near-parallel instrument runways
(SOIR).
ICAO DOC 9481:
Emergency response guidance for aircraft incidents involving dangerous godos.
ICAO DOC 9613:
Performance-based navigation (PBN) manual.
ICAO DOC 7475:
Working arrangements between the international civil aviation organization and the
world meteorological organization.
INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT:
Maximum angle of interception of initial approach segment normally track guidance
is provided along the initial approach segment to the IF, with a máximum angle of
interception of:
 90º for a precisión approach; and
 120º for a non-precision approach.
APPROACH:
Precision Approach
 OCH+margin=DH
 OCA+margin=DA
NON Precision
 OCH +margin= MDH
 OCA+ margin=MDA
Note: ILS is precision approach

6. Air Traffic Services (ATS) and Air Traffic Management (ATM)

ATS AIRSPACE CLASSES – SERVICES PROVIDED AND FLIGHT

REQUIREMENTS:
 IFR: A, B, C, D, E
VFR: B, C, D
like iPhone’s storage
 128 64 32
 abc de fg
count each vfr or ifr how many times repeated in the question
CONTETS OF VOICE POSITION REPORTS:

 Aircraft identification;
 Position;
 Time;
 Flight level or altitude, including passing level and cleared level if not
maintaining the cleared level;
 Next position and time over; and
 Ensuing significant point.

DISTANCE-BASED WAKE TURBULENCE SEPARATION MINIMA:

DEPARTING AIRCRAFT:

 Departing aircraft = all aircraft separation is 2min

 departing from an intermediate = all aircraft 3minArriving aircraft
 Heavy & (Heavy or medium)= 2min
 Heavy with light= 3 min
 Medium with light=3minArriving aircraft (opposite direction)
 All aircraft =2minThreshold= all aircraft 2min
INFORMATION ISSUED:
Low Level Aircraft = AIRMET
In The Atmosphere (or just high level aircraft) = SIGMET
RNP 1 ROUTE:

 Y above fl 200 22.5 nm

 Z under fl 190 15 nm

7. Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION CIRCULARS (AIC):

 White -->Administrative
 Yellow --> ATC
 Pink --> Safety
 Mauve --> Danger Areas Map
 Green --> Maps and Charts

AIRAC:

 Operationally significant changes to AIP.

 Operationally significant changes to AIP at specific date.
 Document that is released at certain notification intervals.
  The publication containing information on Rules of the Air, Air Traffic Services
and Air Navigation Procedures, distributed in advance to become effective at
a specific date.
 The system notifying IN ADVANCE the circumstances requiring important
changes in the methods of operation, based on common effective dates, is
identified by the acronym.
 system aimed at advanced notification based on common effective dates, of
circumstances necessitating significant changes in operating procedures.
ASHTAM COLOR CODE:

 Above FL250 --> RED

 Below Fl250 --> Orange
 Yellow --> Not currently dangerous
 Green --> Normal
CHANGES TO AIP:

 AIP amendment --> Permanent changes

 AIP supplement --> Temporary changes of long duration (greater than 3
months)

8. Facilitation (ICAO Annex 9)

9. Aerodromes

WATER ON A RUNWAY:

 Damp -->Change of colour

 Wet -->Soaked but no standing wáter
 Standing Water -->25% covered in water deeper than 3mm
RUNWAY LIGHTS:
For precision approach light system CAT 1,2,3 is 900m
Non precision (SIMPLE) approach light system: 420m
RWY ILLUMINATION:

 RVR conditions (less than 800m).

 At night, in association with instrument runways.
 At night, in association with NON-INSTRUMENT runways, where its code 3 or 4
PRE-THRESHOLD AREA APPLICATION:

 not suitable for NORMAL movement = yellow chevrons

 not suitable for movement = white crosses
 suitable only for t/o = arrows
DECLARED DISTANCES:

 TORA = Take-off run available

 TODA = TORA + CWY (Clearway)
 ASDA = TORA + STW (Stopway)
 LDA = TORA – Displaced threshold
TAXIWAY LIGHTS:
OBSTACLES:

 Low intensity - Fixed red

 Medium Intensity - Flashing red
 High Intensity - Flashing whiteç
WIDTH OF RUNWAYS:
Code Number 1

 Max Width: 23 m
 Min Width: 18m
Code Number 2

 Max Width: 30 m
 Min Width: 23 m
Code Number 3

 Max Width: 45 m
 Min Width: 30 m
Code Number 4

 Max Width: 60 m
 Min Width: 45 m
PA CAT I/II/III:

 Extended centreline: 420m

 Crossbar: 300m
Cat I:

 Extended centreline: 900m

 Crossbar: 300m
Cat II/III

 Extended centre line: 900m

 Crossbar 1: 150m
 Crossbar 2: 300m
MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS SIGNS:

 PATTERN "A" >> RUNWAY DESIGNATION SIGN

 PATTERN "B" > CAT I II III HOLDING POSITION SIGN, AS APPROPRIATE
REFERENCE CODE:

 Element 1: highest value of the aeroplane reference field lengths of the

aeroplanes for which the runway is intended.
 Element 2: the greatest wingspan, or the greatest outer main gear wheel
span.
THRESHOLD MARKING:

 RWY width: 18 m
 Number of stripes: 4

 RWY width: 23m

 Number of stripes: 6

 RWY width: 30 m
 Number of stripes: 8

 RWY width: 45m

 Number of stripes: 12

 RWY width: 60m

 Number of stripes: 16
If question states EACH SIDE divide the number of stripes by 2.

10. Search and Rescue (SAR)

SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT:

 RED: Medical supplies and first aid equipment.

 BLUE: Food and water.
 YELLOW: Blankets and protective clothing.
SEARCH AND RESCUE SIGNALS:

 X = MEDICAL ASSISTANCE. (Remember the Red CROSS)

 V = REQUIRE ASSISTANCE.
 ++ = FOUND SOME OF THE PERSONAL. (Found Some Personal, and Still
counting '+')
 LL = FOUND ALL PERSONNEL - A(LL).
 LLL = OPERATION COMPLETED.
 Y= AFFIRMATIVE - (Y)es.
 N= NEGATIVE - (N)o.

11. Security – Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of

Unlawful Interference (ICAO Annex 17)

UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE:

 Above FL290 RVSM = 1000 ft separation (so deviate +/- 500 ft)
 Above FL290 Non-RVSM = 2000 ft separation (so deviate +/- 1000 ft)
 Below FL290 = 1000 ft separation (so deviate +/- 500 ft)
 Above FL410 = 2000 ft separation (so deviate +/- 1000 ft)
 12. Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

INVESTIGATION:
The priority is in this order:

 firstly state of occurrence;

 then state of registry; and
 lastly state of design/manufacturer/operator.