“OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM

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BLIND PEOPLES”
A
Project Report

Submitted to CIIIT Centre, GCEOC

in partial fulfillment of the curriculum of the
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED
By
--

Guide

-----

CIIIT CENTRE

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHANDRAPUR- 442 403

2019-2020

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 PREFACE

We take an opportunity to present this report of Project and put before the reader some useful
information regarding the project.
We have made sincere attempts and taken every care to present this matter is precise and
compact form, the language being as simple as possible.
We are sure that the information contained in this volume would certainly prove useful for
better insight in the scope and dimension of this project in its true respective.
The task of completion of project though being difficult was made quite simple, interesting,
and successful due to deep involvement and complete of my colleagues

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 ABSTRACT

Aiming for the safety of blind people who are facing many difficulties in today’s busy world,
a design method for the detection of obstruction in the path of a blind person and conveying
Signals with the help of vibrations to him/her based on the location that has to be reached is
proposed. The purpose of this system is to detect obstructions using a ultrasonic sensor and
convey it to the blind person with the help of vibrations. This sensor setup is placed in the
shoe of the blind person such that it can detect any obstruction in his path and warn him using
the vibrator when the distance is less than the safe distance

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 CONTENTS

1.Introduction………………………………………………….05

2.Main components of the system……………………………..06

3.Parts of the system……………………………………..07 to 11

4.Working of the system………………………………………12

4.1 Working of obstacle detection shoe…….13

4.2 Working of obstacle detection hat……….14

5.Advantages…………………………………………………..15

6.Disadvantages……………………………………………..….15

7.Conclusion……………………………………………..…….16

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1.INTRODUCTION

What is obstacle detection system ?

It is a system that is capable to guide the peoples which
are with vision loss, ranging from partially sighted to totally blind, by means of vibration
commands . many researchers are working to assist visually impaired people in different
ways like researchers are trying to give transplantation of real eyes with robotic eyes which
can capable enough to plot the real image over patient retina using some biomedical
technologies . but they have many limitations and are very expensive. The main idea of the
above proposed system is to make person aware of path that he/she is walking and also about
the obstacle in the path.

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2. MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM
____________________________________________________________

1.OBSTACLE SENSING SHOE

2. OBSTACLE SENSING HAT

- These are two main components of the above

proposed system .

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3.PARTS OF THE SYSTEM

The main parts of the obstacle sensing shoe are as follows -

1.ARDUINO NANO

2.ULTRASONIC SENSOR

3.VIBRATING MOTOR

4.BATTERY

1.ARDUINO NANO
Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board designed by Arduino.cc. The microcontroller used
in the Arduino Nano is Atmega328, the same one as used in Arduino UNO. It has a wide
range of applications and is a major microcontroller board because of its small size and
flexibility. So, now let's have a look at its basic features:
Basic Features of Arduino Nano
Here are few of its basic features which you must know if you are thinking to work on this
great microcontroller board:
● It has 22 input/output pins in total.
● 14 of these pins are digital pins.
● Arduino Nano has 8 analogue pins.
● It has 6 PWM pins among the digital pins.
● It has a crystal oscillator of 16MHz.
● It's operating voltage varies from 5V to 12V.
● It also supports different ways of communication, which are:
● Serial Protocol.
● I2C Protocol.
● SPI Protocol.
● It also has a mini USB Pin which is used to upload code.

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● It also has a Reset button on it.
Memory in Arduino Nano
It has below memories embedded in it which are used for different purposes and are as
follows:
● Flash memory of Arduino Nano is 32Kb.
● It has preinstalled bootloader on it, which takes a flash memory of 2kb.
● SRAM memory of this Microcontroller board is 8kb.
● It has an EEPROM memory of 1kb
Applications of Arduino Nano
Here are few of its application but it has an extensive range which we can't discuss here. So
here's the tip of the iceberg:
● Embedded Systems.
● Automation.
● Robotics.
● Control Systems.
● Instrumentation

ROLE OF ARDUINO NANO IN OUR SYSTEM

1.Arduino nano is a microcontroller which by using arduino programming language read

inputs and turn it in to outputs.
2.It is a main part of our whole system.It read inputs from a ultrasonic sensor and turns that
input in to output pulses.

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 2. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
The ultrasonic sensor (or transducer) works on the same principles as a radar system. An
ultrasonic sensor can convert electrical energy into acoustic waves and vice versa.
Typically, a microcontroller is used for communication with an ultrasonic sensor. To begin
measuring the distance, the microcontroller sends a trigger signal to the ultrasonic sensor.

ROLE OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR IN OUR SYSTEM

Ultrasonic sensor emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if there
is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce back to the module.
It can detect obstacle from a distance ranging from 2cm to 400cm.
In the system it give inputs to the arduino nano by detecting obstacle from a safe distance

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3. VIBRATING MOTOR
Small vibration motors have been around since the 1960s. Initially, they were developed for
massaging products, but their development took a new turn in the 1990s when consumers
required vibra-call on their mobile / cell phones. Today, designers and users alike have
learned from two decades of mobile phones, that vibration alerting is an excellent way to alert
operators to an event.
These days miniature vibrating motors are used in a wide range of products, such as tools,
scanners, medical instruments, GPS trackers, and control sticks. Vibrator motors are also the
main actuators for haptic feedback which is an inexpensive way to increase a product's value
and differentiate it from the competition.
An eccentric rotating mass vibration motor (ERM) uses a small unbalanced mass on a DC
motor when it rotates it creates a force that translates to vibrations. A linear resonant actuator
(LRA) contains a small internal mass attached to a spring, which creates a force when driven.

ROLE OF VIBRATING MOTOR IN OUR SYSTEM

1.Vibrating motor take outputs from the arduino nano and convert the output pulses in to
vibrations.
2.Due to this vibrations the blind person will know that some obstacle is present at a certain
safe distance.

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 4. BATTERY

Batteries are made up of three basic components: an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. A
separator is often used to prevent the anode and cathode from touching, if the electrolyte is
not sufficient. In order to store these components, batteries usually have some kind of casing.

ROLE OF BATTERTY IN OUR SYSTEM

1. It is used to give power to the whole system.

2.The battery used is of 9V.

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4. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM:
________________________________________________________________

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 4.1 WORKING OF OBSTACLE DETECTION SHOE

Fig.5 working of obstacle sensing shoe

SENSING UNIT :The sensing unit of obstacle detecting shoe consist of an ultrasonic sensor
.it emits ultrasound at 40000 Hz which travels through the air up to a certain distance and if
it strikes to any obstacle within its range then it will bounce back and generate input
pulses.thus,this input pulses are then send to a processing unit.

PROCESSING UNIT : The Processing unit of our obstacle detecting shoe is arduino nano
.it takes input pulses from the ultrasonic sensor and convert it in to output pulses and passes it
to response unit using arduino programming.

RESPONSE UNIT : The response unit is a vibrating rotor.it receives output pulses from
arduino nano andd convert it in to vibrations through which the blind person will know that
obstacle is present at a certain safe distance.

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 4.2 WORKING OF OBSTACLE DETECTION HAT

Fig.6 working of obstacle sensing hat

 Ultrasonic sensor senses the obstacle and responds to processing unit .
 The obstacle detector will performs same function as performed by obstacle
detector shoe

WHY WE ARE USING OBSTACLE SENSING HAT TOO IN OUR SYSTEM ?

When
the obstacle has base it will be sensed or detected by an obstacle detecting shoe but when any
object which does not have any base from ground or it is hanged by some vertical wall from
one side like cantilever beam then it will be not sensed by shoe .so, in such cases obstacle
sensing hat plays it roles

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 5. ADVANTAGES
________________________________________________________________

o Faster Response Time

o No Internet connection required
o The proposed system will automate according to the real time pathways and the
obstacle coming in between.
o It is more cheaper than any other proposed system

6.DISADVANTAGES
________________________________________________________________
o It only works in dry area
o There is a possibility of breakage of ultrasonic sensor due to weight of a person
o After lot of use the wires may become hard and it may break also

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 6.CONCLUSION
________________________________________________________________

We propose obstacle detection system for visually impaired people. The obstacle detection
shoe and hat are acquired with Arduino, which is a type of embedded system. Rather than
having a complex system which is non-portable, embedded system deals with all the
functions which a user wants to perform at that instance. The processing of data will be done
dynamically as the user walks with the sensors activated. The processing of the values will be
communicated from the sensors to the Arduino board and the through the interfacing hub to
the vibrating motor Thus, the complexity and the time will be low and the obstacle and be
detected in fraction of seconds. The proposed system will automate according to the real time
pathways and the obstacles coming in between. Obstacles will be processed by the given
algorithm programmed into Arduino. The sensors will sense the obstacle and will give out the
values, thus measuring the distance of the obstacle from the sensors. Depending on the values
given by the sensors the Arduino will process the values for simplicity and through
interfacing device will be passed to the vibrating motor. In future , For navigation purposes
an API may used to run a Google maps application in the background at the same time when
the shoes detect the obstacles .Hence, a visually impaired person can sense, feel ,listen and
walk with the ease of use and faster response time with the environment around him with the
help of these obstacle detection shoe and hat.

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