Final 1 5 PDF

PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

F. Imson St. Pateros Metro Manila
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CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Setting
Background of the Study
Air pollution can be defined as the presence of harmful chemicals in the air we
breathe chemicals that can hamper one’s good health. Said chemicals are products of
myriad anthropogenic activities, such as fuel combustion from vehicles, heat and power
generation due to oil and coal power plants, smoke from manufacturing factories and
mines, waste incineration. As time goes by, the world is developing in terms of
increasing traffic, city size, economic development, and industrialization; it gained more
air pollution problems than before. People in urban areas are more exposed to
dangerous levels of air pollution than those in rural areas including many developing
countries such as the Philippines that suffer from high concentrations of ambient
particulate matter.
Filtering air is a must for it was confirmed that the Philippines now rank 3rd
highest number of deaths due to air pollution, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO). Vehicles are the top contributor to air pollution in the Philippines
which contributes 69% of it. Rene Pineda, President of Partnership for Clean Air,
explained that pollution worsens because the number of the vehicle is increasing, the
population is growing, the roads are getting congested and structures are getting
higher. These are some factors why air pollution remains on the ground and not
dispersing.
An exhaust filter is a device that is attached to a vehicle's tailpipe to capture

heavy particulate matter and pollutants in order to reduce carbon emissions. It is to
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PCSIANS: Men and Women of Noble Character
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prevent the particulate matter from exiting out the tailpipe which can cause polluting of
the air. It is closely based on catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters.
The chicken eggshells and mussel shells that should go directly to the dumpsites
are being utilized for a better reason. This study attempts to identify if the mixture of
chicken eggshells and mussel shells can be a better component to use in filtering
exhaust emissions.
Conceptual Framework
Filtration
process with the Cleaner
Exhaust
use of egg emissions from
emissions
shells and exhaust pipes
mussel shells
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
In order to produce a filter for vehicle emissions, the researchers will

make use of an IPO model (Input-Process-Output) wherein the exhaust
emissions will be the input and cleaner emissions from exhaust pipes. In order to
achieve this, a filtration process must be done which involves the use of chicken
eggshells and mussel shells.
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Statement of the Problem
The research aims to identify the effects of experimentation about exhaust filter
of tricycles. Specifically, this research will answer the following questions:
1. Which proportion of chicken eggshell and mussel shell will be the most
effective in filtering exhaust emissions?
2. Which between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine emissions was affected the
most by the filtration process?
3. What air pollutants were reduced the most by the exhaust filter?
Hypothesis
The mixture of chicken eggshells and mussel shells has no significant effect in
filtering exhaust emissions.
Assumptions
The researchers assume that an improvised exhaust filter is effective in filtering

the air pollutants that are emitted by the exhaust of tricycles. Also, 75% chicken
eggshells and 25% of mussel shells are more effective among other component for
exhaust filter.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The focus of the study is to create an alternative filtering device that can reduce
the air pollutants that a vehicle emits and improve its air quality. The main focus of the
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study is to reduce the Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide content of the emissions of
the exhaust pipes of the tricycles. The study will be made by filtering the air from PUV’s
specifically on tricycles’ exhausts that are using a 2-stroke and 4-stroke type of engine.
The study will make use of three tricycles (3 for 2-stroke engine and 3 for 4-stroke
engine) that use unleaded fuel that travels through the municipality of Pateros. The
researchers decided this since it is the mass transportation that travels through the town
and it is the most used fuel used by the tricycles.
The filtration process will cover the routes around the vicinity and streets of
Pateros. The filtration process will not include private vehicles and will only include
public vehicles such as tricycles.
Significance of the Study
Considering that its geographical location is prone to air pollution, if done

successfully, this research can benefit the town of Pateros in the following aspects:
The Citizens of Pateros
 Exposure of the citizens of Pateros to air pollutants will be lessened because of

the decrease in air pollution.
 Risks of acquiring respiratory related diseases can be lessened.
The Local Government of Pateros
 The innovation can be used by the environmental management department as a

tool to combat the problems of the town regarding air contamination.
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 The local government can organize a seminar or meeting that will introduce the
product to the citizens of Pateros in order to raise their awareness on the said
issue.
The Future Researchers
 The innovation can be used as an inspiration for future researchers to use.

 The product can be improved over and over again for increased efficiency of the
exhaust filtration.
Definition of Terms
Particulate Matter – particulates that an exhaust pipe emits that can affect the air
quality of an area.
PUV (Public Utility Vehicle) – vehicles that can be ridden by the common people
such as tricycles.
NOx – it is an atmospheric pollutant emitted by the exhaust of a tricycle.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
This part of the research presents the literature review after the thorough and
in-depth search done by the researchers to fully understand the research to be done for
better comprehension of the study.
A. Related Literature
One of the articles in Environmental Geochemistry and Health said that air
pollution is fully acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible
for a growing range of health effects that are well documented from the results of an
extensive research effort conducted in many regions of the world (2015). The rapid
urbanization exposed people to more diverse varieties of ambient air pollutants like
smoke. According to Kelly, F. & Fussell J., regardless of the past improvements in air
quality, very large parts of the population in urban areas breathe air that does not
meet European standards that are actually based on World Health Organization Air
Quality Guidelines. There has been a substantial increase in findings that particulate
matter air pollution is not only exerting a greater impact on established health
endpoints but is also associated with a broader number of disease outcomes (2015).
Furthermore, air pollution causes human deaths because of the diseases it carries. As
the air quality of a certain place is getting near pm2.5 it will be considered as a
polluted area because pm2.5 is the most dangerous type of air-polluting particles.
These particles are small enough to enter the bronchial tubes of the lungs and cause
severe respiratory diseases (Tejada, 2015).
A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a filter that captures and stores exhaust soot
(some refer to them as soot traps) in order to reduce emissions from diesel cars. But
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because they only have a finite capacity, this trapped soot periodically has to be
emptied or 'burned off' to regenerate the DPF. The regeneration process cleanly burns
off the excess soot deposited in the filter, reducing the harmful exhaust emission and
helps to prevent the tell-tale black smoke you used to see from diesel vehicles,
particularly when accelerating. (“Diesel particulate filters: what you need to know”,
2018, March 21). According to Weaver, S. (2017) diesel cars and trucks were
manufactured after 2009 must have a DPF, and in some cases, a Selective Catalysts
Reduction (SCR) system. These components work together to reduce, and when
working properly, remove all of the harmful NOx and soot from the exhaust. Not only
does this help the environment, it also creates a much cleaner engine. On the other
hand, a company has created an exhaust filter for a vehicle; it is called
“Blade”. The Blade is designed to capture harmful particulate matter that vehicles
release into the air. And it also happens to reduce carbon emissions and increase fuel
economy (Campos 2011). This said product has been proved by a long time user, Mr.
Stein. Stein (2011) stated that it was a very useful tool and it actually reduces CO2
emissions that get released in the air, which is ultimately better than a hybrid. But the
product will be replaced every 10,000 to 20,000 miles depending on the age of the
vehicle. Furthermore, there are built-in devices in some vehicles that can help in the
betterment of air quality of each place; by eliminating one of the major sources of air
pollution. These devices also help in lessening the use of fuel in every vehicle which can
decrease the pollutants in the atmosphere.
According to Woodford, Chris. (2007) there are two different catalysts in a catalytic
converter. One of them tackles nitrogen oxide pollution using a chemical process called
reduction (removing oxygen). This breaks up nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen
gases (which are harmless, because they already exist in the air around us). The other
catalyst works by an opposite chemical process called oxidation (adding oxygen) and
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turns carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Another oxidation reaction turns unburned
hydrocarbons in the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water.
Banerjee A. et al. (2010) stated that eggshell is a typical solid waste from poultry
and food industry. The biological membrane available from this waste can be used for
adsorption of CO2; it leads to the removal of the GHG from the atmosphere to a
substantial extent. Abdulrahman et al. (2014) said that calcium carbonate (calcite) is the
main component in chicken eggshells and is the major inorganic substance found in an
egg and it makes up about 94% of the chemical composition of eggshell. Therefore, the
eggshell membrane has been used for isolation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
This means it helps in filtering air pollutants for cleaner air to breathe.
Glass wool is made from fiberglass, which is layered and arranged to produce a
similar texture to that of wool. The individual fibres are held together with a binding
agent, which helps to hold glass wool together and give it strength. Once it's made,
glass wool it is cut to size and packed in either rolls or panels for transport. The fibres in
glass wool work to trap air between them and stop airflow. Heat passing through the
fibres, therefore, can't penetrate very, far as the material itself does not conduct heat
very well and the air pockets it contains are isolated from each other. The more
compressed the batts are, the less resistant to heat they become, as they will not trap
air as effectively.
B. Foreign Studies
In polluted cities and towns around the world, it gets harder to breathe as time
goes by. Common reasons for it are cars filling the streets with exhaust and tiny
particles, smoke from factories and power plants that fill the skies which converted into
dangerous ozone. According to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
chronic exposure to air pollution appears to cause detrimental effects on cognition that
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get worse throughout life, potentially increasing risk factors for degenerative diseases
like Dementia and Alzheimer's. The research team examined data from a national
survey that was conducted in 162 random countries throughout China between 2010
and 2014 and compared these results with official air quality data. China, like many
developing countries, has a large number of cities with serious air quality problems. By
using multiple years of data, the researchers were able to see how particularly polluted
times affected verbal and math test scores. They were also able to see how living in a
polluted area changed test scores over time (2018). Overall, if residents of the cities in
China lived in places that met US EPA standards for air pollution, it would significantly
improve their test scores. And also, it shows how much better their people might do. Air
pollution affects not only the environment or anyone’s health conditions but everything
even the simplest things like not performing well in school. According to Kelly CA, one of
the main reason that air pollution has lowered the academic results or performance of
the children is because of the fatigue related to the illness and repeated absenteeism.
Higher exposure to pollution is accompanied by a higher probability of being sick and
therefore higher chances that children fail to attend school (2018).
Mollagee, Muzenda, & Pilusa (2012) evaluated the effect of using a Whale filter
on the overall vehicle exhaust emissions. A Whale filter is a South African patented
diesel particulate filter designed to operate as a secondary diesel filter for the removal of
particulate contaminants up to 0.5 microns in size in the fuel prior to injection. It is
believed that removal of contaminants prior to injection may improve the fuel injection
efficiency, thereby promoting efficient combustion, and thus resulting in reduced
emissions and fuel consumption. Emissions tests were conducted on four different
vehicle categories to validate this. All vehicles underwent pre-emissions testing prior to
installation of the Whale filter. Each test was conducted for a period of approximately 20
minutes by varying the engine speed. The Applus + Autologic Vehicle Emissions
Analyser were used to measure the emissions at each stage, and a similar procedure
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was followed to measure the emissions after installation of the Whale filter. The results
showed a significant average reduction in carbon monoxide CO (35.3%), nitrogen oxides
NO x (26.1%) and hydrocarbons HC (34.3%) emissions after the Whale filter was
installed in the four vehicles. Whale filter can also be an effective way of filtering air
pollutants like soot. It helps to clean the diesel engines of all the vehicles which can
greatly contribute to the reduction of air pollution. In addition, whale filter can save
diesel gas wherein diesel gas is the most pollutant gas that was used by people who are
using vehicles.
A research team from the University of Calcutta has found an unexpected

material that could trap carbon from the atmosphere in the form of chicken eggshells.
The team has demonstrated that the membrane that lines an eggshell can absorb
almost seven times its own weight of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, allowing the
gas to be stored until environmentally friendly methods of disposing, or even using it,
can be found (Quick, 2010). The research team from the University of Calcutta stated
that eggshell comprises three layers; a cuticle on the outer surface, and a spongy
calcium-containing middle layer and inner layer. The second and third layers are
composed of protein fibers bonded to calcium carbonate – a chemical compound that
results from another carbon sequestration technology also developed in India using
naturally occurring bacteria (2009).
According to Kendrick C., unleaded gasoline goes through comprehensive tests

and detailed processes. The gas is treated with additives and specialized chemicals
before it is made available for use in your vehicle. This special treatment allows
unleaded gasoline to burn properly inside your engine, creating the least amount of
harmful emissions possible (2016). Unleaded is the most common gasoline used in
automobiles around the world.
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C. Local Studies
A study of the Technological University of the Philippines' College of Engineering

conducted by Oliva (October 2011) developed an exhaust gas cleaner for motorcycle
engines to clean and minimize toxic gases in the gas produced by motorcycles. The
prototype captured up to 0.55 grams of particulates within 10 to 50 kilometers. During
the combustion process, Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of Sulphur and Carbon Dioxide were
emitted and proved to be major health concerns because they affect bronchial function
and oxygen deprivation when inhaled in large concentrations.
The tricycle is one unique form of motorcycle-based vehicle since it only attached
a side-cab to a motorcycle and no other alterations were made to the unit’s design and
engine. According to Fabian B, common tricycle power trains include 100 to 125 cc two
stroke engines and 155 to 175 cc four stroke engines(2011).
Biona et al., average two-stroked powered tricycles in Metro Manila consume

24.41 km/l of fuel and produces 9.5, 9.7, 40.5 and 0.07 g/km of hydrocarbon (HC),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), respectively.
They fail to satisfy HC, CO and NOx emission limits set by reference standards in the
Philippines and other Asian countries (2008). Also, they produce greater HC and CO
emissions than gasoline fueled private cars and diesel powered public jeepneys, taxis
and buses on a per passenger-km basis but significantly lower NOx emissions. On the
other hand, the major advantage of four stroke over two stroke engines is the absence
of fuel short-circuiting. it is evident in their fuel consumption ratio with carburet-ted two
strokes (Mejia, 2011).
According to AA1 Car Auto Diagnosis Repair Help, an automotive diagnostic

repair help website, in order to measure the exhaust backpressure, you need a pressure
gauge with a scale of zero to 15 psi, or zero to 100 kPa or higher. According to Gay-
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Lussac's Law, as the temperature increases, the molecules in the gas move faster,
impacting the gas's container more frequently and exerting a greater force resulting into
increase of force, hence the more pressure the higher the temperature.
A thesis submitted to the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology of

the University of the Philippines by Cruz, M. T. (April 2013) said that particulate matter
is among the major air pollutants of concern in the country because of its effect on
human health, visibility, acid deposition and the radiation balance of the Earth. However,
a noticeable amount of particulate matter in the atmosphere is due to human activities
such as fuel combustion and industrial processes that led her to study the source
identification of particulate matter around Metro Manila by collecting fine and coarse
particulate matter fractions and was studied for elemental content. She further added
that particulate matter can be classified as fine or coarse particulate matter. Fine
particular matter ranges from 0.005 to 2.5 microns while those bigger than that are
under the coarse particulate matter.
As a result of another investigation, around 92% of the world's human

population is presented to air contamination levels that surpass as far as possible set by
the World Health Organization (WHO). Aside from its incredible effect to environmental
change, dirty air has added to human dangers like asthma. This impact is something
that can be felt by the general population in Los Baños in the area of Laguna,
Philippines. One of the mass transportation system utilized in the region is tricycles.
Tricycles leave enormous smoke from their suppressors eventually hurting its condition
and the general population. (Rubiano, A. et al., 2016) from the University of the
Philippines – Los Baños saw that the fumes originating from these tricycles have
achieved a noteworthy level. She further added that their technology used a pounded
mussel that cleans tricycle exhaust. Mussels contain calcium carbonate that can retain
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air contaminations from its surface. It works by enclosing the crushed of mussels by
dressing and putting it inside a metal chamber.
Furthermore, the purpose of this review was to view the importance of every
component that was used in filtering air pollutants emitted by the tricycles around the
locality of Pateros. With the above mention studies, it helps the researchers to configure
the ingredient that can filter most of the air pollutants.
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
Introduction
The research conducted was an experimental quantitative type of research

study and used various types of test to gather information for the exhaust filter creation
process. The experimentations included identifying possible ingredients for the
improvised exhaust filter and the emission test for the vehicle emissions.
Research Design
The research will be conducted as experimental research in which data will be

collected before and after a test period. Six tricycles will be used in order for the data
collected to be reliable. The materials are namely the chicken eggshells and mussel
shells. They will be needed in order to proceed with the experiment and provide the
researchers with the results of the experimentations.
Research Setting
The experiment will be conducted in Pateros and in the vicinity around the said
town. For this reason, the researchers will cooperate with Amtoda and Dayco Emission
Testing Center in order to proceed with the experimentations.
Research Instruments
The tools that the researchers will use in order to collect data from the
experiment will be mortar and pestle, electrical tapes, measuring cups, scale (g), and
4GA-4100 automotive emission analyzer.
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Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will their data by collecting the needed materials in order for
the experiment to start. The researchers will measure first the emission from the
tricycle’s exhaust pipe without any filter by using a 4GA-4100 Automotive Emission
Analyser in the experiment proper and by measuring the emission installed with the
filter using the same device.
Preparation of Materials
The materials that will be used in making the filter will be the following: chicken
eggshells, mussel shells, tin can, metal screens, and electrical tape. The tin cans will
serve as the body of the filter. The metal screens will be installed as a divider between
the filters. Electrical tape will be used as an adhesive in order to put together the filter.
Chicken egg shells and mussel shells will be the absorbents.
The researchers will gather the mussel shells from the local marketplace in
Comembo, Makati City. After which, the researchers will wash and dry the mussel shells
to avoid excess weight and remove dirt from the mussel shells. The researchers will
partially crack the mussel shells into small pieces.
In collecting the chicken eggshells, the researchers will separate the chicken
eggshell from the egg white and yolk. After gathering the chicken eggshells, they will be
washed, dried and tried to crack it into pieces with the same size as mussel shells
Experiment Proper
First, the researchers gathered all the needed materials and instruments in
order for the experiment to start. Next, tin cans were filled with chicken eggshells and
mussel shells. Third, the tin cans were sealed with stainless screen wires that serve as
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coverings for each layer. Fourth, the tin cans were put together using electrical tape to
make the filter itself.
Emission Testing for Egg shells and Mussel shells
The researchers conducted this experiment to see how each ingredient affect
the tricycle’s emission individually.
Emission Testing for the longevity of Egg shells and Mussel shells
The researchers conducted this experiment to see how consistent or how long the
chicken eggshells and mussel shells can reduce the air pollutants present in the Vehicle’s
emission.
Materials’ Proportionality test
The researchers conducted the experiment to find out what concentration is most
efficient in reducing air pollutants and at the same time control the oil temperature from
the tricycle’s exhaust.
Pre-Test and Post-test for Tricycle 1 using 2-stroke engine and 4-stroke
engine
The researchers conducted an experiment to conclude how effective the filtering

device on reducing air pollutants present in a 2 stroke engines compared to 4 stroke
engines that uses unleaded fuel.
The experiment was done by measuring first the emission from the tricycle's
exhaust pipe without any filter; it will serve as the base or constant of the experiment to
see the changes after using the first and second filter using a 4GA-4100 automotive
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emission analyser. After that, the researchers will analyse the emission of the vehicle
using the first filter that contains 75g of chicken eggshells and 75g of mussel shells.
Then, the second filter contains 112.5 g of mussel shells and 37.5 g of chicken
eggshells. Lastly, the third filter contains 112.5 g of chicken eggshells and 37.5 g of
mussel shells. The researcher will compare which of the three filters has the best
proportion for reducing air pollutants from the vehicles.
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Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
This section talks about the data analysis and findings of the different tests
conducted by the researchers. The purpose of this study is to test the diverse elements
to consider in order for the filter to be useful
The experimentation aims to answer the following questions:
1. Which proportion of chicken eggshell and mussel shell will be the most
effective in filtering exhaust emissions?
2. Which between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine emissions was affected the
most by the filtration process?
3. What air pollutants were reduced the most by the exhaust filter?
Table 1. Materials’ Proportionality test
Parameter Pre-Test 100g 150g 200g

Carbon
Monoxide 4.56 2.87 1.77 1.71
(%vol)
Carbon
Dioxide 1.6 1.1 1.1 0.9
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Revolutions
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
per minute
Hydrocarbon 9999 8573 4059 3928
Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
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oxide
Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Oil
37.9 37.7 41.4 50.2
Temperature
The researchers used three set-ups with different weights in order to find out
which weight is the most efficient in the filtration process. 100 grams for the first set-up
shows that egg shells and mussel shells doesn’t absorbs that much pollutants due to the
gaps or spaces in the filter that makes smoke of emissions pass through it easily. The
second set-up which contains 150 grams shows the most efficient because aside from
having a more effective filtration, it does not backfire unlike the third set-up that has
200 grams of shells. It is more effective in reducing pollutants compared to the second
set-up but it affects the exhaust in a negative way that is causing too much pressure
that's building up inside of the filter. It is because the materials are to compact and may
cause a backfire inside the exhaust wherein the smoke of the exhaust may be stuck
inside the exhaust or may go back inside of the filter. Considering this result, the
researchers used 150 grams as the weight of the shells on both eggshells and mussel
shells to be put inside the filter.
A. Emission Testing
Emission testing is done to vehicles in order to identify the current status of the
emissions that the vehicles produce. It determines if a vehicle needs necessary repairs
in order to reduce the amount of pollutants that the vehicle releases.
Before using the developed filtration devices and installing them to exhaust
pipes, the researchers made sure that the filters are safe to use. The emission test was
done in order to prove that the filter will not affect the emission of the exhaust pipes in
a negative way and that there will not be an increase in back pressure. The test
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assessed whether the filters used increased or decreased the amount of air pollutants
that the vehicle emits.
Table 2. Pre-Test and Post-Test for longevity test of Chicken Eggshells
Pre-Test Post-Test
Valu Value for Value for Value for Value for Value for
Parameters
e 1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 4 Days 5 Days
Carbon 4.56 2.08 2.45 2.03 2.59 2.56

Monoxide
(%vol)
Carbon 1.6 1.2 3.1 2.6 1.0 2.9

Dioxide
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

(%vol)
Revolutions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

per minute
Hydrocarbons 9999 4798 191 202 8004 420

(ppmvol)
Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oxide
(ppmvol)
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Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.77 0.0 0.0 0.0
Oil 37.9 40.5 41.4 42.4 41.0 36.6

Temperature
(Degrees
Celsius)
After the emission testing, the researchers found out that the filter that
contained chicken eggshells lowered the amount of air pollutants that the vehicle
emitted namely the Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. The
temperature of the oil also decreased after installing the filter. However, the Nitrogen
oxide measured after the installation of the filter was still the same. Other components
such as Oxygen, wavelength, and rpm (revolutions per minute) were not affected.
The results of the emission fully supports the point made by Mollagee, Muzenda,
&Pilusa (2012) that the main components of particulates that get affected by a Whale
filter are Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons and Banerjee A. et al.
(2010) which says that biological membrane available from eggs can be used for
adsorption of CO2.
It also supports the claim of Quick (2010) that the membrane that lines an
eggshell can absorb almost seven times its own weight of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere allowing the gas to be stored until environmentally friendly methods of
disposing.
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Table 3. Pre-Test and Post-Test for longevity test of Mussel Shells
Pre-Test Post-Test
Value for Value for Value for Value for Value for
Parameters Value
1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 4 Days 5 Days
Carbon Monoxide 4.56 3.88 2.46 2.01 3.84 2.11

(%vol)
Carbon Dioxide 1.6 5.3 3.1 2.6 5.3 1.2

(%vol)
Oxygen (%vol) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Revolutions per 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

minute
Hydrocarbons 9999 327 191 203 195 4214

(ppmvol)
Nitrogen Oxide 0.0 0.0 4.0 10.0 3.0 8.0

(ppmvol)
Lambda 0.0 0.78 0.77 0.00 0.77 0.00
Oil Temperature 37.9 39.4 43.2 41.0 40.3 41.1

(Degrees
Celsius)
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According to the emission test, it decreased the amount of Carbon monoxide,

Carbon dioxide and oil temperature that were emitted by the vehicle. Other components
remained the same such as the Oxygen level, rpm, Nitrogen oxide, and wavelength. But
its life span is better than the egg shells because of its strong covering.
The results clearly support the study of (Rubiano, A. et al., 2016) from the
University of the Philippines – Los Baños which states that materials which contain
calcium carbonate that retains air contaminations from its surface.
Table 4. Pre-Test and Post-test for Tricycle 1 using 2-stroke engine
Filter 2 Filter 3
Filter 1
Pre-Test (37.5g of chicken (112.5 g of
(75g of chicken
Parameter eggshells and chicken eggshells
eggshells and 75g
112.5g of mussel and 37.5 of
of mussel shells)
shells) mussel shells)
Carbon
Monoxide 4.56 2.87 3.54 2.05
(%vol)
Carbon Dioxide
1.6 1.1 1.4 2.6
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Revolutions
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
per minute
Hydrocarbon 9999 8573 9999 238
Nitrogen oxide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oil
37.9 37.7 36.3 39.5
Temperature
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Table 5. Pre-Test and Post-test for tricycle 4 using 4-stroke Engine
Parameter Pre-Test Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3

Carbon
Monoxide 2.24 1.39 1.68 0.92
(%vol)
Carbon Dioxide
(%vol)
1.20 0.9 1.0 0.5
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Revolutions
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
per minute
Hydrocarbon 5030 3402 4013 3032
Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Oil
42.0 48.5 40.7 41.8
Temperature
As the results showed, the third filter which was composed of 112.5 grams of
chicken eggshells and 37.5 grams of mussel shells was the best filter for both 2-stroke
and 4-stroke engines among the three because it reduced the parameters the most
compared to the first filter which was composed of 75 grams of chicken eggshells and
75 grams of mussel shells and to the second filter which was composed of 37.5 grams
of chicken eggshells and 112.5 grams of mussel shells. Therefore, the researchers used
the third filter because it clearly shown that it surpass the two other filter that’s why the
filter 3 was used for the remaining trials.
Table 6. Pre-Test and Post-Test of Tricycle 1 using Filter 3
Parameter Pre-Test Post-Test

Carbon Monoxide 4.56 2.05
(%vol)
Carbon Dioxide 1.6 2.6
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(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
Revolutions per minute 0.0 0.0
Hydrocarbon 9999 238
Nitrogen Oxide 0.0 0.0
Lambda 0.0 0.0
Oil Temperature 37.5 39.5
The third filter which was composed of 112.5 grams of chicken eggshells and
37.5 grams of mussel shells was used for filtering tricycle number 1. The carbon
monoxide emitted was reduced to 2.05 from 4.56. Carbon dioxide was increased to 2.6
from 1.6. The hydrocarbon level was reduced to 238 from 9999 and the oil temperature
went up to 39.5 from 37.5. All the other parameters were constant in the value of zero.

(%vol)
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
Lambda 0.0 0.0
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monoxide emitted was reduced to 2.20 from 4.14. Carbon dioxide decreased was to 2.0
from 5.5. The hydrocarbon level was increased to 6780 from 564 and the oil
temperature went down to 40.4 from 40.7. All the other parameters were constant in
the value of zero.

(%vol)
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
Hydrocarbon 476 195
Lambda 0.0 0.0
monoxide emitted was reduced to 2.47 from 4.08. Carbon dioxide was decreased to
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3.31 from 5.4. The hydrocarbon level was reduced to 195 from 476 and the oil
the value of zero.
Table 9. Post-Tests of Tricycles 1 to 3
Parameter Tricycle 1 Tricycle 2 Tricycle 3 Average
Carbon
Monoxide 2.05 2.20 2.47 2.24
(%vol)
Carbon Dioxide
2.6 1.0 3.1 2.23
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Revolutions per
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
minute
Hydrocarbon 238 6780 195 2404.33
Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Oil Temperature 39.5 40.4 39.6 39.83
The table above shows the comparison of the post tests of tricycles one to three.
The averages of the results obtained were computed in order to make the results
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reliable. The average carbon monoxide was 2.24. The average carbon dioxide was 2.23.
The computed average of the hydrocarbon was 2404.33 and 39.83 for the oil
temperature. All the other parameters were constant in the value of zero.
Table 10. Average of Pre-Test and Post-Test for 2-stroke engines
Parameter Ave. of the Pre-Test Ave. of the Post-Test
Carbon Monoxide (%vol) 4.26 2.24
Carbon Dioxide (%vol) 4.17 2.23
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
Hydrocarbon 3679.7 2404.33
Nitrogen oxide 0.0 0.0
Lambda 0.0 0.0
The averages of the pre-test and post-test were compared to see how much the
emission of the tricycles changed in general. The carbon monoxide saw a decrease from
4.26 to 2.24. Same goes with carbon dioxide that went down to 2.23 from 4.17.
Hydrocarbon levels also decreased from 3679.7 to 2404.33. The oil temperature
however increased to 39.83 from 39.7. The other parameters remained constant with an
average value of zero.
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Table 11. Pre-Test and Post-Test of Tricycle 4 with 4 stroke engine

(%vol)
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0

Lambda 0.0 0.0
monoxide emitted was reduced to 0.92 from 2.24. Carbon dioxide was decreased to 0.5
from 1.20. The hydrocarbon level was reduced to 3032 from 5030 and the oil
the value of zero.

(%vol)
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(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0

Lambda 0.0 0.0
monoxide emitted was reduced to 1.20 from 2.15. Carbon dioxide was decreased to 0.7
temperature went up to 47.8 from 43.7. All the other parameters were constant in the
value of zero.

(%vol)
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
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Lambda 0.0 0.0
monoxide emitted was reduced to 1.90 from 2.92. Carbon dioxide was increased to 1.20
temperature went up to 41.6 from 40.0. All the other parameters were constant in the
value of zero.
Table 14. Post-test of Tricycles 4 to 6
Parameter Tricycle 4 Tricycle 5 Tricycle 6 Average

0.92 1.20 1.90
Carbon
Monoxide 1.34
(%vol)
0.5 0.7 1.20
Carbon Dioxide
0.80
(%vol)
Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0
Revolutions per
0.0
minute
Hydrocarbon 3032 2750 4112 3298

0.0 0.0 0.0
Nitrogen oxide 0.0
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Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

41.8 47.8 41.6
Oil Temperature 43.73
The table above shows the comparison of the post tests of tricycles four to six.
The averages of the results obtained were computed in order to make the results
reliable. The average carbon monoxide was 1.34. The average carbon dioxide was 0.80.
The computed average of the hydrocarbon was 3298 and 43.73 for the oil temperature.
All the other parameters were constant in the value of zero.
Table 15. Average of Pre-Test and Post-Test for 4-stroke engines
Parameter Ave. of the Pre-Test Ave. of the Post-Test

Carbon Monoxide (%vol) 2.21 1.01
Carbon Dioxide (%vol) 1.20 0.57
Oxygen 0.0 0.0
Hydrocarbon 4449.7 2938
Nitrogen oxide 0.0 0.0
Lambda 0.0 0.0
The averages of the pre-test and post-test were compared to see how much the
emission of the tricycles changed in general. The carbon monoxide saw a decrease from
2.21 to 1.01. Same goes with carbon dioxide that went down to 0.57 from 1.20.
Hydrocarbon levels also decreased from 4449.7 to 2938. The oil temperature however
increased to 43.8 from 42.4. The other parameters remained constant with an average
value of zero.
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CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation
This chapter presents the summary of the research tackled from the previous
chapter, the conclusions based on the findings of the experimentation, and the
recommendations made as a development of this study. This study aims to determine
the comparison of chicken eggshell and mussel shell as an exhaust filter.
Summary of Findings
The researchers discovered experimental findings from the conduct test. First,
they made a separate experiment by using chicken eggshells and mussel shells as their
component on filtering air pollutants emitted by the tricycles. Based on the Table 2 and
3, they identified that chicken eggshells is a better filtering ingredient than mussel shells
because it decreased 40% of CO that was being emitted by the tricycle, unlike the 27%
reduction of CO by mussel shells. In addition, chicken eggshells are also much better
than in decreasing the CO2 and HC. This means that chicken eggshells have a better
component in filtering air pollutants. On the other hand, mussel shells are much better
than egg shells when it comes to its longevity. Egg shell’s structure is weaker than
mussel shell which it has a hard covering. Also, chicken eggshells show inconsistent
findings than mussel shells.
The researchers decided to make an experiment using the combination of egg

shell and mussel shell by having 150 grams as their measurement basis. They chose 150
grams because of its average results that was shown in Table 1, unlike the other two
trials; one of it lacks in other component and some of it overpowers other component.
After that, they have used different proportions on combining egg and mussel shells:
50% of egg shells and 50% of mussel shells, 25% of egg shells and 75% of mussel
33 | P a g e
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shells, and 75% of egg shells and 25% of mussel shells. They found out that 75% off
egg shells and 25% mussel shells was the best concentration to be used in filtering air
pollutants from 2-stroke and 4-stroke type of tricycle engine. The chosen concentration
had greatly reduced most of the parameters based on Table 3 and 4, specifically the
CO2 that is the most common pollutant that the a tricycle emitted.
The researchers tested the effectiveness of Filter 3, by using it in two different

types of tricycle. As shown in Table 9, Filter 3 had a great impact in reducing air
pollutants emitted by the 2 stroke-type engine. Approximately 81% where lessen in all
parameters that was given. In Table 14, Filter 3 also lessens approximately 80% in all
parameters by getting all the percentage of each parameter.
Conclusion
The research conducted for the exhaust filter has an aim of answering the
question of the study which can be found in chapter 4 of this paper. The research is
associated with the following hypothesis: The mixture of chicken eggshells and
mussel shells has no significant effect in filtering exhaust emissions.
The researchers found out that chicken eggshells are much better in filtering air
pollutants than mussel shells as it was shown in the table that in all parameters
presented, the set-up that contained more chicken eggshells filtered more content of the
harmful elements than the set-up that contained more mussel shells and of the same
proportions.
Hence, based on the experimentation and findings from the tests conducted by
the researchers, they came up with the conclusion that the hypothesis is declined
because it was shown that the set-up that contained more chicken eggshell had better
results than the other two.
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Therefore, the mixture of chicken eggshells and mussel shells has significant
effect in filtering exhaust emissions.
The researchers also conclude that the filter was an effective muffler for the
exhaust pipe because after the installation, less noise was coming out from the tricycle
resulting in a help against noise pollution.
It was also found out that carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons
were reduced by the filtration process. Although nitrogen and oxygen were classified by
the device as pollutants, there were no changes in the detected data.
The carbon monoxide decreased at an average of 2.02 on 2-stroke engines

compared to an average of 1.20 on 4-stroke engines. Carbon dioxide went down on an
average of 1.94 for 2-stroke engines compared to an average of 0.63 on 4-stroke
engines. The researchers therefore conclude that the filter is more effective on 2-stroke
engines rather than 4-stroke engines.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusion presented, these following

recommendations are suggested:
The researchers recommend to the Local Government of Pateros to conduct a

seminar to the tricycle drivers regarding the air pollutants that their vehicles produced
so that they will be aware of what can be its impact to its vicinity and the residents
living in Pateros.
The researchers highly recommend to all the tricycle whose age ranging 10-15
years old to undergo emission testing for them to identify the status of their vehicles. If
the results went negative, the researchers recommend to the Local Government of
35 | P a g e
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Pateros to implement and produce a filtrating device to each tricycle to avoid the
increase of air pollution around the locality.
The researchers recommend to future researchers to find other set-ups or design

of the filter in order to make filters made from eggshells and mussel shells more
effective.
The researchers recommend to future researchers to find other ingredients other

than chicken eggshells and mussel shells as filtering components in order to find a long-
term natural air filtration system.
The researchers also recommend using other types of vehicle like jeepneys that
also emit air pollutants.
Also, to the future researchers to make a further study about the topic and
change the set up and amount of the ingredients to be used to make the filter more
effective.
36 | P a g e
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Appendices
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Fig. 1 Tricycle 1 using 2-Stroke Engine
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Fig. 3 Tricycle3 using 2-Stroke Engine
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Fig. 7 Prototype
Fig. 8 Filter 1 (75g of chicken eggshells and 75g of mussel shells)
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Fig. 9 Filter 2 (37.5g of chicken eggshells and 112.5g of mussel shells)
Fig. 10 Filter 3(112.5 g of chicken eggshells and 37.5 of mussel shells)
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Fig. 11 Pre-Test result for Tricycle 1 using 2-stroke
Fig. 12 Post-Test result for Tricycle 1 with 100g
43 | P a g e
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44 | P a g e
________________________________________________________
Fig. 15 Post-Test result for Tricycle 1 with Filter 1
Fig. 16 Post-Test result for Tricycle 1 with the Filter 2
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Fig. 17 Post-Test result for Tricycle 1 with the Filter 3
Fig. 18 Pre-Test result for Tricycle 4 using 4-Stroke Engine
46 | P a g e
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47 | P a g e
________________________________________________________
Fig. 22 Pre-Test result for Tricycle 2 with Filter 3
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Fig. 24 Pre-Test result for Tricycle 3 with Filter 3
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________________________________________________________
Fig. 26 Pre-Test result for Tricycle 4 using 4-stroke engine
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Fig. 27 Post-Test result for Tricycle 4 with filter 3
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Fig. 29 Post-Test result for Tricycle 5 with filter 3
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Fig. 31 Post-Test result for Tricycle 6 using Filter 3
Fig. 32 Day 1 Post-Test for longevity test of Chicken Eggshells
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Fig. 37 Day 1 Post-Test for longevity test of Mussel Shells
56 | P a g e
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To whom it may concern,
I, Felizardo S. Dayco hereby authorize the group of Mr. Garrido of Pateros

Catholic School to use the emission results obtained from our emission testing. I
therefore testify that all results presented are true and authentic.
I appreciate the school’s assistance in this matter and I would like to thank you
for your cooperation!
_____________________
Mr. Felizardo S. Dayco
Owner
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Bibliography
Abdulrahman, I. et al. (2014), “From Garbage to Biomaterials: An Overview on Egg Shell

Based Hydroxyapatite,” Journal of Materials, vol. 2014, Article ID 802467, 6 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802467.
Allanigue, E. E. (2018, October 28). Filipino Chemical Engineering Students Develop a

Tricycle Exhaust Filter from Mussels. Retrieved from
https://gineersnow.com/engineering/chemical/filipino-chemical-engineering-students-
develop-a-tricycle-exhaust-filter-from-mussels
Ambag R. (2018, June 18). How Bad Is Air Pollution In The Philippines?. Retrieved from
https://www.flipscience.ph/health/how-bad-air-pollution-philippines/
Banerjee, A. et al. (2010). Utilisation of eggshell membrane as an adsorbent for carbon

dioxide. Int. J. of Global Warming. 2. 252 - 261. 10.1504/IJGW.2010.036136.
Biona, J.B. et al. (2007). Energy use and emissions of two stroke-powered tricycles in
Metro Manila. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 12. 488–
497. 10.1016/j.trd.2007.06.005.
Cartier, K. (2018). Heavy Air Pollution May Lower Cognitive Test Scores. Eos, 99.
doi:10.1029/2018eo105197
Facts About Unleaded Gasoline. (2017, July 25). Retrieved from

http://www.kendrickoil.com/facts-about-unleaded-gasoline/
Fussell, J. C. & Kelly, F. J. (2015). Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and
improved understanding of risk. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 37(4): 631–
649.
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Lian, Y.X. et al. (2016). The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. Journal
of Thoracic Disease; 8(1): E69–E74.
Loria, K. (2018). Air pollution is so harmful to the brain that it can hurt verbal and math
test scores - and it gets worse as people age. Retrieved from
https://www.mysanantonio.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Exposure-to-air-
pollution-has-harmful-effects-on-13186051.php
Lotts, D. (2019). Glass wool insulation. Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/glass-

wool-insulation
Weidman, J., & Marshall, S. (2012). Soot Pollution 101. Retrieved from
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/08/10/12007/soot-
pollution-101/
Mendell, M. J., & Heath, G. A. (2008). Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in
schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air,
15(1), 27-52. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00320.x
Mollagee, M. & Muzenda, E . & Pilusa, Tsietsi (2012). Reduction of Vehicle Exhaust
Emissions from Diesel Engines Using the Whale Concept Filter. Aerosol and Air Quality
Research. 10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0100.
Quick, D. (2010). Eggshells could be used to fight global warming. Retrieved from
https://newatlas.com/eggshells-to-fight-global-warming/16771/
Ranada, P. (2018). Gov't rolls out Metro Manila air monitoring portal. Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/86629-metro-manila-air-pollution-
monitoring-portal
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Stein, B. (2011, June 10). Exhaust Filter Cuts Harmful Particles And Emissions. Retrieved
from https://www.lctmag.com/news/40081/exhaust-filter-cuts-harmful-particles-and-
emissions
Tomacruz, S. (2018, July 25). Air pollution deaths 3rd highest in PH. Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/nation/208192-air-pollution-deaths-3rd-highest-philippines
Weaver, S. (2017). Diesel particulate filters: What you need to know. Retrieved from
https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/emissions/diesel-particulate-filters/
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Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
Name: Paul David E. Galano
Age: 17
Birthday: March 29, 2001
Birthplace: Pateros, Metro Manila
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Educational Background
Primary: Pateros Catholic School
S.Y 2012-2013
Secondary: Pateros Catholic School
Junior High School
S.Y 2016 – 2017
Senior High School
Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
S.Y 2017 – 2019
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Name: Marvin G. Garrido
Age: 18
Birthday: March 03, 2001
Birthplace: Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
S.Y 2012-2013
Junior High School
S.Y 2016 – 2017
Senior High School
S.Y 2017 – 2019
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Name: Patricia S. Regaspe
Age: 17
Birthday: June 10, 2001
Birthplace: Taguig City
S.Y 2012-2013
Junior High School
S.Y 2016 – 2017
Senior High School
S.Y 2017 – 2019
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Name: Dale Russel Quipit
Age: 18
Birthday: July 4, 2000
Birthplace: Makati City
Primary: East Rembo Elementary School
S.Y 2012-2013
Junior High School
S.Y 2016 – 2017
Senior High School
S.Y 2017 – 2019
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Name: Brian Matthew F. Zamora
Age: 18
Birthday: January 5, 2001
Birthplace: Pasig City
S.Y 2012-2013
Junior High School
S.Y 2016 – 2017
Senior High School
S.Y 2017 – 2019
67 | P a g e

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PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

An exhaust filter is a device that is attached to a vehicle's tailpipe to capture

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

In order to produce a filter for vehicle emissions, the researchers will

Statement of the Problem

filtering exhaust emissions.

The researchers assume that an improvised exhaust filter is effective in filtering

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Significance of the Study

Considering that its geographical location is prone to air pollution, if done

The Citizens of Pateros

 Exposure of the citizens of Pateros to air pollutants will be lessened because of

The Local Government of Pateros

 The innovation can be used by the environmental management department as a

The Future Researchers

 The innovation can be used as an inspiration for future researchers to use.

NOx – it is an atmospheric pollutant emitted by the exhaust of a tricycle.

Review of Related Literature

A research team from the University of Calcutta has found an unexpected

According to Kendrick C., unleaded gasoline goes through comprehensive tests

A study of the Technological University of the Philippines' College of Engineering

Biona et al., average two-stroked powered tricycles in Metro Manila consume

According to AA1 Car Auto Diagnosis Repair Help, an automotive diagnostic

A thesis submitted to the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology of

As a result of another investigation, around 92% of the world's human

The research conducted was an experimental quantitative type of research

The research will be conducted as experimental research in which data will be

Data Gathering Procedure

Emission Testing for Egg shells and Mussel shells

Materials’ Proportionality test

The researchers conducted an experiment to conclude how effective the filtering

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

The experimentation aims to answer the following questions:

Table 1. Materials’ Proportionality test

Parameter Pre-Test 100g 150g 200g

Table 2. Pre-Test and Post-Test for longevity test of Chicken Eggshells

Carbon 4.56 2.08 2.45 2.03 2.59 2.56

Carbon 1.6 1.2 3.1 2.6 1.0 2.9

Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Revolutions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hydrocarbons 9999 4798 191 202 8004 420

Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.77 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oil 37.9 40.5 41.4 42.4 41.0 36.6

Table 3. Pre-Test and Post-Test for longevity test of Mussel Shells

Carbon Monoxide 4.56 3.88 2.46 2.01 3.84 2.11

Carbon Dioxide 1.6 5.3 3.1 2.6 5.3 1.2

Oxygen (%vol) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Revolutions per 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hydrocarbons 9999 327 191 203 195 4214

Nitrogen Oxide 0.0 0.0 4.0 10.0 3.0 8.0

Lambda 0.0 0.78 0.77 0.00 0.77 0.00

Oil Temperature 37.9 39.4 43.2 41.0 40.3 41.1

According to the emission test, it decreased the amount of Carbon monoxide,

Table 4. Pre-Test and Post-test for Tricycle 1 using 2-stroke engine

Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nitrogen oxide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lambda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 5. Pre-Test and Post-test for tricycle 4 using 4-stroke Engine

Parameter Pre-Test Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3