Biochemistry (9/3/2020) B.
Atherosclerosis: deposition of fats along the
Leb reports (20%)
Results: photo documentation + data +
observation
Discussion: interpret results on your own
understanding
Inferences: relate the result to references
Conclusion: answer the objectives
I. Biochemistry
 Chemistry of life
 Investigation of life using physical and
chemical methods dealing with:
a. structures of biomolecules
b. Biomolecular transformations and
Functions. From one form to another
c. Changes accompanying these
transformations
d. Their control mechanisms
e. Impacts arising from these activities on
the human being
 Biomolecules: molecules important of life
E.g., Nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein, lipids
Biochemistry and medicine
A. Sickle Cell Anemia
 Proteins came from nucleic acids
 Sickle cell anemia came from the mutation
of DNA (Hard with crystallization)
 Deleted, altered, or replaced base pairs in
DNA.
bloodstream.
 Single bond lipids solidify
 Double bond lipids don’t solidify
 Deposition of single-bonded fats
C. Diabetes
 Sugar should be converted into glucose for
use.
 Glucose goes to cell for use because of
insulin.
 W/o insulin, glucose accumulates in blood.
 Blood changes because of this.
 Higher pressure due to the collection of
blood sugar along the blood stream.
II. Unit 1 (Prerequisite Concepts)
A. Chemical Composition of Living Organisms
Red - present in bulk forms; major elements;
important in life (90%)
Yellow - trace elements; essential but present in
low concentrations
Blue - may be essential; present only in some
Macromolecule: created from intermolecular
forces; can include the biomolecules; the 4
biomolecules contain major elements.
Phosphorous-DNA backbone
Sulfur-Amino acid

B. Attributes of Biomolecules
1. Protein-muscles and organs are made of
proteins; + enzymes and hormones
2. DNA-contains information; information is the
sequence of nitrogenous bases for protein
synthesis;
3. RNA- DNA to RNA to protein; mRNA from “Intra”-within the compound
DNA transcription will go to ribosomes for “Inter”-one molecule to another
translation to create protein; irreversible
Metal + Non-metal = ionic bond
4. Polysaccharide- oligosaccharide 2-10 Non-metal + non-metal=covalent bond
monomers; polysaccharide >10; source of
energy is glucose. Glycogen is the storage form 1. Ionic bond - formal charge
of sugar.
5. Lipids-can also be derived for energy; it is
also a structural component of plasma
membrane.

 Water is important for dissociation.

2. Covalent bond - partial charge

 Hydroxyl + Aldehydes/Ketone = Usually

carbohydrate

 Carboxylic Acid + Amino group = usually

protein

 Carbohydrate backbone + Phosphate

group (bonded to sugar) = nucleic acid Eletronegativity-ability to attract an electron

 Lengthy + many hydrocarbon = lipids

C. Intermolecular forces and itnermolecular

forces
 Pi-bond increases electronegativity/electron
density

6. Hydrogen bond

3. Ion dipole interaction

Second strongest bond

Common in sugars and acids
Partially negative nitrogen, oxygen, and
halogen.

Partial charge (dipole) + formal charge

Common in blood

4. Vander waals forces and dipole induced

dipole.

D. Functional Group
Dictates the property of hydrocarbon
1. Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Electrons will go to one side, causing greater

exposure of proton.
Common in antigen and antibody reaction

5. London dispersion forces

Common in carbohydrate
Used to identify alcohol
Capable of creating partial charges in oxygen.
High elecotronegativity of oxygen causes the
hydrogen to be released or hydrogen tends to
detach, causing it to be an acidic group.
Acids are willing to give up hydrogen.
2. Ether (-COC)
Slightly polar
3. Ketones and aldehyde - carbonyl
group

Carbonyl group outside = aldehyde

Carbonyl group inside = ketone
Capable of releasing hyrdrogen, hence it has a
tendency to be acidic.

4. Carboyxlic Acid

E. Cell

Found at the end

Acidic because of the hydroxyl group releasing
hydrogen due to oxygen’s EN

5. Ester

6. Amines

Base-willing to accept protons/hydrogen

F. Plasma Membrane

Negatively charged
RBCs do not clump bc their cell membranes are
negatively charged, causing repulsion.

G. Membrane Proteins