Lab Activity 1: Biochemical Systems

(9-17-20) II. Osmosis

Principles
I. Concepts of chemical environments in
living organisms

 Medical science focuses on animal cell.

 Cell membrane because it is the one in
contact with the environment.

 Solution= solvent + solute

 Upper portion interacts outside the cell
 Lower portion interacts inside the cell
 Phosphate heads are polar, hydrophilic.
 Fatty acid tail is non-polar, hydrophobic.
 Cell membrane needs hydrophobic
properties to serve as a protection from
water dissociation.
 Polar is to polar and non-polar is to
non-polar.
 Solution contains particles from solute
 Solvent is the only thing that is involved.
 Solvent can move in semi-permeable
membrane.
 Low concentration will move to higher
concentration to achieve equilibrium,
the equalization of particles.
 From low osmolarity/osmotic pressure
to high osmolarity/osmotic pressure.
 There’s always a movement in and out
the semipermeable membrane. Net
movement dictates the most dominant
movement.
 Solute particles blocking the
semipermeable membrane surface will
control the flux, facilitating equilibrium.
 Osmolarity = total number of particles in
a solution.
 Osmotic pressure = collision of
particles.
 Permeable - will allow movement
 Semipermeable = will allow some
movement. E.g., use of membranes to
allow the passage of RBC but not WBC.
 Non-permeable = will not allow
movement.
 Movement will stop once there is an
equilibrium.
 Osmotic pressure will not allow
backflow.

a. In vitro-”inside a tube”
b. In vivo-”inside a body”
c. Ex vivo-”between in vivo and in vitro”
e.g., blood cultures.
d. Clinical-”human beings”
 Blood vessels are capable of osmosis.
 Tonicity movement of extracellular fluid
in and out the cell; tonicity is the
firmness of the membrane.
 “Iso”-equal; normal size; RBC will be
biconcaved disk. Normal saline solution
used for isotonicity.
 “Hypo” - below; internal = higher
osmolarity; external = lower osmolarity.
H2O will move inside the cell; causes
osmtic lysis due to an exposure to an
area with low osmolarity and low
osmotic pressure;RBC will swell and
burst/hemolysis.
 “Hyper”-above; interal = lower
osmolarity; external = higher osmolarity;
H2O will move outside the cell; leads to
cellular shrinkage.
III. Dialysis
 Dissolved ions - e.g., bicarbonate ions
 COLLOID VS SUSPENSION: READ
 Solvent = Dialysate; used for analysis
 Sodium chloride can move outside in
the form of ions.
 Silver nitrate facilitates
double-substitution.
 Amylose - Linear
 Amylopectin - Branched
 All monosaccharide units are glucose.
 Iodine can bind to amylose.
 Iodine + Amylose = Yellow/yellowish
membrane (from colorless); confirms
the presence of starch.
 Water can hydrolyze sugar into glucose
units.
 Starch may not move because of
porosity in the membrane.
 Change in the color of the original
iodine indicates the presence of the
chemical reaction.
 Iodine + amylose = brown iodine will
turn into purple or violet

 Alcohol causes unfolding, causing a

change in function of the protein.
 Sugar is sensitive to heat.
 Sucrose is a disaccharide.

 Denaturation - disruption of hydrogen

 Test for protein.
 Albumin are large in size.
 Albumin should not able to go out in the
dialyzing membrane.
bonds between amino acids.
 Circular bacterial will change into a
straight chain upon exposure to alcohol,
making it less pathogenic.
 70% allows slow movement into the
target.
 95% is very concentrated, causing
hardening of outer portion.

a. Primary Structure = Amino acid

sequence
b. Secondary structure = Localized folding
caused by hydrogen bonding.  Colloidal proteins should not go out
c. Tertiary structure = folding into a
complete structure.
d. Quaternary = collection of tertiary
structure.

 Nephron facilitates substance flux

through dialysis.

 Alcohols target hydrogen bond.

 Hydroxyl group is powerful in alcohol.
 Alcohol will disrupt the shape of
proteins. Shape changes function.
 Amino acids will create a new bond with
alcohol instead through hydrogen bond.
  Acid promotes decolorization. Proton
donation to the dyes will change the
structure and property, and in effect, a
change in color.
 Smaller cube

 Kidney failure requires hemodailysis

using an isotonic, dialyzing solution to
allow transfer subtances and blood
cleansing.
 Dialysis targets artery.
IV. Diffusion and surface area  Greater surface area = better
absorption = more capable of
supporting life.
V. Limitations of laboratory results in
inferring characteristics of biochemical
systems.
 Bodily mechanisms cannot be
completely replicated in an in vitro
set-up.
Lab Activity 2: Lipids
I. Lipids
 Kinetic energy causes movement.
 Concentration gradient = scattering of
particles to create homogeneity.
 Without semipermeable membrane.
 Smaller size + greater solubility + high
temperature = better diffusion

 Lipids are extracted from the sample

using an extracting agent, which is
alcohol.

 Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents.

Alcohol = Non-polar and organic = lipids
dissolve
Acetone = Non-polar and organic = lipids
dissolve
Water = Polar and inorganic = lipids do not
dissolve
II. Lipid content

 Iodine has high affinity for electron.

 Pi bond has high electron density,
hence iodine will be attracted to the
iodine in the form of electrophilic
addition.
 Lipid globule has various components
that can bind with the polar food colors
that turn into ions in water.
III. Degree of Unsaturation
 Saturated = all the valence are filled up
by hydrogen in a single bond.
 Unsaturated = one double bond
 Polyunsaturated = two or more double
bonds
 Pi bonds cause denting.
 Sigma bonds cause straight chain
structure.

 Straight chain, saturated structures are

capable of solidification.
 Double bonds cause kinks or
irregularities due to a 30 degree change
in the angle. This does not allow
stacking, causing it to be in liquid form
in room temperature.
 Lower degree of unsaturation = lower
iodine number = higher degree of
saturation
 Higher degree of unsaturation =
Higher iodine number = Lower degree
of saturation
 Lower degree of unsaturation = lower
iodine number = higher degree of
saturation
 Higher degree of unsaturation =
Higher iodine number = Lower degree
of saturation