THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 the change in social and economic organization

resulting from the replacement of hand tools by
machine and power tools and the development
of large-scale industrial production
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Transportation
 Steam engine

 Steam locomotive

 Textile
 Spinning wheel
 Spinning jenny

 Spinning mule

 Power loom

 Agriculture
 Seed drill
 Mechanical Reaper
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Steel, iron
 Electric Light (Thomas Edison)
 Oil
 Communication
 Phonograph

 Telegraph

 Telephone(Alexander Graham Bell)

Railroad Networks
The Cons
Loss of farming
The beginning of pollution
Working conditions in factories
Long hours of work
Low wages
Child labor
Sickness spread
Dirty shelters
The Pros
Job creation
Increased wealth
Technological innovation
Increased production and availability of goods.
Increased educational opportunities.
Improved housing.
Gradual improvement in quality of life for all.
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 Began in England in the late 1700s

 Manufacturing shifted from individualized cottage industry
production to industrialized factories engage in larger scale
production
 Development of canals, and the steam engine improved the
mechanization of production and transportation systems
 Transformation of the textile, iron and other industries –
increased localized production
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 Invention of the telegraph increased communication

 Invention of the stock exchange led to the rise of banks,
financiers and private investors
 Improvements in quality of life, but appalling factory
workplace health and safety conditions, increased class
segregation, inability to meet urbanization needs and
disease outbreak.
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 1870 – 1914, began in the United States of America

 Witnessed the expansion of electricity, petroleum and steel industries
 Inventions of the telephone, light bulb and radio waves
 Job shift from manufacturing to services
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 Technological advances in transportation

 Automobile
 Aerial
 steamboat
 Emergence of labor unions due to long working hours and child
exploitation
 Slum development due to urbanization, led to new laws and improved
relationships between government and people
THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Development of the Internet, fast communications and meta data
 Falling marginal costs of manufacturing
 Economies of scale, low labor cost and technology used in
manufacturing developing economies no longer an advantage.
 Technological advances in renewable energy
 Wind
 Solar
THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Less reliance on grid energy supply, more
localized collection and distribution
 Robotics, 3D printing, advanced CAD/CAM
manufacturing
 Trade and localized uncapped potential for
internet, trade, transition and manufacturing
 Significant move to collaboration between
cities and decentralization
“Uber, the world’s largest taxi company,
owns no vehicles. Facebook, the world’s
most popular media owner, creates no
content. Alibaba, the most valuable retailer,
has no inventory. And Airbnb, the world’s
largest accommodation provider, owns no
real estate. Something interesting is
happening.”
Tom Goodwin 2015
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Different technologies are coming together

(convergence)
Physical (Human world)
This is bringing different areas together Digital (Technosphere)
Biological (Natural World)

This affects social & economic sectors

The way we work, buy The way we travel The way we live
and sell things
THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Different technologies coming together and
bringing different areas together

New products & services

with increased efficiency
(working better and faster)
for a better life

Order a taxi (Uber) Book accommodation

THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Buying goods online

Learning online – education

Listen to music

Watch a film

Play an online game

Paying bills online
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Artificial intelligence
Robotics

Virtual reality

3D printing
Self
driving
cars

Internet of Things (IoT)

Quantum computing Metadata & analytics

Bioengineering
Digital currencies and blockchain
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
1. Physical (human world):
Autonomous tech (DARPA, Google, Tesla, Toyota,…)
3D printing of circuit boards, cells, organs, medical implants,
industrial parts
 4D printing products responding to environment later in time – time
the 4D
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
1. Physical (human world):
Advanced Robotics (OceanOne, Jia Jia, Atlas/Boston
Dynamics, Hybrid Delphi human and machine learning
collaboration—Korea 4.5% GDP R&D)
New Materials (embedded electronics e-skin, self-repairing,
Lotus Leaf-inspired nanotech, shape memory polymers,
nanomaterials like quantum dot tech / new batteries)
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
2. Biological:
Genetic analysis
Synthetic human genome cell line (HGP-Write)
CRISPR/Cas9/Cpf1 for designer plants, animals, humans, embryo
experimentation already happening
DARPA brain implants, Brain interfaces, Mind control of objects,
EU Brain project, US Brain initiative, Consciousness understanding
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
3. Digital:
Mobile growing Big Data:
Sensors rising  real-time
IoT planetary nervous  Findable
system  Shareable
breakout of Chatbots,  Transparent
virtual assistants  data patterns with data mining /
intelligent agents analytics
 processing costs falling, cloud rising,
better user interfaces, machine learning
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
3. Digital:
 IoT (McKinsey 2025: $11.1 trillion per year)
 Smart sensors (trillion+ 2025)
 Smart devices (7B plus mobile subscriptions; 10B units;
Artik chips; Maker movement-Edison, Arduino101,Curie;
SOC; SOM; heterogeneous computing; $65 down to $5)
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Cyber-physical systems driven by AI and robots:
3. Digital:
 Sharing Caring Economy (O to O) and new disruptive
business models (Uber, AirBnB, Alibaba, Facebook, Amazon
Mechanical Turk)
 Blockchain (shared distributed ledger for all kinds of
transactions and registrations completed in seconds and not
days)
 Rise of the digital assistants and chatbots (“HER” is here)
 Augmented reality and virtual reality (Magic Leap,
HoloLens, Oculus)
 THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Some threats and opportunities…
Cybersecurity: protecting
Increase of mobile and
organisations and their
internet use comes with
customers’ data, assets and
own threats – cybersecurity
reputations. Also fundamental
– become a massive
to successful digital
global problem. We need
transformation.
the e-skills to combat this.

Digital skills enable services growth.

Service industries require digital skills as part
of transitioning its population from low-skill and
low-pay jobs to high-skill and high-pay jobs.
References
 Roberts, B. 2015. Urban Frontier. The Third Industrial Revolution – What does it mean for
Planning?
 https://futureofworking.com/8-biggest-pros-and-cons-of-industrial-revolution/
 Mymoena Ismail 4th Industrial RevolutionIts implications for South Africa
 http://www.techrepublic.com/article/microsoft-envision-prepare-yourself-for-the-fourth-
industrial-revolution/
 https://www.weforum.org/pages/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-schwab/
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sxsw-meet-sophia-female-humanoid-robot-that-says-she-wants-
start-family-destroy-humans-1550695