COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF METFORMIN AND ORIGANUM VULGARE AS

ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School

STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for the Subject

Research

Morales Darlene Jeane De Castro

Recto Leila Crisyl Reyes

Reyes Kim May Ann Mopak

Villanueva Michaela Besares

March 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “Comparative Evaluation of

Metformin and Origanum Vulgare as Anti-hyperglycemic Agents”

prepared and submitted by Morales, Darlene Jeane D., Recto,

Leila Crisyl R., Reyes, Kim May Ann M., and Villanueva,

Michaela B., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Senior High School, Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM) strand, has been evaluated and approved.

Date:

Jennifer Joy B. Hernandez

Research Adviser

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this study would not have been

possible without the participation and assistance of the

researchers whose contributions are sincerely valued. They

would like to express their deepest gratitude to those who

lend their time and effort in helping them accomplish this

academic endeavor.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to

express their special appreciation to Sir Jennifer Joy B.

Hernandez for his valuable comments, suggestions, immense

knowledge, patience, and motivation. His constant supervision

and inspiring guidance helped the researchers finish the

research paper.

Gratitude is given to their respective family for the

endless support and love, financial assistance, and for

serving as their inspiration who motivated them to

continuously be productive during the writing of the paper.

Special thanks to the researchers’ classmates and

friends for providing the academic fun to their journey.

Sincere appreciation is extended to Mr. Adrian Paul E.

Masacayan, Mr. Job Kerwin M. Amada, Mr. Ian Paulo M. Aguila,

and Mr. Aristedes Ian A. Fonseca for helping and guiding the

researchers as they conduct some areas of the procedures of

iii
the study.

The researchers are also expressing their gratitude

to Sir Vince J. Tabiano, an English teacher of Sto. Niño

Formation and Science School, and Sir Bryan S. Del Rosario

from Banaba Elementary School, for their willingness, time

and effort in proofreading the research paper made by the

researchers. Moreover, special thanks to Dr. Lucy Magpantay

for her guidance and permission during the conduct of the

experimentation.

Most importantly, the researchers are grateful to our

ever-loving Father, for the gift of knowledge, wisdom, and

strength. This study had been carried out with His mercy and

graces.

Morales, Darlene Jeane D.

Reyes, Kim May Ann M.
Recto, Leila Crisyl R.
Villanueva, Michaela B.

iv
 DEDICATION

This research study was done through the motivation

provided by people who were considered by the researchers as

the receivers of their dedication.

The researchers greatly dedicated this research study

to Almighty God for they believe that everything shall be

accomplished successfully if it is for His glory.

Dedication was also given to the researchers’ family

and friends because as an academic achievement, they would

like to make them proud of what they have accomplished.

Furthermore, the people who received acknowledgement

in this research paper also deserve the dedication because

everyone who helped and took part need not to be disappointed

of the outcome they are expecting. These individuals include

Mr. Adrian Paul E. Masacayan, Mr. Job Kerwin M. Amada, Mr.

Ian Paulo M. Aguila, Mr. Aristedes Ian A. Fonseca, Sir Vince

J. Tabiano, Sir Bryan S. Del Rosario, Dr. Lucy Dimaculangan,

and Sir Jennifer Joy B. Hernandez.

From the beginning until the end, the researchers

thought of the beneficiaries as their major recipients of

this research paper’s dedication. Of course, the researchers

were able to conduct and make everything that completed this

research study with the target beneficiaries as their source

v
of determination. Specifically, these beneficiaries to whom

the researchers dedicate their work include the whole world,

the government of the Philippines, the people in charge in

the field of medicine, the diabetic patients, the future

researchers, and the researchers themselves.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix

CHAPTER PAGE

1. NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY…………………………… 1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………… 5

Research Objective………………………………………………………………… 5
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………… 6
Significance of the Study……………………………………………… 7
Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………… 9
Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………… 10

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………………… 13

Literature……………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Studies……………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………………… 32

Research Design………………………………………………………………………… 32
Materials………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Equipment and Utensils……………………………………………………… 34
Procedures……………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………… 42

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………… 45

Blood Sugar Level Results of the

Organism in Three Trials Upon the
Institution of Metfromin………………………………………………… 45

Blood Sugar Level Results of the

Organism in Three Trials Upon the
Institution of Origanum Vulgare……………………………… 48

Significant Difference in the

Blood Sugar Level Results Before and

vii
 After the Institution of
Metformin…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50

Significant Difference in the

Blood Sugar Level Results Before and
After the Institution of
Origanum Vulgare………………………………………………………………………………… 52

Compared Effectivity of the Two

Medicines in Decreasing the Blood
Sugar Level of the Subject…………………………………………………… 54

5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………… 58
Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………… 60

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xi
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xvi
RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE………………………………………………………………………………………… xxii

viii
 ABSTRACT

This study focused on the comparative evaluation of

Metfomin and Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Specifically, the researchers conducted experimentation on a

laboratory mouse wherein six trials were done having three

trials for the intake of each treatment.

The research study administered to answer the

following research questions: (1) What are the blood sugar

level results of the organism after the institution of

Metformin?; (2) What are the blood sugar level results of the

organism after the institution of Origanum vulgare?; (3) Is

there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the institution of Metformin?; (4)

Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the institution of Origanum

vulgare?; and (5) Which of the two medicines is more effective

in decreasing the blood sugar level of the organism?

Upon the accomplishment of the experimentation, the

researchers came up with the following conclusions: (1) After

the intake of Metformin, the blood sugar level of the subject

consistently lowered in each trial; (2) In all trials

conducted involving Origanum vulgare, the blood sugar level

results of the subject uniformly decreased; (3) There is

ix
significant difference on the results concerned with the

application of Metformin; (4) There is significant difference

on the results regarding the institution of Origanum vulgare;

and (5) Metformin is more effective than Origanum vulgare as

anti-hyperglycemic agent.

For betterment, the researchers recommended the

following: (1) For people at risk or suffering with Diabetes

who are influenced by the findings of the study, it is highly

advisable to take appropriate dosage of Origanum vulgare

according to condition and needs; (2) To the future

researchers: compare Metfomin to other herbal plants that are

beneficial to diabetic patients, carry off similar experiment

using different dosage of medicines, carry out the experiment

under the observation of authorized professionals, execute

more than three trials of experiment for more accuracy and

validity, consider changing one hour to a different time of

interval as long as the time is supported by credible claims,

alter the number of subject to be used in such study, compare

and evaluate the feasibility of different kinds of medicines

in dealing with other diseases that may be helpful to the

community economically, and focus on dealing with the same

study to support or contradict the claim and to validate the

findings provided by the proponents in their research paper

x
 CHAPTER 1

NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Philippines is considered as one of the diabetes

“hotspots” in the Western Pacific Region, where the disease

is already reaching epidemic proportions (Castillo, 2018).

The International Diabetes Federation said in 2000 that there

would be 320 million diabetics globally by 2025, but it was

found that in 2015, there were already 415 million diabetics

aged 20-79 (Alviar, 2016). This issue is not only evident in

the Philippines but worldwide. This was mainly the reason why

the researchers conducted the study knowing that this disease

is incurable. What matters is the maintenance of blood sugar

level through consumption of medicines, disciplinary eating,

and more other ways.

In order to contribute solution to the issue

presented, the researchers compared two types of medicine

which are the pharmaceutical drug or commercialized medicine

and the herbal medicine. The pharmaceutical drug in the study

is the medicine that most of diabetic patients take, the

1
Metformin. This is a hypoglycemic agent that potentiates the

action of insulin, decreases glucose production by the liver,

and increases peripheral glucose uptake (Saunders, 2007).

This medicine is not only widely used in the Philippines but

also in other countries like United Kingdom and America. On

the other hand, Origanum vulgare (Oregano) has been used in

medicine and cooking for thousands of years (Nordqvist,

2017). This herb is said to be containing active ingredients

that give number of health benefits. These two variables are

both effective in decreasing blood sugar level.

The researchers thought of conducting the study due to

the idea that herbal medicines could be better and safer

medicine, or as equally effective as commercialized drugs.

According to Ruggeri (2017), about 25 percent of the drugs

prescribed worldwide were derived from plants. This was also

considered by the researchers as a reason for performing the

research study. In a study conducted by researchers from the

American Chemical Society (2014), oregano, together with

rosemary, was proven to be lowering blood sugar level just

like prescription drugs, and are said to be safer. Researchers

agreed to what the study said about how costly anti-diabetic

drugs can be and how they feature negative effects. Meanwhile,

there are also a lot of articles that discuss the benefits of

Metformin just like the article entitled “Metformin” by

2
Robert S. Dinsmoor, published by Diabetes Self-Management in

2006. In addition, Metformin originated from the extracts of

the herbal plant called Galega officinalis. This fact was one

of the reasons why the researchers wanted to find out if an

herbal medicine and a pharmaceutical drug can be equally

effective or if herbs can be more effective than prescribed

drugs.

Since this study aimed to determine which of the two

medicines is more effective, then the study falls under

experimental study. Specifically, Pre-test – Multiple

Treatment – Post-test design was used as the method. In this

design, there can be two comparable groups employed as

experimental and control groups or two comparable groups that

are both experimental groups. This study has two experimental

groups that were compared through the use of devices and

scientific processes of measuring results and applying of

treatment.

One of the provided previous researches related to the

study is the study regarding oregano and rosemary by Mejia

(2014). This study showed a very clear connection regarding

the topic discussed, because it was proven that these two

herbs are effective in lowering blood sugar level and other

beneficial properties of Origanum vulgare were also

discussed. However, this study differed when the comparison

3
of the Origanum vulgare and Metformin was considered.

Meanwhile, some studies stated that prescribed medicines are

better than the natural.

Origanum vulgare has a lot of advantages and herbal

plants do not usually treat only one disease. Proving this

are the different accepted therapeutic uses of Origanum

vulgare. Oregano has strong antiseptic properties, and it is

highly potent as an antibiotic as well. It could also be used

for treatment of problems pertaining to the digestive,

respiratory, and immune system (Sturluson, 2018). To know if

Origanum vulgare is as effective as the Metformin is an

advantage to people who want to feel relieved and not risky.

Another benefit of conducting this study is the awareness it

can give to people.

The research study was primarily addressed to diabetic

patients. Conducting the study had great effect to these

people. Other than solving a general issue of diabetes, this

study was made especially to help suffering individuals.

Since both were proven effective, this study is to cause

betterment in terms of their effectivity. This can bring

positive effects to diabetic patients and can also cause

economical change.

4
Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to compare and

evaluate Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic

agents. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the blood sugar level results of the organisms

after the institution of Metformin?

2. What are the blood sugar level results of the organisms

after the institution of Origanum vulgare?

3. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the injection of Metformin?

4. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the injection of Origanum vulgare?

5. Which of the two medicines is more effective in decreasing

the blood sugar level of the organism?

Research Objectives

Based on the foregoing research questions identified,

the researchers formulated the following research objectives:

1. To determine the blood sugar level of the organism after

the injection of Metformin.

2. To determine the blood sugar level of the organism after

the injection of Origanum vulgare.

5
3. To find out if there is a significant difference in the

blood sugar level before and after the injection of Metformin.

4. To find out if there is a significant difference in the

blood sugar level before and after the injection of Origanum

vulgare.

5. To determine which of the two medicines is more effective

in decreasing blood sugar level of the organism.

Conceptual Framework

The paradigm of the study includes the independent

variables which are the anti-hyperglycemic agents. Those

anti-hyperglycemic agents were the two variables compared –

Metformin and Origanum vulgare. Both medicines resulted to

the dependent variable of the study which is the blood sugar

level of the subject.

6
 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Anti-hyperglycemic
Agents Blood Sugar Level

Metformin Origanum
vulgare

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Independent and Dependent Variables

in the Comparative Evaluation of Metformin and Origanum

Vulgare as Anti-hyperglycemic Agents

Significance of the Study

The researchers conducted the study believing that

many will benefit from it. Considering the effects of the

study worldwide, this can be a source of knowledge, idea, or

concept to other people or organization across the nation.

Diabetes is not only affecting the Philippines, globally an

estimated 422 million adults were living with diabetes in

2014, compared to 108 million in 1980 (World Health

Organization, 2016). This study can serve as a basis of

medication improvement that is beneficial worldwide.

Through this, the government is provided with some

jhjhjhjhjhjhjhj
7
insights and information on how to improve the country’s

economy. Advertising Origanum vulgare as an alternative to

expensive medicines will save money, save environment, and

save lives.

The study will provide awareness to people of the

community and will contribute in taking herbal medicines into

consideration. It will be a great relief to people living in

rural areas because it is where herbs are mostly available.

Moreover, the study which is about anti-hyperglycemic

agent was conducted with diabetic patients as the

researchers’ target beneficiaries. Though diabetes is a

disease that has no cure, the study is still greatly

beneficial, because to keep diabetic patients healthy is to

control their blood sugar level by the use of medicines and

other means like healthy eating habits and physical fitness

activities. This means that the result will help the diabetic

patients in choosing which of the two medicines is better to

be taken.

The researchers themselves, the future researchers,

and the students are all beneficiaries of the study with the

same reasons which are to provide knowledge on the field of

medicine, to serve as basis of the other studies to be

conducted, and to be aware of other benefits that the result

of the study can give. The concept or idea of the study can

8
be used in academic purposes or in the scientific community

especially to those who are interested in herbal medicines.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused only in comparing and evaluating

Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

It involved comparison of medicines not to cure diabetes but

only to contribute in maintaining a normal blood sugar level.

Other factors concerning the disease or the symptoms of the

medicines were not emphasized in the study because the focus

was only if the blood sugar level decreases or increases.

The study was conducted in Alupay, Rosario Batangas

and Namunga, Rosario, Batangas where the materials were

brought including the commercialized medicine and herbal

plant. Meanwhile, Quilib, Rosario, Batangas was where Dr.

Lucy Magpantay, a veterinarian, taught the researchers

regarding the proper handling of the subject organism. The

pharmaceutical drug was only available as tablet that was why

this was converted into liquid through dissolution. This was

done to be able to compare both medicines in equal amount and

same phase. The part of the plant that was extracted was

specifically the leaves producing a liquid form of the herbal

medicine and this was done through evaporation with Ethanol.

9
 Researchers were able to find out the effects of

Metformin and Origanum vulgare on the subject through the

tests executed by the researchers. This was done in three

trials for each medicine with before and after results.

The subject or specimen used in the study was a mouse.

Researchers had done this in order to avoid any possible harm

or danger brought by the two independent variables to a human

being if ever something goes wrong. Only one mouse was used

in the process to keep the results precise and accurate in

all trials. This was also to avoid presence of insignificant

and confounding variables. A mouse must obtain a glucose level

of 60 - 130 to be considered with a normal blood sugar level

close to human’s normal glucose level of 80 - 120.

The researchers were able to consume two months before

the results were completed. Everything regarding this study

is only true for these experiments, but this may serve as

basis for similar studies that will be conducted for

alternative medical purposes.

Definition of Key Terms

The following key terms used in the study were defined

to further explain their concepts and how they were used in

the study.

10
 Anti-hyperglycemic agent. This agent aims to reduce

blood sugar levels to an acceptable range (called achieving

normoglycemia) and relieve symptoms of diabetes such as

thirst, excessive urination, and ketoacidosis (a serious

complication of diabetes that occurs when the body cannot use

glucose as a fuel source) (Drugs.com, 2018). In the research

study, this referred to the two variables compared, the

Metformin and the Origanum vulgare.

Blood sugar level. This refers to the amount of sugar

that the bloodstream carries to all the cells in the body to

supply energy (Nordqvist, 2017). In this study, this dealt

with the amount of sugar of the subject which was monitored

to determine the effect of the medicines applied.

Comparative Evaluation. This term refers to the

research in which an evaluation and the findings of the

evaluation process are set in a comparative framework

(Vartiainen, 2002). This term was used in the study as the

process of obtaining the results needed in order to determine

the feasibility of the anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Extract. This refers to the concentrated preparation

of a drug obtained by removing the active constituents of the

drug with suitable solvents, evaporating all or nearly all of

the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to the

prescribed standard (Farlex, 2012). In this study, this term

11
referred to the liquid substance that was obtained from the

herbal plant which is the Origanum vulgare.

Metformin. This is an anti-diabetic medication that

reduces the amount of blood sugar that the liver releases and

helps muscles use glucose more effectively (Keane, 2013). In

this study, the term referred to the commercialized medicine

for decreasing blood sugar level which is one of the variables

tested.

Mouse. This is a tool that scientists use to model

human diseases and conditions in the search for better

treatments and cures for mankind’s most devastating genetic

diseases (The Jackson Laboratory, 2018). In this study, this

served as the subject where both variables were infused to

test their effects on its blood sugar level.

Origanum vulgare. This is an herbal plant that

contains several potent antioxidants that may contribute to

the findings in preliminary studies that oregano exhibits

benefits toward the cardiovascular and nervous systems,

relieves symptoms of inflammation, and modulates blood sugar

and lipids (Singletary, 2016). In this study, this term

referred to the herbal plant for decreasing blood sugar level

which is one of the two variables tested.

12
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and

studies in use from a number of sources like books, journals

and unpublished theses. The chapter starts with the related

literature followed by the related studies.

Related Literature

A recent article by MaYa (2017) exposed the research

study conducted by Dr. Elvira Gonzales Mejia regarding

oregano and rosemary that are effective in decreasing blood

sugar level. Moreover, she also identified the healing

properties present in an oregano plant. She claimed that aside

from being effective as an anti-hyperglycemic agent, the

herbal plant has powerful antibacterial and antimicrobial

properties. In relation to this, an article entitled “Oregano

and Rosemary Lower Blood Sugar and Prevent Diabetes” by

Sanders (2014) reported about the capability of oregano and

rosemary in lowering blood sugar level by presenting the same

13
research study with additional insights about their

beneficial effects.

This study about oregano and rosemary was already

briefly discussed in the first chapter. Moreover, the

additional information given about the herb’s properties was

greatly affecting the assumption of consumers regarding

herbal plants. The study by Dr. Mejia (2014) is evidently

popular since not only one article featured it. This was

directly related to the present study disregarding rosemary

as the other variable presented. This clearly stated that one

of the variables used in this study was appropriate, since it

was already proven effective by other researchers.

Tiner (2017) published an article about interpreting

a student’s t-test results which tackled the procedure on

dealing with data to obtain the values which will determine

the significance level of the study. Her work also contained

the relationship of the results and the hypothesis provided

such as accepting or rejecting the hypotheses based on the

critical values.

This article is significant to the study because it

served as the basis of interpretation of the gathered data in

the experiment conducted. The information presented aided in

giving accurate and credible answers to the study which also

supported the claim of the researchers.

14
 Another article entitled “Prescription Drugs vs

Natural Alternatives” by Gibb (2017) discussed that there was

no proven answer when it comes to the question, “Which

medicine is better?” Though he showed fairness, he indicated

that prescribed drugs have side effects.

Though this article was generally stating arguments

about the comparison of drugs, it is connected to the present

study because it is also about comparison of medicines. The

fact that the researchers formulated this study to know which

medicine is better supported the idea provided by Gibb that

until the current time, the debate about this topic is still

on going. The result of the study contributed to answering

the question presented in the article.

A journal article entitled “Lactic Acidosis in a Man

with Diabetes: Is Metformin the Culprit?” by Dissanayake et

al. (2017) discussed about the serious adverse effect of

Metformin. It was recommended that two grams is the most

appropriate dosage of the medicine in order to avoid suffering

from Lactic Acidosis. The authors reported some insights

about knowing the possible risk factors of taking anti-

hyperglycemic agent. These risk factors include liver

failure, advanced heart failure, and respiratory

insufficiency.

This journal article has bearing to the study because

15
it is about Metformin, which is one of the variables that the

researchers compared. Lactic Acidosis is one of the worst

effects of improper intake of the medicine. The beneficiaries

or the society needs to know about the information that the

authors of the journal presented so that the purpose of the

medicine will result to success. This success in purpose

contributed to the present study’s effectiveness.

An article by Behl (2017) exhibited 14 herbs that lower

blood sugar. In her explanation regarding Oregano, she cited

a study entitled “Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-

Product Formation by Origanum majorana L. in Vitro and in

Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Rats.” She mentioned that in

this study, Oregano’s ability to control oxidative stress in

diabetics was revealed.

This article has relation to the study because it

justified the herb’s benefit to people under diabetic

condition. The author claimed that the 14 herbs presented in

her work can serve as spices. This indicated that Oregano can

be in the form of cooking ingredient and is still considered

as anti-hyperglycemic agent.

A recent work of Que (2017) featured 10 natural

remedies and the medicinal uses of these common herbs and

spices in the Philippines. Basil, Bay leaves, Cilantro or

Coriander leaves, Lemongrass, Oregano, Pandan, Parsley, Chili

16
pepper, Pepper and Peppercorn, and Saffron are involved in

this published article. It was stated that the oregano’s

antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

properties can be attributed to a compound called rosmarinic

acid. It was mentioned that it promotes a healthy digestion

and relieves symptoms of colds, cough, and flu.

This has bearing to the present study because it is

about herbs and spices which included Origanum vulgare. This

herb was used as one of the variables in this study. The

article presented also adds weight to the benefits and safety

of alternative medicines.

According to Albers (2016) in his article "Herbal and

Synthetic Drugs: A Comparison," medicinal plants can be used

through extracting their parts. He also exhibited the

definition of synthetic drugs or pharmaceuticals that are

produced chemically in laboratories by the use of replicating

the structure of the ingredients coming from the extracts of

medicinal plants. He was able to clearly differentiate the

two variables. “Herbal medicines are not required to indicate

proof of the above,” this statement relates with his idea

that a medicine has to be approved with its safety,

effectiveness and quality.

This work of Albers is related to the present study

because he discussed about extracting parts of herbal plants.

17
Origanum vulgare is an herbal medicine which was tested

through getting its extract from the leaves. The effect of

this extract was compared with the effect of the Metformin,

a synthetic drug, on the blood sugar level of the subject.

His work also emphasized that herbal plants do not require

passing specific standards in order to be legally used by

consumers. This supported the usage of the herbal medicine as

a variable in the study.

An article by Perlman (2016) entitled “Mouse models of

human disease: An evolutionary perspective” debated that the

use of mice as models for human diseases has to be studied

further. He distinguished the differences of a mouse and a

human when it comes to the size, metabolic rate, life history,

diets, and micro biomes, pathogens present in them,

domestication and breeding. He defended that these

differences greatly affect the usage of a mouse as a model

for human diseases. He stated in his article that the use of

mice has to be based on its similarities in genetics and other

aspects. He was able to emphasize that modification was the

reason why the two species were incomparable.

This related article is significant since it can be

used as a basis of how accurate the results of the study were.

In relation to the article presented, mouse was used as the

model organism in the present study. This is due to the

18
knowledge that laboratory mice are commonly used to such

experiments. Despite the contradicting points, the

researchers agreed that a mouse and a human really differ in

many ways. However, since using mice to compare their blood

sugar level with humans was accepted in the field of research,

the researchers used the same subject.

An article by Nichols (2014) featured a benefit

brought by intake of Metformin. The author claimed that

Metformin is effective in extending a person's life span. In

his work, a study which deals with the same topic was

discussed. This study added that Metformin does make a

person's life longer. This was not only proven true for

diabetic patients but also to the respondents that are

healthy.

This article has bearing to the present study because

it dealt with one of the variables tested. The knowledge

provided regarding the medicine's ability to extend life

contributes to the validity of the variable used in the

present study which was the Metformin.

A work published by Diabetic Kitchen (2014) is

comparable with Behl’s article wherein Oregano was identified

as one of the 10 herbs that lower blood sugar level. In this

article, Oregano was listed as one of the ten spices that

control blood sugar. An additional information about the

19
herbal plant was reported. It was mentioned that based on a

study, the properties of Origanum vulgare which are

responsible for lowering blood sugar level are the

glucosides.

This article has bearing to the present study because

it presented a proof of Oregano’s capability of being an anti-

hyperglycemic agent. Due to the report of its properties, the

herb was scientifically identified as an effective variable

in this study. This means that Origanum vulgare is qualified

to represent the herbal medicines as treatment for Diabetes.

An article about the ability of diabetes drugs in

increasing lifespan was published by Relaxnews (2014). It

featured a study from Cardiff University’s School of Medicine

in United Kingdom that says that people with diabetes live

longer than those without the disease because of the benefits

of the medication, Metformin. “Murmurs of Metformin’s

attributes had been circulating within the scientific

community, and the findings of the study not only build on

its benefits but are of particular interest due to the massive

sample size of 180,000 participants”, stated in the article.

Moreover, Professor Craig Currie also mentioned that the drug

can also be used to prevent those at risk of actually

developing the disease.

This article has bearing to the present study because

20
it significantly discussed facts about Metformin which was

one of the variables used by the researchers as anti-

hyperglycemic agent. It strongly proved the efficacy and

benefits of the pharmaceutical drug. Furthermore, it showed

that the medicine is widely used in different countries not

only in the Philippines. Through this, the appropriateness of

Metformin as a variable in this study was verified.

A book entitled “Diabetes Mellitus and Oral Health” by

Lamster (2014) featured lots of terms and concepts about

Diabetes. One of these was the term “Metformin” which was

defined as the most commonly used first-line agent for the

treatment of diabetes due to its efficacy, safety, and low

cost. It does not cause hypoglycemia and is weight neutral.

The common animal models were also discussed in Lamster’s

book. Mentioning seven research studies about diabetes, the

animal model used in these was the mouse.

This book has contents that are related to the present

study. The mouse as animal model was clearly discussed. This

medicine, Metformin, is the same medicine used in this study

as the variable applied to the subject. Furthermore, the said

subject of the present study is the same with the animal model

for Diabetes that was used in seven other research studies

conducted before. These evidently showed how valid using

mouse as the subject is.

21
 Another book entitled “Stern’s Introductory Plant

Biology” by Bidlack and Jansky (2014) has two related articles

in it. The first article which has the title “Human and Animal

Dependence on Plants” stated that all medicines and drugs at

one time came from plants, and fungi or bacteria. It also

tackled how alternatives and other essential products were

gained from it. The other article presented in the book was

the “Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves”. It presented

different uses of leaves. The article specifically mentioned

oregano as one of those herbs that were used as condiments.

Most importantly, it was said that leaves are important

sources of drugs in medicine.

The two articles are related to the present research

study in terms of the use of Origanum vulgare as one of the

anti-hyperglycemic agents tested. The use of the herbal

plant’s leaves was greatly supported by the facts provided in

the article. In addition, Origanum vulgare’s role as an

alternative medicine was justified.

Another journal article by da Silva Luz et al. (2014)

entitled “Assessment of tolerance induction by Origanum

vulgare L. essential oil or carvacrol in Psendomonas

aeruginosa cultivated in a meat-based broth and in a meat

model” explained the development of tolerance by P.

aeruginosa when exposed to amounts of Origanum vulgare oil or

22
carvacrol. The study was conducted in order to identify how

the spoilage of foods is associated with the transmission of

the bacterium and its tolerance from the herbal plant used.

The present study is related to this article in terms

of the variable tested. Origanum vulgare was treated as an

aid in both studies but differed in purpose. The previous

study had the plant against a bacterium while in the present

study, it coalesced with blood sugar to put its level down.

An article by Favis-Villafuerte (2013) argued about

the nutritional supplement of herbal products including those

that were used as alternative medicines. It exposed that there

are China documentary materials showing that plants have been

used as medicine for at least 7000 years. Moreover, it was

stated that herbal plants serve as natural remedies for

asthma, kidney trouble and diabetes.

Though Origanum vulgare, one of this study’s

variables, was not mentioned in the article, it is still

related to the present study because it generally dealt with

herbal plants. The facts provided in the article supported

the concept of effective alternative medicines. It was not

only based on local records but also on foreign data.

Thousands of years have passed, and the use of herbal plants

is still observed. This can contribute weight to the

acceptance of the present study’s variable, Origanum vulgare.

23
Related Studies

A study by Togashi et al. (2016) explained that

measuring the blood sugar level of an animal has to be

obtained not by simply depending on glucometers. The

researchers were able to determine the difference between the

result using glucometer and the result from the laboratory

biochemical method. However, in a study by Sun et al. (2015),

glucometer was used as a device in the experiment. They were

able to successfully obtain an accurate result regarding

which fasting time is more effective in measuring the blood

glucose level of the subject. Both studies emphasized the use

of mouse as the respondent and this is due to the objective

of the two studies which is to measure blood glucose level.

The studies presented have bearings to this research

study because they are about the devices used in the

experiment. It is important to be accurate in the devices in

order to attain unbiased results. However, researchers

claimed that glucometer was also a reliable device because it

was widely used since the time it was made. On the other hand,

researchers suggested that sticking with laboratory methods

was more accurate. Just like how Sun et al. obtained the

results of their study, experiments with the use of this

glucometers were also accepted in the field of research.

24
 A research study by Pryor and Cabreiro (2015) proposed

a good side of Metformin. The researchers claimed that

treating diabetes with Metformin is actually better than

undergoing insulin therapies. This was supported by their

conclusion that Metformin is reducing blood sugar level

without inducing hypoglycemia to a patient. However, the

research paper also indicated that the medicine caused lactic

acidosis, a side effect, to many patients during the 1970.

This research study is relevant to the present study

because it identified Metformin as a medicine better than

insulin therapies. This knowledge gave support to the choice

of variable that the researchers had. Instead of having

insulin therapies compared to herbal plants, it was good that

Metformin was considered. This is because it is best to

compare medicines that the society prefers. Though the study

also stated the negative effects of the medicine, it was still

proven that Metformin is effective.

A research study conducted by Aroda et al. (2015)

discussed about the effect of lifestyle with Metformin intake

to women with or without Gestational Diabetes. The

researchers found out that these two variables in the study

were effective in lowering blood sugar level and preventing

or delaying Diabetes. They presented ranges of years covered

by the delay brought by lifestyle and Metformin. It was

25
asserted that these two are helpful to both the respondents

of the study which are the women with Gestational Diabetes

and women without.

This study has bearing to the present study due to the

variables used. It was said that Metformin is helpful to

diabetic patients. Moreover, it is an additional information

that Metformin intake has to go with healthy lifestyle in

order to achieve the success of the treatment.

A research study by Telmo (2015) discussed about the

efficacy of tropical Origanum vulgare L. crude leaf extract

in experimentally induced skin wounds in ICR mice. 24 ICR

adult mice of both sexes were assigned into four groups of

different Oregano treatments. Through observation, it was

found out that by day 21, the wounds were completely closed.

The researcher declared that the use of Oregano as an

alternative treatment to skin wounds was apparently

comparable with that of conventional treatment modalities.

This research study is related to the present study in

two aspects. First, both studies used Origanum vulgare as the

treatment but in different purpose. Oregano was used by Telmo

to heal skin wounds; meanwhile, this herbal plant was used as

an anti-hyperglycemic agent in this research study. In

addition, both studies made used of the plant’s leaves

extract. Second, the use of mouse as the subject was also

26
present in both studies. These two aspects strongly supported

the concepts used in the present study. Since the application

of Origanum vulgare to a mouse as the subject brought success

to past studies, the present study gained more validity.

Another study related to this research paper is by

Rani et al. (2014) which reviewed generally how effective

herbal medicines are. The researchers were able to conduct a

life assessment of herbal drugs with allopathic drugs

specifically for the treatment of diabetic complications.

They proposed that herbal medicines are better and more

effective than synthetic drugs through analyzing and testing

the two kinds of medicines to patients with diabetes. The

results were compared, and tables of data were clearly

presented.

This study affirmed that herbal plants can be used by

diabetic patients. It is relevant to the present study because

one of the variables tested was an herbal plant. This study

gave support to the concept of testing the efficacy of

Origanum vulgare. The study also claimed that comparison

between an herbal plant and a synthetic medicine is possible.

A study by Perez (2014) determined the growth and yield

of Oregano as influenced by the type, concentration and method

of application of nitrogen fertilizer. This study stated that

the phenolic and polyphenol constituents namely carvacrol,

27
flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic

acid are responsible for its antioxidant activity. It also

featured its essential oils that have great anti-microbial

activity and were against pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi

and bacteria. More uses and benefits of Oregano were mentioned

in the study. Its leaves, either fresh of dry, were said to

be treating various ailments.

This study about Origanum vulagare is related to the

present study because it broadly discussed the benefits of

one of the variables tested. On top of that, the previous

study also displayed facts about the herbal plant’s leaves

and their welfare. The use of Oregano leaves in the present

study was given more power and effectiveness.

Guzman (2014) conducted a study which dealt with the

comparison of hemorrhagic septicemia alum- and oil adjuvant

vaccine antibody titers using indirect enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay in mice. The researcher emphasized the

use of methods such as mouse protection test and indirect

hemagglutination in order to evaluate the effect of vaccines

injected into the subject. The results of this study were

gathered by the use of blood collection from mice before the

first dose of vaccine and after 14 days, blood was collected

again. The idea coming from this study that meant most to the

present research is the statement which declared that mouse

28
provides a good model to demonstrate diseases.

This has bearing to the present research study because

it argued facts regarding the subject used and it has

similarities in data gathering. The present study also had

before and after collection of blood from the subject.

Moreover, mouse being the model organism for human’s blood

glucose level could therefore be supported by the previous

study and was proven by other studies as stated in the earlier

part of this research paper.

Another study where mice were used as the subject was

conducted by Sampaton (2014). This study is almost the same

as Guzman’s except that they differed in the testing method

used. Guzman’s study used indirect enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay while Sampaton made used of passive mouse

protection test. Moreover, Sampaton particularly experimented

on Swiss mice.

This study is related to the present study because of

the subject used. The vaccine which was monitored to know its

efficacy was done with the same process of before and after

recording of data collected.

A study by Villanueva (2014) exposed the efficacy of

garlic, turmeric, and oregano against the development of

Ascaridia galli eggs from Philippine native chicken. Under

Origanum vulgare’s discussion is its definition supported by

29
multiple related literatures and studies. The research paper

displayed the process conducted for the preparation of plant

materials where cloves of garlic, rhizome part of turmeric

and leaves of oregano were used; and preparation of plant

ethanolic extract by individually soaking 40g of each

powdered material into 200ml of 95% ethanol for five days.

The most effective medicinal plant in terms of the study

presented was said to be the garlic, followed by the turmeric,

and the least among the three was the oregano.

Though the Origanum vulgare was the least effective in

inhibiting development of A.galli eggs, the study is still

considered related to the present study because of the

presence of oregano in both as variable. In addition, what

matters more were the processes of preparation. Similar to

the previous study, Origanum vulgare leaves were also the

materials used and the ethanolic extraction only differed in

amounts and days of conduction. This supported the

correctness of the process done by the researchers.

Another study about the phenolic profile of widely

used herbs and spices by Vallverdu-Queralt (2014) exposed

oregano as one of its variables. By multiple monitoring of

culinary herbs namely rosemary, thyme, oregano, and bay; and

spices such as the cinnamon and cumin, the researcher

considered them as nutritionally significant ingredients. Up

30
to 52 compounds were identified to be present in these

culinary ingredients.

This study showed relation to the present study in

terms of Origanum vulgare as the variable. The findings showed

that Oregano, with all those compounds present in it, can be

an acceptable treatment to maintain good health. This gave

support to its ability as an alternative medicine.

A study by Ilagan (2013) dealt with the glucose

lowering effect of horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

leaf tea substitute in alloxan–induced diabetic mice. Leaves

of the tree were used because it was said that they contain

the highest total phenolic content among the other stains

present at the area. The results upon the institution of the

treatment was seen after 14 days. These were said to be

statistically comparable to the results obtain from the

metformin-treated groups of mice.

This study is relevant because it showed a comparison

between the horseradish tree’s leaf and metformin which is

similar to the comparison of Origanum vulgare’s leaves

extract and Metformin as the focus of the present study.

Furthermore, the subjects used in both studies were the mice;

also, the objectives of the studies were to determine the

efficacy of the independent variables when it comes to

lowering blood glucose level.

31
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter discusses the techniques and the

procedures used in the study. The components of the research

include the methods of research, respondents of the study,

research instrument, validity and reliability of the

instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical

treatment, which are important in interpreting and evaluating

the gathered data.

The discussion of the research method, materials,

equipment and utensils, procedure, and statistical treatment

used has something to do with the validation and support in

the accomplishment of the main purpose of the study, which is

to comparatively evaluate the feasibility of Metformin and

Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Research Design

Experimental method, particularly the Pre-test -

Multiple Treatment - Post-test design was applied in this

32
study. The method is characterized by carefully planning in

advance so that the results are both objective and valid. The

specific design used is an experiment where measurements are

taken both before and after a treatment. The design means

that researchers are able to see the effects of some type of

treatment on a subject (Stephanie, 2018).

The Pre-test – Multiple Treatment – Post-test design

is the most appropriate design in this study because it

generally defines the process done by the researchers in

conducting the experiment. This is very evident in the

presentation of the procedures. To justify the study’s use of

experimental method, the Metformin and Origanum vulgare are

the independent variables which influenced the dependent

variable of the study – blood sugar level of the subject.

These independent variables were manipulated by the

researchers to obtain answers to the research problems and

satisfy the research objectives.

Materials

The materials used in this study were Metformin

tablets of 500 mg for each trial resulting to 1500 mg,

Origanum vulgare leaves with a quantity of 500 mg for each

trial resulting to 1500 mg, distilled water as the dissolving

33
agent of the Metformin tablets measuring 10 mL for each 500

mg tablet resulting to 30 mL, and 95% Ethanol as the

extracting solvent of the Origanum vulgare leaves with a

quantity of 250 mL for every 500 mg of Origanum vulgare leaves

resulting to 750 mL, while another 150 mL was used as a

component in the solution of the final extract wherein 50 mL

of ethanol was added in each extracted solution resulting to

900 mL used ethanol. Table 1 shows the materials used in the

comparative evaluation of the feasibility of Metformin and

Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Table 1. Materials Used in the Comparative Evaluation of the

Feasibility of Metformin and Origanum Vulgare as Anti-

hyperglycemic Agents

Materials Quantity
Metformin tablets 1500 mg
Origanum vulgare leaves 1500 mg
Distilled water 30 mL
Ethanol 900 mL

Equipment and Utensils

The equipment and utensils used in this study were

divided into three sections according to their use. The first

34
table presents the list of those that were used in producing

the Metformin solution wherein gloves, a bowl for mixing,

spoon for stirring, and syringe for measuring are indicated.

The second table of equipment and utensils consist of those

that the researchers used in extracting the Origanum vulgare

leaves which were the gloves, knife for mincing, weighing

scale used for the leaves, measuring cup for the amount of

ethanol, jar with cover for storing, filter paper, funnel,

container for warm water, and plastic. The third and last

table has the equipment and utensils used in conducting the

experiment which were the gloves, alcohol for sanitation,

syringe without needle for the medicine intake of the subject,

and glucometer with glucose testing strips and lancets for

measuring the blood sugar level of the subject. Moreover, the

subject used in the experiment that the researchers referred

to was a mouse (Mus musculus). Table 2 shows the equipment

and utensils used in the production of Metformin solution.

Table 3 presents the equipment and utensils used in the

production of the Origanum vulgare extract. Table 4 displays

the equipment and utensils used in conducting the comparative

evaluation of the Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-

hyperglycemic agents.

35
Table 2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Production of

Metformin Solution

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 8
Bowl 1
Spoon 1
Syringe 1

Table 3. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Production of the

Origanum Vulgare Extract

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 8
Knife 1
Weighing scale 1
Measuring cup 1
Jar with cover 3
Filter paper 3
Funnel 1
Container 1
Plastic 4

Table 4. Equipment and Utensils Used in Conducting the

Comparative Evaluation of the Metformin and Origanum Vulgare

as Anti-hyperglycemic Agents

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 96
Alcohol 1
Syringe 6
Glucometer 1
Glucose testing strips 12
Lancets 12
Mouse (subject) 1

36
Procedures

The study was conducted involving two processes of

obtaining the treatments applied and process of experimenting

and collecting of data. The two initial processes mentioned

were done by the researchers to obtain a balanced dosage of

each medicine which was needed for the accuracy and validity

of the study. These are presented separately from the general

process in order to specifically explain the procedures done

by the researchers.

Producing the Metformin Solution. In turning the 500

mg Metformin tablet into liquid solution, dissolving process

was simply done. The tablet was placed in a bowl where 10 mL

of distilled water was poured. Researchers used a syringe to

measure the distilled water. Mixing these two variables

allowed a faster rate of diffusion. When the tablet was

completely dissolved, the Metformin solution was produced.

3mL of this solution was placed in a syringe when it was ready

for the subject to take. Figure 2 presents the flow of

procedure done in producing the Metformin solution.

37
 500 mg Metfomin 10 mL Distilled
Tablet Water
Put
together in
a bowl

Mixing

Tablet was
completely
dissolved

Metformin
solution
(3mL)

Figure 2. Process Flow Sheet for Producing the Metformin

Solution

Extraction of the Origanum Vulgare. The Origanum vulgare

leaves were first washed and minced into smaller and fine

pieces satisfying a weight of 500 mg. These minced leaves

were then placed in a jar with 250 mL ethanol. To begin and

allow a more effective way of transferring the Origanum

vulgare’s components into the extracting solvent, the

solution was stirred with a spoon every one hour in two days.

After having the chemical properties of the leaves

transferred into the liquid phase of the solution, it was

38
filtered removing the leaves out of the solution. The next

process was the evaporation wherein the jar was left open and

was placed in a container filled with warm water and plastics

with warm water. These opened jar and warm water were

maintained until solution got powdery and sticky. Evaporation

process was completed after five days. When the solution was

ready to be used in the experiment, 50mL of ethanol was added

to the solution obtaining the final variable used as a

treatment in the experiment, the Origanum vulgare extract.

3mL of this was placed in a syringe when it was ready for the

subject to take. Figure 3 shows the process done in extracting

the Origanum vulgare leaves.

39
 Washing of Mincing of
Origanum leaves into
vulgare leaves 500 mg

Stirred every Placed in a

one hour in jar with 250
two days mL ethanol

Transferring
Leaves were
of chemical
filtered out
properties

Placed in a Jar left open

container surrounded
with warm water

Evaporation Adding of 50
completed in mL ethanol
five days

Origanum
vulgare
extract (3mL)

Figure 3. Process Flow Sheet for Extracting the Origanum

Vulgare Leaves

Experiment. The experimentation proper justified the

research design used because this was mainly about the Pre-

Test – Multiple Treatment – Post-Test design. In conducting

the experiment, the first step done was the checking of the

blood sugar level of the subject using the glucometer

obtaining a measurement with a unit of mg/dL. The checking of

blood sugar level in this study was done before each trial

40
resulting to six times of conduction. This was the pre-test

part of the study which was termed as “Before” by the

researchers. The next step performed was the application of

the produced treatments which were the Metformin solution and

the Origanum vulgare extract. The first three trials were all

about the subject’s intake of 3mL of Metformin solution,

respectively. The remaining three trials were all about the

subject’s intake of 3mL of Origanum vulgare extract,

respectively. After each trial, one hour of interval was

provided to allow the subject’s absorption of the medicine’s

effect. The last step was also done in each trial resulting

to six times of conduction. This was the checking of the blood

sugar level of the subject again after the application of the

treatment in order to determine the difference in the levels.

Glucometer was used again as the device to measure the blood

sugar level and this was obtained with the same unit. This

was the post-test part of the study which is termed as “After”

by the researchers. Data were collected and recorded by

listing the measurements obtained in each trial. Figure 4

displays the processes involved in the comparative evaluation

on the feasibility of Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-

hyperglycemic agents.

41
 Check the
blood sugar Recording of
level “Before” result

Application of
treatments

Trials 1, 2, & 3: Trials 4, 5, & 6:

Metformin solution Origanum vulgare
(3mL) extract (3mL)

One hour
interval/Absorption
of medicine

Check the
blood sugar
level “After”

Recording of
result

Figure 4. Process Flow Sheet for the Comparative Evaluation

on the Feasibility of Metformin and Origanum Vulgare as Anti-

hyperglycemic Agents

Statistical Treatment

The statistical treatment used in the study,

specifically in analyzing and interpreting the results, were

the mean and mean difference. To get the average means of the

42
blood sugar levels before and after the institution of the

treatments is a part of determining the mean difference of the

blood sugar levels obtained upon the application of the

Metformin solution and Origanum vulgare extract. These were

essential in comparatively evaluating the feasibility of

Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

The formulas used for mean are as follow:

𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3
x̅b = and x̅a =
𝑁 𝑁

where x̅b stands for the mean of the “before” and x̅a is for the

“after”; b corresponds to the measured blood sugar level

before the application of the treatments in each trial wherein

𝑏1 is from Trial 1, 𝑏2 is from Trial 2, and 𝑏3 is from Trial

3; a represents the measured blood sugar level after the

application of the treatments in each trial wherein 𝑎1 is from

Trial 1, 𝑎2 is from Trial 2, and 𝑎3 is from Trial 3; and N

stands for the number of trials conducted in each category of

“before” and “after” in one treatment. Both formulas were

needed in Metformin and Origanum vulgare blood sugar level

results making use of the two formulas twice in this research

study. The formulas for getting the mean differences are as

follow:

43
 x̅1 = x̅b − x̅a and x̅2 = x̅b − x̅a

where x̅1 is the mean difference of x̅b and x̅ a involving

Metformin; x̅2 is the mean difference of x̅ b and x̅a involving

Origanum vulgare; x̅ b represents the means obtained from

“before”; and x̅a stands for the means from “after”. The first

formula or x̅1 was applied only to the results achieved in

experimenting with Metformin and the second formula or x̅2 was

used for the results provided in experimenting with Origanum

vulgare.

Moreover, another statistical treatment was needed as

aid to answer one of the research questions formulated by the

researchers. This treatment is the T-test. It tests for

significant differences in the means of two distinct

populations and determines if any new concepts’ results are

significantly below a given standard (Tang, 2018). This

statistical technique was used by the researchers in

answering the third and fourth research questions which are

all about the significant differences between the results

obtained before and after the institution of the treatments.

The t-test results determined if the values involved are not

obtained by chance. Through this, the results’ validity and

confidence were identified.

44
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter deals with the detailed presentation of

the data gathered from the various set-ups conducted by the

researchers including the analysis of the tables presented

and the interpretation of the findings based on the results

of the statistical treatments applied and in accordance with

the purpose of the study. Tabular, textual and graphical forms

were used in this chapter to present the data gathered.

To foster better understanding, the numerical figures

obtained were treated statistically using the weighted mean,

t-test, and mean difference with the corresponding tables as

presented.

1. Blood Sugar Level Results of the Organism in Three Trials

Upon the Institution of Metformin

The blood sugar level results in three trials upon the

institution of the first treatment, Metformin, were recorded

and presented in table 5. This represents the feasibility of

45
Metformin in decreasing blood sugar level.

Table 5. Results in the Blood Sugar Level Before and After

the Institution of Metformin

Blood Sugar Level - mg/dL

Treatment Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Before After Before After Before After

Metformin (3mL) 95 60 117 89 165 107

The table displays the results regarding the

application of Metformin to the subject. Consistently, 3mL of

dissolved 500mg Metformin was used in the experiment which

came up with the significant values in table 5.

The results were organized according to the sequence

of the trials starting from trial 1 to trial 3, wherein each

trial has the before and after results of the application of

the treatment. The results obtained were with a unit of mg/dL.

In trial 1, the researchers recorded a blood sugar

level of 95 mg/dL before the treatment was taken orally, and

the after result was 60 mg/dL. In trial 2, the before result

was 117 mg/dL which decreased to 89 mg/dL in the after result.

Trial 3 attained 165 mg/dL in the before result and recorded

107 mg/dL in the after result.

46
 The organism, Mus musculus, obtained the records of

blood sugar levels that are considered comparable with the

normal blood sugar level of humans. Since the blood sugar

level results ranged from 60 to 165 mg/dL, the use of the

organism as the subject of the study was valid.

More importantly, the data evidently showed not only

in one trial but in all the three trials that the blood sugar

level obtained before the institution of the Metformin

lowered. Particularly, in trial 1, the before blood sugar

level decreased by +35; in trial 2, the measured before blood

sugar level lowered by +28; and in trial 3, the before blood

sugar level decreased by +58. From these values, it was seen

that the treatment was most effective during the third trial.

The connection of the blood sugar level results to the

normal blood sugar level of humans was supported by Perlman

(2016) because generally, he stated that the use of the

organism’s blood as the model for testing the efficacy of

variables against human diseases is accepted in the field of

research. Furthermore, the decrease in the blood sugar level

which was due to Metformin’s effectivity was provided weight

through the benefits presented by Nichols (2014), Relaxnews

(2014), Blackwell (2014), Pryor and Cabreiro (2015) and Aroda

et al. (2015). However, Dissanayake et al. (2017) discussed

47
a negative side effect of the treatment. This contradicted

the idea of using the medicine, which was proven effective in

the data presented.

2. Blood Sugar Level Results of the Organism in Three Trials

Upon the Institution of Origanum Vulgare

The blood sugar level results in three trials upon the

institution of Origanum vulgare, the second treatment, were

recorded and presented in table 6. The values displayed below

mainly correspond to the feasibility of Origanum vulgare as

anti-hyperglycemic agent.

Table 6. Results in the Blood Sugar Level Before and After

the Institution of Origanum Vulgare

Blood Sugar Level - mg/dL

Treatment Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Before After Before After Before After

Origanum vulgare 158 117 121 92 102 75

(3mL)

The data presented were arranged similarly to the data

in table 5. The two tables differed only in the values of the

recorded blood sugar level and the treatment applied. For the

48
following three trials, 3mL of extracted 500mg Origanum

vulgare was examined as anti-hyperglycemic agent.

In trial 1, the result before the application of the

treatment was 158 mg/dL, and the after result was 117 mg/dL.

Meanwhile in trial 2, the before result was 121 mg/dL which

had an after result of 92 mg/dL. Moreover, trial 3 resulted

to a record of 102 mg/dL before the institution of the

treatment, and the corresponding after result was 75 mg/dL.

Based from the indicated values in table 6, the blood

sugar level results in line with the institution of Origanum

vulgare ranged from 75 to 158 mg/dL which were also comparable

to the blood sugar level of humans.

Moreover, the data presented showed that the anti-

hyperglycemic agent used caused the decrease in the blood

sugar levels of the subject that were recorded before the

application. In the three trials conducted, the treatment

effectively made the blood sugar level of the subject lower

than the first results obtained. This effectiveness was seen

specifically in trial 1, where the before blood sugar level

result decreased by +41; in trial 2, where the before blood

sugar level result lowered by +29; and in trial 3, where the

before blood sugar level result decreased by +27. On that

account, it was revealed that the treatment was most effective

during the first trial.

49
 In determining the feasibility of Origanum vulgare as

anti-hyperglycemic agent, the same subject was used, and this

was supported by Guzman (2014) and Sampaton (2014) because

they also conducted a research study using the same subject

to test the feasibility of a vaccine wherein, they agreed

that the use of the organism is appropriate to demonstrate

human diseases. Furthermore, the obvious decrease in the

blood sugar levels of the organism which means that the

treatment was effective was reassured by MaYa (2017), Behl

(2017), Sanders (2014), Dr. Mejia (2014), and Diabetic

Kitchen (2014) because they claimed that Origanum vulgare is

already commonly used by some people in maintaining a normal

blood sugar level. On the other hand, Que (2017), Bidlack and

Jansky (2014), da Silva Luz et al. (2014), Perez (2014),

Vallverdu-Queralt (2014), and Favis-Villafuerte (2013)

generally stated that Origanum vulgare, an herbal plant, has

plenty of benefits which include the feasibility in fighting

against diseases like Diabetes.

3. Significant Difference in the Blood Sugar Level Results

Before and After the Institution of Metformin

The significant difference of the blood sugar level

results before and after the application of Metformin was

50
determined through t-test. The critical value obtained are

presented in table 7. This represents the confidence level

and the chance of randomization of the attained results.

Table 7. Critical Value Obtained Upon the Institution of

Metformin

Treatment
Critical Value
Metformin
0.05

Table 7 displays the computed value achieved from the

t-test of the before and after blood sugar level results

recorded. Based on this, the critical value between the before

and after results in relation with Metformin was 0.05.

This means that the blood sugar level results under

the treatment of Metformin were not likely resulting from

chance because there’s only 5% possibility of being

considered random and 95% of confidence level. This

interpretation concluded that the blood sugar level results

as seen in table 5 and its obvious decrease show a significant

difference.

The value presented was supported by Telmo (2015) and

Ilagan (2013) mainly because they were able to achieve

acceptable significant differences in the data they gathered

which gave proof that their results are valid and applicable

51
to their study. In addition, their purpose was also to lower

the blood sugar level of the same organism which gained

positive results that were verified by the significant

differences they presented. More than this, Tiner (2017)

backed up the accuracy of the data gathered because he

presented facts about the interpretation of the values given.

4. Significant Difference in the Blood Sugar Level Results

Before and After the Institution of Origanum Vulgare

The significant difference of the blood sugar level

results before and after the application of the Origanum

vulgare was determined to prove the validity of the data.

Table 8 presents the critical value obtained through the

statistical treatment, t-test, involving the blood sugar

level results in relation with the anti-hyperglycemic agent

mentioned.

Table 8. Critical Value Obtained Upon the Institution of

Origanum Vulgare.

Treatment
Critical Value
Origanum vulgare
0.02

52
 The table presents the critical value achieved from

the t-testing of the before and after results of the blood

sugar levels listed in table 6. It showed that the blood sugar

level results in all the three trials have a critical value

of 0.02.

This means that the values obtained under the

application of the Origanum vulgare were also improbably

resulting from chance because there is only 2% probability of

being considered as random and 98% of confidence level.

Therefore, these findings concluded that the results

presented in table 6, specifically the relationship between

the before and after results of each trial, have a significant

difference.

The significant difference obtained in the t-testing

of the blood sugar level results was caused by the appropriate

processes, methods, and variables used in the study. In line

with this, Sun et al. (2015) gave weight to the researchers’

use of the subject; also, the device for measuring the data

gathered was mentioned but Togashi et al. (2016) contradicted

the idea of using only glucometers. Meanwhile, Villanueva

(2014) featured the efficacy and benefits of the anti-

hyperglycemic agent in the field of medicine.

Researchers believed that what they have claimed

contributed in supporting the present study in terms of the

53
significant difference in the blood sugar level results upon

the institution of Origanum vulgare. Same with the content of

table 7, the critical value obtained was also supported by

Tiner (2017) making the result and its interpretation valid

and accurate.

5. Compared Effectivity of the Two Medicines in Decreasing

the Blood Sugar Level of the Subject

Table 9 determines which of the two treatments was

more effective in decreasing the blood sugar level of the

subject. The corresponding means and mean differences

obtained from all the trials conducted are displayed in the

table previously mentioned.

Table 9. Mean Comparison of the Two Treatments’ Blood Sugar

Level Results

Blood Sugar Level - mg/dL

Treatment
̅b
𝒙 ̅a
𝒙 ̅b-𝒙
𝒙 ̅a

Metformin 125.67 85.33 40.34

Origanum
127 94.67 32.33
vulgare

The presented data in the table include the means and

mean differences specifically classified into before and

after tests of the blood sugar level. These were placed

54
accordingly in the table with the corresponding treatment

applied, the Metformin and Origanum vulgare.

Metformin resulted to a mean of 125.67 mg/dL coming

from all its before tests and 85.33 mg/dL from all its after

tests. On the other hand, Origanum vulgare gathered a mean of

127 mg/dL coming from all its before tests and 94.67 mg/dL

from all its after tests. These values were verified by the

recorded results displayed in tables 5 and 6.

Through the use of the resulting means, the mean

difference of each treatment was solved. Metformin garnered

a mean difference of 40.34 mg/dL; while, Origanum vulgare

gathered 32.33 mg/dL. The most important data showed in the

table that aided in comparing the feasibility of both

medicines in decreasing the blood sugar level are the mean

differences.

As seen from the results, Metformin had a greater mean

difference than Origanum vulgare which proved that Metformin

is more effective as anti-hyperglycemic agent. However, the

values in the fourth column did not differ greatly in amount

because specifically, only +8.01 was the value of gap between

the mean differences of the two variables. This means that

Metformin was only slightly more feasible and thus, Origanum

vulgare is also effective as anti-hyperglycemic agent.

55
 In relation with the relationship made between the two

medicines, Gibb (2017) argued that in comparing these two

kinds of medicines, there will be no definite answer.

Furthermore, Rani et al. (2014) stated that when it comes to

Diabetes, herbal drugs are more effective. However, to

support the study’s findings, Albers (2016) agreed with the

comparison made because he claimed that pharmaceutical drugs

are still better than herbal medicines for it cannot guarantee

patients’ recovery.

56
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary of findings. This

also includes the conclusions and recommendations of the

researchers based on the results of the observation from the

trials conducted.

Summary

The main purpose of the study is to compare and evaluate

Metformin and Origanum vulgare as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions:

1. What are the blood sugar level results of the organism

after the institution of Metformin?

2. What are the blood sugar level results of the organism

after the institution of Origanum vulgare?

3. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the institution of Metformin?

4. Is there a significant difference in the blood sugar level

results before and after the institution of Origanum vulgare?

57
5. Which of the two medicines is more effective in decreasing

the blood sugar level of the organism?

Summary of Findings

Based from the results of experimentation recorded by

the researchers, here is the summary of findings:

1. The blood sugar level result after the application of

Metformin in the first trial is 60 mg/dl from 95 mg/dL, in

the second trial is 89 mg/dL from 117 mg/dL, and in the third

trial is 107 mg/dL from 165 mg/dL. Consequently, a summation

of +121 mg/dL was the decrease caused by the treatment taken

by the subject.

2. The measured blood sugar level after the institution of

Origanum vulgare to the subject resulted to 117 mg/dL from

158 mg/dL in the first trial, 92 mg/dL from 121 mg/dL in the

second trial, and 75 mg/dL from 102 mg/dL in the third trial.

As a result, a summation of +97 mg/dL was the decrease induced

by the second treatment applied to the subject.

3. Through the application of t-test on the blood sugar level

results obtained before and after the institution of

Metformin, a critical value of 0.05 was attained. That being

the case, there is a significant difference between the

results.

58
4. By means of utilizing t-test on the results obtained before

and after the application of Origanum vulgare, a critical

value of 0.02 was gained. On that account, there is a

significant difference between the results.

5. Comparing the two medicines’ mean differences which are

40.34 mg/dL for Metformin and 32.33 mg/dL for Origanum

vulgare, it was proven that the former is more effective as

anti-hyperglycemic agent.

Conclusions

The main purpose of the study is to compare and

evaluate the effectivity of Metformin and Origanum vulgare as

anti-hyperglycemic agents. The analysis and interpretation of

the data and its findings gave the following conclusions:

1. After the intake of the treatment, which is Metformin, the

blood sugar level of the subject consistently lowered as seen

from the after results recorded in each trial; therefore, the

medicine was proven effective as anti-hyperglycemic agent.

2. In three trials conducted involving the intake of extracted

Origanum vulgare, the blood sugar level results of the subject

uniformly decreased; therefore, the medicine was proven

effective as anti-hyperglycemic agent.

3. The manifested significant difference between the before

59
and after blood sugar level results concerned with the

application of Metfomin was presented; therefore, the data

gathered demonstrated accuracy and validity.

4. The calculated critical value to represent the significant

difference between the results before and after the

institution of Origanum vulgare to the subject was

determined; therefore, the data gathered indicated accuracy

and validity.

5. As interpreted and evaluated through the conducted

experiment, the pharmaceutical drug caused a greater decrease

in the blood sugar level than the herbal plant; therefore,

Metformin is more effective than Origanum vulgare as anti-

hyperglycemic agent.

Recommendations

Based on the summary of findings and conclusions, the

following were hereby recommended:

1. The future researchers are recommended to compare Metfomin

to other herbal plants that are suggested to be beneficial to

diabetic patients.

2. The researchers recommend the future researchers to

perform similar experiment using different dosage of

medicines as variables.

60
3. Students who will be dealing with animals as the subject

to their study are highly advised to perform the experiment

under the observation of authorized professionals.

4. The proponents of the study recommend the future

researchers to perform more than three trials of experiment

for more accuracy and validity of results.

5. To acquire new knowledge, the researchers suggest the

future researchers to consider the idea that interval of one

hour between the checking of the blood sugar level before and

after the institution of the treatment may be altered as long

as the time to be regarded is supported by credible claims.

6. The proponents of the study also speak favorably of

altering the number of subject to be used in such study.

7. For people at risk or suffering with Diabetes who are

influenced by the findings of the study, it is highly

advisable to take appropriate dosage of Origanum vulgare

according to condition and needs.

8. To contribute new knowledge to the same field of study,

the future researchers may compare and evaluate the

feasibility of different kinds of medicines in dealing with

other diseases that may be helpful to the community

economically.

9. For further improvement, the future researchers may focus

on dealing with the same study to support or contradict the

61
claim and to validate the findings provided by the proponents

in their research paper.

62
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xv
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

(Letter of Certification of Proofreading for the

Grammarian)

Banaba Elementary School

Banaba, Padre Garcia, Batangas

November 30, 2018

Jennifer Joy B. Hernandez

Research Teacher

Sto Niño Formation and Science School

San Roque, Rosario, Batangas

Sir:
This letter is to certify that I have read and applied

necessary corrections regarding the research paper of Darlene

Jeane D. Morales, Leila Crisyl R. Recto, Kim May Ann M. Reyes,

and Michaela B. Villanueva, which is entitled “Comparative

Evaluation of Metformin and Origanum Vulgare as Anti-

hyperglycemic Agents.”

Respectfully Yours,

Sir Bryan S. Del Rosario

Grammarian

xvi
 APPENDIX B

(Letter of Seeking Consent to Handle the Sample Organism)

Dimaculangan’s Veterinary Supply

Quilib, Rosario, Batangas

November 27, 2018

Jennifer Joy B. Hernandez

Research Teacher

Sto Niño Formation and Science School

San Roque, Rosario, Batangas

Ma’am:

This letter is to certify that Darlene Jeane D.

Morales, Leila Crisyl R. Recto, Kim May Ann M. Reyes, and

Michaela B. Villanueva were under my supervision during the

conduction of their experimentation involving a mouse as the

subject of their study entitled “Comparative Evaluation of

Metformin and Origanum Vulgare as Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents”.

This is to serve as their permission to handle the subject in

their research study.

Respectfully Yours,

Dr. Lucy Magpantay

Veterinarian

xvii
 APPENDIX C

(Photos About the Results of Experimentation)

Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Metformin in

Trial 1

Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Metformin in

Trial 2

xviii
Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Metformin in

Trial 3

Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Origanum

vulgare in Trial 1

xix
Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Origanum

vulgare in Trial 2

Blood Sugar Level Results Before (Left) and

After (Right) the Institution of Origanum

vulgare in Trial 3

xx
 APPENDIX D

(Photos of the Treatments Applied to the Subject)

3mL Metformin Solution

3mL Extracted Origanum Vulgare Leaves

xxi
 RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE

DARLENE JEANE D. MORALES

Address: #37 Alupay, Rosario, Batangas
Mobile Number: +639278533184
Email Address:
darlenejeanemorales@gmail.com
Date of Birth: December 14, 2000
Place of Birth: Rosario, Batangas
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2017-2019)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With Honor
Perfect Attendance

Junior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2013-2017)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
Member of YES-O Club
Perfect Attendance

Elementary: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y.2007-2013)

xxii
 LEILA CRISYL R. RECTO
Address: Banaba West, Padre Garcia, Batangas
Mobile Number: +639369215068
Email Address:
rectoleilacrisylreyes@gmail.com
Date of Birth: September 29, 2000
Place of Birth: Rosario, Batangas
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2017-2019)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With Honor
Perfect Attendance

Junior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2013-2017)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
Member of YES-O Club

Elementary: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y.2007-2013)

xxiii
 KIM MAY ANN M. REYES
Address: Sta. Cruz, Padre Garcia, Batangas
Mobile Number: +639278533184
Email Address:
kiminar.2700@gmail.com
Date of Birth: October 27, 2000
Place of Birth: Rosario, Batangas
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2017-2019)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With Honor

Junior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2013-2017)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With Honor
Member of YES-O Club

Elementary: Magnum Opus Formation School

Poblacion, Padre Garcia, Batangas
(A.Y.2007-2013)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
Perfect Attendance
With Honor

xxiv
MICHAELA B. VILLANUEVA
Address: Quilib, Rosario, Batangas
Mobile Number: +639085246878
Email Address:
michaelavillanuea@yahoo.com
Date of Birth: December 01, 2000
Place of Birth: Rosario, Batangas
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2017-2019)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With High Honor
Perfect Attendance
Achievement Award
Grade 12 Thesis Awards:
Best Thesis Female Oral Presenter
Best Thesis Female Defender
Most Promising Young Researcher

Junior High School: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y. 2013-2017)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
With Honor
Exemplary Perfect Attendance
Member of the Campus Journalism (Copy Reading)
Member of English Club
YES-O Club Officer (Secretary)
Member of Math Club
Member of School Choir (President)
Grade 10 Thesis Awards:
Best Thesis Female Oral Presenter
Best Student Thesis Paper
Most Punctual Group
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Elementary: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
J. Belen Street, San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
(A.Y.2007-2013)

ACHIEVEMENTS:
Valedictorian (S.Y 2012-2013)
Member of the Campus Journalism (Copy Reading)

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