Far Eastern University JULY 2020

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

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LECTURE READING 2: COURSE INTRODUCTION

REINFORCED CONCRETE is a material composed of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, with or without admixture, and reinforcement, prestressed or non-
prestressed and designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in
England in the early 19th century by Joseph Aspdin, and usually originates from limestone. Portland cement is not
a brand name, but the generic term for the type of cement used in virtually all concrete, just as stainless is a type
of steel and sterling a type of silver. Therefore, there is no such thing as a cement sidewalk, or a cement mixer; the
proper terms are concrete sidewalk and concrete mixer.

Fine aggregates are essentially any natural sand particles won from the land through the mining
process. Fine aggregates consist of natural sand or any crushed stone particles that are ¼” or smaller. This product
is often referred to as 1/4'” minus as it refers to the size, or grading, of this particular aggregate. River sand is sand
used in construction.

Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches
in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up
most of the remainder. In construction the size of gravel ranges from ¾ inch to 1 inch in diameter and it is called as
¾ or G1.

Admixtures are natural or manufactured chemicals which are added to the concrete before or during
mixing. Admixtures are classed according to function. There are five distinct classes of chemical admixtures: air-
entraining, water-reducing, retarding, accelerating, and plasticizers (superplasticizers). Functions of admixtures to
modify hardened concrete properties: a) To retard or reduce heat generation during early hardening. b) To
accelerate the rate of strength development. c) To increase the strength of concrete or mortar (Compressive,
tensile or flexural).

Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. ... This compression is produced by the
tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the
performance of the concrete in service. Prestressed concrete will be discussed to you thoroughly in the last
chapter.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

A) CONCRETE

1) Unit Weight of concrete = 23.60 kN/m 3 page 2-13 NSCP 2015

2) Tensile strength = poor

3) Compressive strength = good

fc’ = compressive stress
= 17, 21, 25, 28, 32, 35 MPa specified values of fc’
fc = allowable compressive stress
= 0.85 fc’ for Strength Design Method (SDM) sect 422.2.2.4.1 p. 4-142 NSCP 2015
= 0.45 fc’ for Alternate Design Method (ASD) sect 429.4.1 p. 4-194 NSCP 2015
Far Eastern University JULY 2020
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Modulus of Elasticity
Ec = 4700 √ fc ' for normal weight concrete section 419.2.2.1b p. 4-129 NSCP 2015

B. REINFORCED STEEL BARS (rebars)

1) Rebar Designation

ASTM STD. DES. PHIL. STD. DES.

#3 10 mm ϕ

#4 12 mm ϕ

#5 16 mm ϕ

#6 20 mm ϕ

#8 25 mm ϕ

#9 28 mm ϕ

# 10 32 mm ϕ

# 11 36 mm ϕ

NOTE:
a) ASTM is American Society of Testing and Materials
b) ASTM Standard Designation is used in USA
c) To find the diameter in inches for ASTM bars divide it by 8, e.g. for # 4 the diameter is 4/8 or ½ inch,
for # 8 the diameter is 8/8 or 1 inch and so on
d) # 7 or 22 mm ϕ bar is not available commercially in the Philippines but available commercially
internationally

2) Compressive Strength = good

3) Tensile Strength = good

fy = yield stress

= 230 MPa - structural grade - white

= 280 MPa and 345 MPa - intermediate grade - yellow

= 420 MPa - high grade - green

4) Modulus of Elasticity

Es = 200 000 MPa sect 420.2.2.2 p. 4-132 NSCP 2015

Far Eastern University JULY 2020
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________