Chapter 6

1) Heat Loss By Infiltration :

A) Sensible heating load :

˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
Q s , f =m f C p ( T i−T o ) Q s , f =ρ 0 V f C p ( T i−T 0 )

˙
m f : is the mass flow rate of infiltrated outside air.
V : is the volumetric flow rate of infiltrated air.
Cp : is its specific heat at constant pressure.
ρ0 : is the density of infiltrated air.

B) Latent heating load :

˙ ˙ ˙
Q L, f =m f ( wi −w o ) h fg =ρo V f ( wi−wo ) h fg
˙ ˙ ˙
¿ Q L, f =Q t , f −Q s ,f

C) The total heat load Qt,f due to infiltration :

˙ ˙
Q t ,f =m f (hi−h o)

hi and ho are the inside and outside enthalpies of infiltrated air.

 Method to calculate the volumetric flow rate of infiltrated air :

a) The air change method (ACH) :

˙
V f =N × Room Volume

N : indicated in Table (4-6).

1
ρ0 =
v0

The value of the specific volume vo at the given outside condition.

˙ ˙
m f =ρ0 V f

b) The crackage method :

L=n× Perimetert
L : The crack length.
n : Number of windows.
Perimeter : Perimeter for window.

˙
V f =m ³/h per meter of crack × L

m3/h per meter of crack from Table (6-1).

˙ ˙
Q s , f =ρ0 V f C p ( T i−T o )

1
ρ0 =
v0

˙
˙
V
Qt ,f = f (ho −hi )
v0

hi and ho are the inside and outside enthalpies of infiltrated air.

c) The crackage method through clearance around windows or doors due to

pressure difference:
 ˙ 3
2
V f =K Lc (∆ P)

K : is the infiltration air flow coefficient which depends on the window or

door clearance area and type of window given in Table (6-3).
L : is the total crack length of windows or doors in meter.
∆ P : the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the
window or door in units of Pa.

∆ P=0.613( S ¿ ¿ 1 S 2 V w )2 ¿

S1 : is a factor that depends on the topography of the location of the

Building from Table (6-4).
S2 : coefficient that depends on the height of the building and the terrain of its
location. from Table (6-5).
Vw : is the measured wind speed of outside air in units of m/s.
(Monthly mean values of wind speed for selected locations in Jordan
are presented in Table (A-7) of Appendix A.)

2) Infiltration Due to Door Opening :

˙
V f =N ×entrance passages per occupant per hour ×infiltrated through doors
N : is the number of people.
entrance passages per occupant per hour : from Table (6-6).
infiltrated through doors : from Table (6-5).

˙ ˙
1
Qs , f = V C p ( T i−T o )
v 0 3600 f
If such information is not provided in Table (6-6) then number of door openings
for other types of establishments can be determined :
NF
Door Opening /h=
nt

N : is the number of people in the establishments.

F : is the factor for arrivals and departure of occupants.
Its value is equal to 2 for light traffic and 1.33 for heavy traffic.
t : is the average time of occupancy in hours.
n : is the number of doors.
3) Carrier Air Conditioning Method :

˙
V f =(V /Person /door )× Number of Persons × Number of door
 (V / Person / door) : from Table (6-7).

˙ ˙
1
Qs , f = V C p ( T i−T o )
v 0 3600 f

4) Domestic Hot Water Load :

˙
Q W =M w C p ( T h−T c )

Cp : 4.186 kj /kg.k .
( Th-Tc ) : 50 k .
Mw : mass or volume of water in kg or Liter.

5) Fuel Requirement For Heating Systems :

˙
24 Q × DD C d
Mf = ( )
(T i−T o)×CV η

Q : is the calculated heating load of a given space.

DD : The number of degree-days from Table (6-9).
Ti : is the inside temperature.
To : is the outside temperature.
CV : The calorific value .
For natural gas = 34,500 kJ/m3.
For manufactured gas = 20,500 kJ/m3.
For LPG (propane and butane) = 48,000 Kj/kg.
For diesel fuel ranges from 39,000 to 43,000 kJ/kg.
Cd : is an empirical correction factor for heating effect versus degree-day value.
Its value equals to 0.8 for degree-day values up to 1,000.
Its value equals to 0.75 for 1001 to 2,000 degree-day .
Its value equals 0.7 for 2001 to 3,000 degree-day.
η : The value of the efficiency factor.
Equals to 0.8 for liquid fuel heating systems.
Equals to 0.55 for gas heating systems.
For electrical heating systems, the value is equal to 1.0.