A homework on Engineering Analysis 7

By AMRIT ARYAL
Oct,2020

Problem 1: Runge Kutta Methods

Given, two equation are,

d2 y 2 dy 2
− + 2 y = h(t) (1)
dt2 t dt t
for t > 1, t0 > 1
with initial conditions y(t=1)=0 and y’(t=1)=0.

1a: Develop a Greens function for this problem.

d2 G
dt2 − 2 dG
t dt + 2
t2 G = δ(t − t0 )

for t > 1, t0 > 1

with initial conditions G(1, t0 ) = 0 and dG 0

dt (1, t ) = 0.

We know from our discussions that at t = t’.

0
lim G|t=t +ε
t=t0 −ε
ε→0

dG t=t0 +ε
lim | 0
ε→0 dt t=t −ε

Homogeneous solution for

y 00 − 2t y 0 + 2
t2 y =0

since tp(t) and t2 q(t) are analytic @x =0.

x =0 is a regular singular point, Solution can be get through the Frobenius

1
series.

∞
X
α
y(t) = t an tn
n=0

∞
X
y 0 (t) = (n + α) an tn+α−1
n=0

∞
X
y 00 (t) = (n + α)(n + α − 1) an tn+α−2
n=0

Substitute value of y” ,y’ and y in (1).

∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 X X X
y 00 − y 0 + 2 y = (n+α)(n+α−1) an tn+α−2 −2(n+α) an tn+α−2 +2 an tn+α−2
t t n=0 n=0 n=0

for n=0;

= (α)(α − 1)a0 tα−2 − 2(α)a0 tα−2 + 2a0 tα−2

or,[α(α − 1) − 2α + 2]a0 tα−2 = 0

∵ a0 6= 0 ∴ α(α − 1) − 2α + 2 = 0

or,α2 − 3α + 2 = 0

or,(α − 1)(α − 2) = 0

α1 = 1 and α2 = 2
General solution of the associated homogeneous equation is

y p = c1 t + c2 t 2

Derivative of yp is

2
yp0 = c1 + 2c2 t

Applying initial conditions y(t=1)=0 and y’(t=1)=0;

yp = 0 = c1 + c2
yp0 = 0 = c1 + 2c2
Applying y(l) = 0 to this solution implies c1 + c2 = 0 or c1 = −c2 . By choosing
c2 = −1 we get c1 = 1 and y1 = t − t2 .0n the other hand,y 0 (1) = O applied to
the general solution shows c1 + 2c2 = 0 or c1 = −2c2 .The choice c2 = −l now
gives c1 = 2 and so y2 (t) = 2t − t2 .

Now we have

G = u1 (t0 )y1 + u2 (t0 )y2

G = u1 (t0 )(t − t2 ) + u2 (t0 )(2t − t2 )

which satisfy the conditions at t=t’.

u1 (t0 )(t − t2 ) + u2 (t0 )(2t − t2 ) = 0

u1 (t0 )(1 − 2t) + u2 (t0 )(2 − 2t) = 1

0 0
we know; u1 (t0 ) = − W (yy12,y(t )
0
1 )(t )
and u2 (t0 ) = W (yy11,y
(t )
0
1 )(t )
 0
(t − t02 ) (2t0 − t02 )

W (y1 , y1 )(t0 ) = = (t0 − t02 )(2 − 2t0 ) − (2t0 − t02 )(1 − 2t0 )
(1 − 2t0 ) (2 − 2t0 )
= 2t0 − 2t02 − 2t02 + 2t03 − (2t0 − 4t02 − t02 + 2t03 )
= 2t0 − 4t02 + 2t03 − 2t0 + 5t02 − 2t03 = t02
0 02
∴ ; u1 (t0 ) = − 2t t−t
02 =1− 2
t0

t0 −t02
u2 (t0 ) = t02 = 1
t0 −1

The Greens function can now be expressed as

0,t<t0
0
G(t, t ) =
(1− t20 )(t−t2 )+( t10 −1)(2t−t2 ),t>t0

Finally, the particular solution yp is then

Z t
y(t) = G(t, t0 )h(t0 )dt0
0

3
1b: Use the Greens function to solve the inhomogeneous
initial value problem
d2 y 2 dy 2
2
− + 2y = 1 (2)
dt t dt t

the particular solution yp is

Z t
y(t) = G(t, t0 )h(t0 )dt0
0

Z t
y(t) = G(t, t0 )dt0
0

Z t
2 1
y(t) = [(1 − )(t − t2 ) + ( 0 − 1)(2t − t2 )]dt0
0 t0 t

Z t
2 2 1 1
y(t) = [t − t2 − 0
t + 0 t2 + 0 2t − t2 0 − 2t + t2 ]dt0
0 t t t t

Z t
1 2 0
y(t) = [−t + t ]dt
0 t0

y(t) = −t|t0 |t0 + t2 | log t0 |t0

y(t) = −t2 + t2 log t is the required solution.