A homework on Engineering Analysis 5

By AMRIT ARYAL
Sep,2020

Problem 1: Hypergeometric equation

Given Hypergeometric equation,

x(x − 1)y 00 + (3x − 1)y 0 + y = 0 (1)

1a: Classify all points of ‘concern’ for this ODE

compare (1) with standard form of ODE.
y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0
then, (1) becomes
(3x−1) 0
y 00 + x(x−1) 1
y + x(x−1) y=0
Above equation has concern at points x=0 and x=1
(3x−1)
p(x) = x(x−1) = ∞@ x=0
1
and,q(x) = x(x−1) = ∞@ x=0
Since p(x) and q(x) blows up at x=0, it is a singular point.
lets examine,
(3x−1)
xp(x) = x x(x−1) = 1 @ x=0
2 2 1 x
and,x q(x) = x x(x−1) = (x−1) = 0 @ x=0
so, x=0 is a regular singular point.

1b: obtain a series solution around x = 0.

Expand our equation
x(x − 1)y 00 + (3x − 1)y 0 + y = 0

x2 y 00 − xy 00 + 3xy 0 − y 0 + y = 0 (2)
Frobenius series expansion of y can be written as
P∞
y= 0 an xn+α
n

1
 P∞
Now,y 0 = (n + α) 0 an xnn+α−1
P∞
again,y 00 = (n + α)(n + α − 1) 0 an xnn+α−2
Write (2) in vertical form with series expansion
P∞
x2 y 00 = (n + α)(n + α − 1) 0 an xn+α
n

P∞
−xy 00 = −(n + α)(n + α − 1) 0 an xnn+α−1
P∞
3xy 0 = 3(n + α) 0 an xn+α
n

P∞
−y 0 = −(n + α) 0 an xnn+α−1
P∞
y= 0 an xn+α
n

Add terms of like powers of x. For each power equate the sum obtained to
zero.

xα−1 : −α(α − 1) − α = 0 ;α2 = 0 ∴ it has two roots =0

Put value of α in above equation,

n(n − 1)an − (n + 1)nan+1 + 3nan − (n + 1)an+1 + an = 0

(n2 − n)an − (n + 1)(n + 1)a + n + 1 + an (3n + 1) = 0

(n2 + 2n + 1)an + (n + 1)2 an+1 = 0

an = an+1
hence,a0 = a1 = a2 = .... then, the solution can be write as
P∞
y= 0 an xn

y = a0 [1 + x + x2 + x3 + .....] is required solution

1c: Second solution

We get second solution from reduction of order method by putting y2 = y1 log x

y2 = a0 [1 + x + x2 + x3 + .....] log x is the second solution