SPECIAL EMPHASIS AREAS

Positive aircraft control

A pilot must have the ability to keep an aircraft within its limits, control the energy of the
plane, and managing everything that involves flying, It is important to know the plane, its
instruments, procedures, speeds to anticipate all possible situations.

Positive exchange of the flight controls procedure

This type of check helps the crew to know who has the flight controls, This avoids a lot of
confusion, The pilot must say "you have the controls" the receiving pilot responds "I have the
controls" and the person who delivered the controls repeats the phrase "you have the controls"
again.

Stall/spin awareness
When you are at a low speed it is possible to enter a spin, just apply a little pedal to the side to
cause this dangerous condition. The plane will turn in a danger, the first thing to do, is to keep
calm, reduce power, apply the pedal to the opposite side of the turn, slowly the plane returns to
control.

Collision avoidance; HOT SPOTS

It is important to prevent any collision in any phase of the flight, also on the ground during taxi,
ATC's work is essential at any stage, as it helps to safe separate all aircraft. The crew must
always have 100% situational awareness, looking outside and maintaining eye contact with other
traffic. There are also systems that help prevent and monitor nearby traffic, the use of the radio
to notify the position and intentions. A hot spot is a specific place in the airport where there is a
risk of collision, due to the high traffic, in the aeronautical charts this point is specified, so that
traffics are careful.
Wake turbulence avoidance
It is one of the greatest dangers in critical phases such as landing and takeoff, and it occurs due
to the generation of lift of all aircraft, that is why it is important to have a separation between
traffic, that way the wake turbulence will descend. in case of entering a wake turbulence the best
thing to do is apply all the power and wait to get out of it. You should always fly above the path of
a traffic, this helps to avoid wake turbulence.
LAHSO (Land and Hold Short Operations)
The lahso is a very common procedure in airports where two runways intersect, generally at the
end of the runways. This procedure works in such a way that planes landing on a runway must
wait in the hold short runway and hold the position. The pilot has the option to denying or
accepting the authorization. A LAHSO must be authorized in conditions of visibility greater than 3
miles and ceiling of not less than 1000 feet. Dry runway and never with tailwind.

Runway incursion avoidance

These types of errors are very dangerous, two planes can crash, just for not following the
instructions of the ATC and the markings at the airport. Know the taxiways with the airport
diagram. The pilot must ensure that the approach path or runway is clear of any traffic.
CFIT
Throughout aviation there are many accidents, after an investigation it can be concluded that
the pilot hit the plane against the ground without any mechanical damage. For this, the FAA
created a program that helps pilots make good decisions and avoid those accidents. This
type of accident occurs when the weather conditions, additionally the pilots decide to fly very
low, looking to get out of the clouds. MSA or minimum sector altitude is an altitude at which
the aircraft can fly safely, having a separation with the obstacles.

Checklist usage
The checklist is a mechanism used to catch errors and avoid an incident or accident. This list
must be read according to the phase of the flight, in order and answered.