Experimental study on bank erosion and protection using submerged vane
placed at an optimum angle in a 180 laboratory channel bend

Litan Dey, Abdul Karim Barbhuiya, Piya Biswas

PII: S0169-555X(16)30643-2
DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.022
Reference: GEOMOR 5899

To appear in: Geomorphology

Received date: 22 July 2016

Revised date: 16 January 2017
Accepted date: 16 January 2017

Please cite this article as: Dey, Litan, Barbhuiya, Abdul Karim, Biswas, Piya, Ex-
perimental study on bank erosion and protection using submerged vane placed at
an optimum angle in a 180 laboratory channel bend, Geomorphology (2017), doi:
10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.022

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Experimental study on bank erosion and protection using submerged vane placed at an

optimum angle in a 180° laboratory channel bend

Litan Dey*, Abdul Karim Barbhuiya, Piya Biswas

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Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam-788010, India

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*Tel.: +918794021265; E-mail: litanwre@rediffmail.com

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Abstract

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Unsteadiness of the vertical velocity profile and secondary flow in open channel bends poses

serious problems in hydraulic engineering design. Insertion of vertical submerged vanes in the
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channel bend at an optimum angle with the tangential component of flow can minimize the

unsteadiness and generation of secondary flow resulting in the reduction of scour depth at the
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outer bank. A series of experiments were conducted in a 180° bend laboratory channel to study
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flow erosion and effective ness of the submerged vane in reducing scour depth. The average
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approach to flow velocity at 0.20 m flow depth above the lowest initial bed level was 25 cm/s.
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An Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure the three-dimensional time-

averaged velocity components at different azimuthal sections on stabilized nonscoured beds

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without vane. Scour bed profile without vanes shows that bank erosion in a 180° parabolic-

shaped bed channel occurs mostly at the zone from bend angles 120° to 140°. Vanes were

installed at angles of 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 40° to the tangential flow component maintaining a

spacingof 75 cm distance from one vane to another. Experimental results show that a 15° vane

angle produces best result in reducing outer bank scour in a parabolic-shaped channel. The data

presented in this paper can also be used for validating three-dimensional turbulence models for

simulating flows in a curved channel.

Keywords: open channel flow; 3D flow; scour; ADV; submerged vane.

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1. Introduction

Riverbed deformation, sandbar deposition, and river broadening accompanied with bank collapse

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in an alluvial river are triggered by the interaction of flow and riverbed or bank in the form of

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sediment transport (Zhang, 1989). Bank failures occurs throughout the entire fluvial process and

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would keep developing following specific rules according to corresponding river patterns

(Nagata et al., 2000). To reduce erosional forces and stream power for a given discharge without

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a coarse-grained sediment supply for downstream aggradation, channel widening was the only

mechanism for the silt bed streams to recover (Simon, 1994). Simon and Hupp (1992) observed
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that mean erosion rates are maximum on the outer banks of curved reaches, while along the

inside banks of a curved channel and in straight reaches erosion rate is minimum. Secondary
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flow formation particularly at a bend is believed to be the main reason of erosion (Sin, 2010).

Thomson (1876) first reported the existence of spiral flow pattern in channel bends. Mockmore
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(1944) conducted laboratory experiments to measure longitudinal velocity profiles in a 180°

channel bend. He found that the flow from inner wall to outer wall is more than the flow from
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outer wall to inner wall. Yang (2005) studied the interaction of boundary shear stress, velocity

distribution and secondary flows in open channels to justify the results using the governing

equations of Reynolds stress distribution and boundary shear stress. Barbhuiya and Talukdar

(2010) investigated three-dimensional turbulent flow fields and scour at a 90° horizontal forced

bend. They found that maximum scour depth at the 90° horizontal bend occurs around the 30°

azimuthal section and maximum flow velocity was observed near the concave bank. Roca et al.

(2007) established that a properly installed wall footing minimises bend scour and protects the

outer bank. They found that bend scour can be reduced by about 40% using wall footing.
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Scientific approaches for erosion control in the river emphasized the use of RCC kellyner jetties,

submerged vanes, bank revetment or pitching, boulder spurs, and RCC porcupines. In this paper,

river bank protection using submerged vane was experimented. Submerged vanes are a small

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hydraulic structure, flat vertical in nature, which is placed in an eroding bank at an angle with

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the main stream flow to divert the flow, resulting in deposition of sediments on the eroding bank.

Erosion in the bend of a stream significantly undermines the outer bank by the approach current

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from the upstream of the river. Submerged vanes stabilize the deepening of the outer bank

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without affecting the sediment load and velocity at other parts of the stream. Odgaard and

Kenndy (1983) worked with vanes to reduce near-bank velocity, to recover near bank depthsand
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to determine vane angle α at which scour holes will be minimum. They concluded, for 20°

flow separation occurred around submerged vane length and generated scour holes near the
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upstream end of each vane. Wang (1991) conducted laboratory experiments with submerged

vanes installed in arrays with two or three vanes in each array for vane angle of 15° in a curved
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flume. They also conducted laboratory experiments with submerged vanes in arrays for 20°
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in a straight channel. Wang and Odgaard (1993) observed that in order to modify the flow
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pattern and redistribute the sediment load, submerged vanes generated secondary flow, which

reduced the total circulation. Further, two closely spaced vanes induced much more circulation

than an isolated vane. The generation of circular motion was dependent on the spacing of

submerged vanes. The greater the spacing, the smaller in reduction of circular motion and vice-

versa. The efficiency of vanes in the presence of neighboring vanes and their mutual distances

was experimented by Flokstra (2006) and found that the efficiency is reduced by such

neighboring conditions. Marelius and Sinha (1998) conducted laboratory experiments to find the

strength of secondary flow induced by submerged vanes and was found maximum at 40°. At
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larger vane angles, the flow resistance is increased and the vane is subjected to a relatively larger

drag force. The main fact in the use of larger α has been the occurrence of unexpected local

scour. Indication of scour reduction around a submerged vane has not yet been published, but

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many researchers (Gupta et al., 2010) recommended a collar as a scour retarder in case of bridge

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piers. Flow behavior in different channel bends has been studied earlier (Shukry, 1949; Odgaard,

1989; Blanckaert and Graf, 2001), which provided only one- or two-dimensional mean velocity

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measurements. Recently, detailed three-dimensional velocity measurement methods, such as the

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acoustic doppler velocity profiler (ADVP) and the laser doppler anemometry (LDA) were

introduced to identify flow characteristics — such as secondary flow in open-channel bends

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(Blanckaert and Graf, 2001). Albayrak and Lemmin (2011) conducted experiments to analyze

dynamics of secondary current within the water column and at the free surface of an open
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channel flow over a rough movable bed using combined detailed ADVP, LSPIV, and hot-film

measurements. They noticed undulations along the tangential direction and strong shear stresses
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at the bottom of the downwelling regions. Barbhuiya and Dey (2004) used ADV to measure a 3D
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turbulent flow field at a vertical semicircular cylinder, attached to the sidewall of a rectangular
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channel.

In the present study a velocimeter (ADV) is used to measure the 3D velocity components at

different vertical points of the channel sections. The effectiveness of vanes in controlling outer

bank erosion was tested in the Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory of NIT, Silchar, India. The

dimension of the experimental flume was 9.57 m upstream length, 3 m downstream length and a

7.85 m 180° curve length, 0.8 m deep and 0.8 m wide. The centerline radius of the curved path of

the channel was 2.02 m.Tests were conducted with bed materials having nonuniformity

coefficient of 2.285. At the inlet section, a vertical steel screen with approximate porosity of 0.7
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covered the full cross section for damping the flow disturbances through which water entered

into the flume. The schematic diagrams of the experimental setup, top view of the flume, and test

sections are shown in Fig. 1. An adjustable tailgate was installed at the downstream end of the

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flume to control the flow depth. The choice of the flume and location of the test section were

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chosen in such a way that:

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The flow became fully developed before it reaches the test section.

 The width of the flume bend was wide enough to generate 3D flow.

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For turbulent boundary layer thickness along smooth flat plates the equation to verify the
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conditions of fully developed turbulent flow is

δ=0.37Ld(ULd/ν)-0.2 (1)
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where δ = boundary layer thickness, and Ld= distance along the streamwise direction. The
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calculated boundary layer thickness was greater than the mean flow depth, which conveys that
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for the entire experiment the boundary layer stretched out across the unseparated flow depth. The
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water supply system was connected to the underground reservoir to supply water to the

laboratory flume. At the downstream end, a sediment trap of 1.5 m length was constructed to
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collect the scoured sediments. The main parameter for the vane test to reduce near bank

settlement was the mean flow depth. Depending on mean flow depth, other parameters such as

vane height, length of submerged vane, vane-to-bank distance, and tangential spacing were

considered. The experimental parameters were designed based on the design specifications given

by Odgaard and Wang (1991).

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2. Laboratory model experiments

The channel bed was prepared by placing sand as bed material over the entire length of the

channel. Wet sieve analysis of a 500-g soil sample gives the value of the median size of bed

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particles (d50) and nonuniformity coefficient (σg) as 0.28 mm and 2.285 respectively. For all

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experiments, sediment size was kept the same. The material was placed covering the entire

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length of the flume. The sand was then leveled, maintaining a 25-cm uniform thickness; then a

trapezoidal cross sectional channel was prepared. The side slope of the trapezoidal section was

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made in such a way that the slope angle becomes almost equal to the angle of repose of the bed
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sediments. Once the bed was prepared, water was allowed to flow very slowly so that the side

slope and the bed attains a stable cross section. The bed was then stabilized and kept for 2 days
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to enable flow measurement without change of bed profile. Bed profiles werethen measured at
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different azimuthal sections along the radial distance from the inner wall with the help of a point
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gauge. Water was again allowed to flow at a predetermined depth and velocity by controlling the
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upstream and downstream gates. Three-dimensional time-averaged velocity components u, v,

and w were then obtained by using an acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV). At each cross
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section, velocity measurements were taken at six lateral positions (5, 20, 35, 50, 65, and 75 cm

from inner wall) and vertical positions in the order of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 15 cm etc. from the

bed. The average approach velocity (U) calculated with the help of ADV was 25 cm/s. The bed

was again prepared as described above, and scour experiments were conducted after measuring

the initial bed profiles at different azimuthal sections. In order to avoid the undesirable scour,

which otherwise would happen by the action of sheet flow with inadequate flow depth, the flume

was first slowly filled with water at a low rate. After that, the discharge was increased slowly to

attain the required predetermined depth and velocity of flow. To reach the dynamic equilibrium
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of scour depth, the pump was allowed to run for about 8 hours. The pump was then stopped and

water was allowed to drain out slowly, and the scoured profile (Fig. 5A) was measured at

different azimuthal sections along the radial distance from the inner wall to the outer wall.

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Notably, the time to reach dynamic equilibrium was assessed in a trial experiment. The channel

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bed was prepared again and then submerged vanes were placed on the bed. This experiment was

repeated by placing the vanes at 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 40° with the tangential component of the

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flow. Figure 5B represents the bed profile after erosion using 15° vane angle. The detailed

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calculation of the submerged vane parameters is given in Table 1.
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3. ADV data processing and performance

Filtering of ADV data involves two processes. The first process includes filtering of individual
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time series to remove low quality measurements within the time series. The ADV signal

correlation COR, SNR, and despiking of aliased points (Wahl, 2000; Sontek Inc., 2001; Goring
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and Nikora, 2002) are the main factors that help this process. The COR and SNR filtering entails
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removing measured points within a time series whose COR or SNR values are less than the user-
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set critical values, CORcr and SNRcr. These critical values are usually set to CORcr = 70 and

SNRcr = 15. Because the value of the COR parameter is a function of the flow conditions, these

parameters can be subjective to some extent (Wahl, 2000; Martin et al., 2002; Cea et al., 2007).

Hence, a COR value 70 might not necessarily be indicative of a low quality point in need of

removal. This could be a natural outcome of sampling a higher energy flow. After filtering the

individual measurements within the time series, the second step in ADV data filtering focuses on

the resulting time series as a whole to ensure that the resulting time series, after filtering, has

enough data points to describe the mean and turbulent statistics accurately. This can be checked
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by investigating the number of points retained in a time series and by plotting the mean and

turbulent statistics to see if they reasonably follow expected trends. In our present experiments,

the value of COR was 90 and SNR was 30. The number of points in the time series was

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sufficient to represent mean and turbulence statistics.

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4. Results and discussions

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4.1Velocity distributions at bends in a nonscoured bed

Vertical distribution of a normalized time-averaged tangential velocity component, = u/U at

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different azimuthal sections before scour, are presented in Fig. 2A. Upstream at the 0° section, we

observed that the magnitude of velocity above the inner bank is little more than the approach
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velocity. At all other locations of this section, the magnitude of velocity profile is almost the same

as that of the approach velocity. At the 30° section, the magnitude of velocity in the inner side of
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the channel becomes less than the approach velocity, but velocity increases close to the bed of the
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outer slope. Above the outer bank of the 90° section, velocity increases throughout the depth of
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the channel. Further, at the 110° section, velocity gradually increases starting from the toe of the

inner bank to the outer wall. The velocity profile at the 130° section shows nonuniform

distribution on the outer zone. Downstream at the 150° section, we found that the magnitude of

velocity near the bed is little more than the other sections. The maximum tangential velocity

observed at the bend in the present experiment is 1.10 times the approach velocity. At the exit

of the bend and also on the outer side, the velocity is more than the approach velocity.

Figure 2B shows the vertical distributions of the normalized time-averaged radial velocity

component, at different azimuthal sections. Upstream at the 0° section, the magnitude

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of v is very small, indicating continuation of unidirectional flow. However, on close examination

of radial components, we found that a feeble radial flow toward the inner bank on the upper part

and away from the inner bank close to the bed in the central portion exists. Between the 30° and

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110° sections, in general the flow is from the outer to inner bank near the bed and from the inner

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to outer bank in the upper part indicating development of circulation. However, very close to the

bed of the inner toe, mild flow from inner to outer was also observed. The magnitude of radial

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components for the 130° section is from outer to inner covering almost two-thirds of flow depth,

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but no radial flow was observed in the upper zone. At the 150° section, the magnitude of cross-

flow is reduced and was mainly confined close to the bed and near the outer bank.
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The vertical distributions of normalized time-averaged vertical velocity components,
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at different azimuthal sections are presented in Fig. 2C. In general, the magnitude of the vertical
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component is negligible in the upper part of flow compared to approach flow velocity. We

observed from the figure that for all sections, the small magnitude of the vertical component with
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upward flow close to the inner sloping bed and downward flow close to the outer slope exists

except at the 0° section where the vertical component is negligible throughout the depth.
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From the velocity distribution diagrams of nonscoured bed without protection, we observed that

velocity attains its maximum value near the outer bank at the downstream part of the bend. The

magnitude of tangential velocity increases near the outer bank and is reduced near the inner bank

in general. At the entry of the bend, at the 0° section, the transition was smooth and no vortex

developed. As the flow moves downstream, between the 30° and 110° sections, there was a

formation of vortex flow covering almost the whole cross sectionthat was initiated by centrifugal

force. However, at some locations near the toes of the inner and outer banks, small local vortices

were also observed. The scour phenomenon at the bend can be explained with the help of the
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observed flow pattern. As the centrifugal force is proportional to the square of the velocity, more

force is exerted on the upper layer at the bend and causes a superelevated nature of water surface

across the section, with a higher level at the outer bank. This elevated water surface induces

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additional gravity force resulting in the development of a downflow component along the outer

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bank. The accelerated flow along the outer bank in combination with downward flow along the

outer slope dislodges the materials, part of it is carried away downstream, and a small part is

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deposited on the inner sloping bank. Here, in the present experiments, we tried to reduce the

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magnitude of the tangential flow component acting on the bed near the toe zone of the outer bank

and also intercepted the cross-flow by placing submerged vanes along the outer bank at different
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angles with the tangential flow component.
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4.2 Scour at bend and protection using a submerged vane

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Submerged vanes were placed along the outer bank of the bend at different vane angles with the
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tangential component of the flow to assess its applicability as bank protection measure and to
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determine the optimum angle in reducing outer bank erosion. The details of the experimental

results with vane angles 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 40° are shown in Figs. 3B-F respectively. Figure

3A represents scour at different azimuthal sections without a submerged vane. We observe from

the figure that maximum scour occurred between the 110° and 130° bend angles. Almost the

same magnitude of scour was also noticed downstream of the 130° section, which is mainly

because of the accelerated flow developed near the exit of the bend. From Fig. 3B, we find that

submerged vanes placed at 10° resulted in the reduction of scour depth along the outer bank from

the 10° to 130° sections, while little more erosion was found along the centre line of the same
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zone when compared with the scour bed profile without vanes. There was very little effect on the

scour profile near the exit of the bend. At the 15° vane angle, there was improvement in the

reduction of scour depth along the outer bank compared to the 10° vane angle, particularly at the

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upper zone of the bend as shown in Fig. 3C. However, there was a small increase in scour depth

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near the centre of the 150° section. When submerged vanes were placed at a 20° angle, scour

depth was found to increase at the outer bank of the bend starting from the 30° section to the

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150° section, but small recovery of the depth was noticed on the inner bank extending up to the

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centre of the channel between the 110° and 150° sections. At the 130° and 150° cross sections,

maximum scour was found to occur near the outer wall (Fig. 3D). For a 30° vane angle, some
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deposition occurred on the inner bank except near the entry and exit of the bend (Fig. 3E). Flow

area at the 10° section — increased by erosion of the bed and in general magnitude of scour
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along the outer bank — was little more than the previous experiments. The scour profile as
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shown in Fig. 3F is the result of an increase in submerged vane angle from 30° to 40°. We
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observed that in some places along the toe line of the outer bank erosion is less compared to the
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30° vane angle, but the outer bank has eroded more than the 30° angle.
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In this series of tests, a single array of vanes were installed at various angles as described by the

tangential flow component to determine the best angle of the vanes, which provides maximum

reduction of the outer bank scour at bend. Scour reduction for each vane angle (Sr) was

calculated using the following equation:

From the plotted graph, percentage reduction vs. vane angles (Fig. 4) clearly defines the

significant effect of vane angle on scour reduction. For vane angles of 10°, 15°, 20°, 30° and 40°,

scour depth reduction was found to be 9.7, 37.5, 27.8, 16.7, and -9.7% respectively.
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Figure 4 clearly describes the effectiveness of submerged vane angles on scour reduction. The

calculated scour depth reduction for a 10° vane angle was 9.7%, which indicates that scour

reduction using the 10° vane angle was not very effective. At 15° vane angle, the reduction of

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scour depth is almost 37.5%, indicating improvement over the 10° vane angle. When the vane

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angle is further increased to 20°, scour depth is reduced to 27.6%. Performance of the submerged

vane at 30° and 40° angles are also not satisfactory, resulting in the reduction of scour depths

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equal to 16.7% and -9.7% respectively. Vanes were designed to generate local secondary flow,

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which reduces mean flow circulating near the bed flow profile and redistributes the sediment

load within the channel cross section. When the vane angle is placed at 10°, development of local
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secondary flow was not very significant; and the diversion of the accelerated tangential flow

component away from the outer bank was also not very effective, resulting in a minimum affect
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on scour depth reduction. The reduction of scour depth may be because of the interception of

cross flow from outer to inner bank. As vane angle is increased to 15°, in addition to interception
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of cross-flow tangential flow in the lower layer was also partially diverted away from the toe of
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the outer bank and the reduction of scour depth was maximum. Scour was mainly attributable to
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accelerated flow passing between vanes and the outer wall. With further increase of vane angles,

mainstream flow is obstructed, resulting in the reduction of flow area and development of

turbulence caused by separation of flow at the leading edge around the vanes. Turbulence

generated local scour around the vanes. As the scour hole increases, the outer slope collapses;

and this process goes on causing even more scour at the 40° vane angle compared to without a

vane. Although, submerged vanes cannot protect the bend scour completely, it can protect toe

erosion of the outer bank, resulting in the prevention of subsequent bank slope collapse. Thus,

continuous advancement of the outer bank can be stopped by using submerged vanes.
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5. Conclusions

This paper presents experimental findings of flow and effectiveness of submerged vanes in

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reducing outer bank scour at a 180° bend parabolic channel. In the first part, the 3D flow

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component was measured to assess the cause of erosion at bends. In the second part, submerged

vanes were tested by being placed at different angles with the tangential flow component to find

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the optimum angle of its placement for reducing outer bank scour. From the flow analysis, we

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found that the main causes of bank erosion is the development of cross-flow at the bend in

addition to accelerated flow along the outer bank caused by centrifugal force. Placing of vanes
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with a very small angle with the tangential component is not very effective in diverting the main

stream flow away from the toe of the outer bank; whereas vanes placed with large angles cause
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obstruction and separation of flow resulting in the development of a local scour hole, which leads

to more erosion at the bend.

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The main conclusions of the present study are:

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 The magnitude of maximum tangential component was found to be 1.1 times the
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approach flow velocity.

 Maximum scour at the 180° bend was found to occur between 120° and 140° bend angles

at the outer bank.

 Within the range of experimental data, the 15° vane angle produces the best results in

reducing scour depth.

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Acknowledgements

We thank numerous reviewers for their time and effort in helping to improve the manuscripts of

this special issue. We also thank Richard Marston, Dick Marston (Geomorphology Editor

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inchief), and Elsevier Journal Managers for their help and patience throughout the processes.

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1470, pp. 84.

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Simon, A., Hupp, C.R., 1992. Geomorphic and vegetative recovery processes along modified
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stream channels of West Tennessee. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, Vol. 142, pp.

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Thomson, J., 1876. On the origin of windings of rivers in alluvial plains. Proceedings of the

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Yang, S. Q., 2005. Interactions of boundary shear stress, secondary currents and velocity. Fluid

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Zhang R. J., 1989. River dynamics. Water Power Press: Beijing, China
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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

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(A)
0.3 0.3
0° 30°
0.2 0.2

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0.1 0.1

z/b
z/b

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0 0

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-0.1 -U 0 U -0.1

-0.2 -0.2

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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/b MA r/b

0.3 0.3
90° 110°
0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
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z/b

z/b
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0 0

-0.1 -0.1
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-0.2 -0.2
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

r/b r/b
0.3 0.3
130° 150°
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0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
z/b

z/b

0 0

-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/b r/b
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(B)
0.3 0.3
0° 30°
0.2 0.2

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0.1 0.1

z/b
z/b

0 0

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-U 0 U

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-0.2 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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r/b r/b

0.3 0.3
90° 110°
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0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
z/b

z/b
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0 0
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-0.1 -0.1
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-0.2 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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r/b r/b
0.3 0.3
130° 150°
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0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
z/b
z/b

0 0

-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/b r/b
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(C)
0.3 0.3
0° 30°
0.2 0.2

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0.1 0.1
z/b

z/b
0 0

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-U 0 U

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r/b r/b

0.3 0.3
90°
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0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
z/b
z/b

0 0
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-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

r/b r/b
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0.3 0.3
130° 150°
0.2 0.2
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0.1 0.1
z/b

z/b

0 0

-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/b r/b
Fig. 2. Vertical distributions of normalized time-averaged velocity component along the (A) x-
axis ( ), (B) y-axis ( ), and (C) z-axis ( ) at azimuthal sections Ө= 0°, Ө= 30°, Ө= 90˚, Ө= 110˚,
Ө= 130°, and Ө= 150˚. Left and right side of the graph represent inner and outer bank
respectively.
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30 Original bed level 30 Original bed level

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Scour depth, cm

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30 90° 30 90°
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15 35
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35 110° 110°
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25

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25 25
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25 25
Scour depth, cm

Scour depth, cm

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28 28
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110° 35 110°
30 30
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Channel width, cm Channel width, cm
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25 25

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Scour depth, cm
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35 35
30 90° 30 90°
25 25

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30 110° 30
110°
25 25
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30 150° 30 150°
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Fig. 3. Scour bed profile at azimuthal sections Ө= 0°, Ө= 30°, Ө= 90˚; Ө= 110˚, Ө= 130°, and
Ө= 150˚ for (A) without vane, (B) vane placed at an angle of attack 10°, (C) vane placed at an
angle of attack 50°, (D) vane placed at an angle of attack 20°, (E) vane placed at an angle of
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attack 30°, and (F) vane placed at an angle of attack 40°.

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Maximum scour, in cm

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Submerged vane angle, in degrees
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Fig. 4. Performance of submerged vane angles on scour reduction.
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Fig. 5. (A) Scour without vane, and (B) scour with vane at 15° vane angle.

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Table 1
Submerged vane parameters
Vane parameters Design specification Vane dimensions for present study
Average bankful depth: ------------------ 20 cm
Vane height: (0.2-0.4) × Avg bankful depth 7.5 cm

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Vane Width: (2-3) × vane height 18.75 cm
Submerged vane angle: 13°- 40° 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 40°
Streamwise spacing: (10-30) × vane height 75 cm

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Shouid not exceed (4× vane
Vane to bank distance: 15 cm
height)

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No of vane arrays: Enough to cover entire 180° bend

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