3 Excitation System When the load on the power system changes, the terminal voltage of the generator changes. Therefore, 10 maintain the terminal voltage within permissible standards, the excitation of the generator must be decreased or increased depending upon the situation prevailing to protect the devices or apparatus which is operating in the power system. This can be achieved by employing automatic voltage regulator (AVR), The basic function of an excitation system is to provide direct current to the synchronous machine. In addition, the excitation. system performs control, and protective. functions essentially to the satisfactory performance of the power sysiem by conuolling ihe field voltage, thereby the field current. The control function include, the eontiol of voltage and reactive power flow and the enhancement of system stability. The protective function ensures thatthe capability limits of the synchroncus machine, excitatiod system and other equipment are notexceeded, In addition to voltage regulators at generaior buses static shunt capacitors, synchronous compensators, static VAR systems , tap changing transformers are also used in the power system for rapid voltage contro. Exciter Ceiling Voltage Itis the maximum voltage that may be atained by an exciter under speitic conditions Excitatio:: System Ceiling Voltage Ivis the maximum D.C. component system output voltage that is able be aitained, by an excitation system under specified conditions. Excitation System Requirements The excitation system must satisfy the following requirements |. Meet specified response eriteria Must be able to prevent damage to itself, generator and is associated equipments It should have good operating flexibility. Meet the desired reliability and availability by incorporating the nevessary levels of redundancy, internal fault detection and isolation capability. 3.1.1. Types of Excitation System ‘Based on excitation power source used, the excitation system can beclassified as < 1, D.C. Excitation systems, 2. AC. Excitation systems 3. Static Exeitation systems.32 = __ Power Syste Operation ard Cor ‘pic. Excitation Systems FT Fhis extation system utilizes D.C yenerators as SOureS of excitation power and prove uirent to the totor of the synchrorous machine through slip rings. “The DC. exeltaion systems were used inthe arin days: ‘Now it has been superseded AC exc 1 ; AC. Excitation System SORTA “This excitation system uses alemators (A,C. machines) as sours of the main gener excitation power. Usually, the exeter ison the same shaft as the turbine ‘The AC. ouiputor the exiteris rectified by ether controled oF ‘un-controlled res to provide the cect current forthe generator field. Static Excitation Systems ' |The: components in these systems are static oF ‘controlled or un-controlled, supply the excitation cu “synchronous generator through slip rings. The ain sour ‘the main generator through a transformer {0 step ‘time of starting, supplied through battery power. hoxau vok cto SIF aesttion Stem ; she field winding is supplied though slip tings This sytem is avantgous sit saheret time constant, inexpensive and easily maintainable a 44.22. Alternator Voltage Regulator Excitation System ‘The excitation system consists of main exciter (a D.C. genesaor) which excites the aheritor field to control the output voltage. The exciter field is astomatically controlled ‘through error signal (e). = © = Vie - Vr where, Vu = Reference signal. Vz = Potential transformer output voltaye The error signal is amplified through voltage amplifier. The eror signal decides the firing angle of the thyristors which depends upon terminal voltage Thus, the specified voltage is ‘obtained at the alternator output, The stabilizing transformer is used in addition to the error signal o dump system excitations. The schematic diagram of alternator voltage regulator is shown in Fig3.2. Alteration Votage sor “Anpiter Stbising Tr i 32 TYPICAL EXCITATION SYSTEM (OR) TYPICAL BRUSHLESS AUTOMATIC. VOLTAGE REGULATOR Inother power plants, the exciter consists of D.C. generator driven by the main generator shaft. This type of excitation uses slip rings and brushes for the transfer of D.C. power to the totor of alternator. ; ‘As we have already seen, out of the three types of excitation systems, the modem excitation system tend tobe either “brushless or stati design”. Here the exeiter consists of an 344 alternator with “rotating armature type and stationary field”. ée., the 3-p-armature on the Fig 3.2, Schematic diagram of alternator volige regulator _—=re voltage is rectified by “diode A.C armatut rotor and th field onthe stator THE into the main generator field, mounted on rotating shaft, eliminates the need fr slip 1sxctaion Stem Via (8) AVES) = Ae) ‘The Model of comparator is shown in Fig. 4BoP St praia Ci Typical value of ky are inthe range of 10 to 400 and Th are in the range of Ogp O.1 see. S Exciter “The purpose ofthe excitr is to supply field eurent to the rotor field ofthe synchro “generator ; “Let R, bethe excitr field resistor. L be the exciter field inductance,3 a ee a Initial error, Bey = AIMep 7 AN Ie) ig. 318, AVR block after 4. \p Hunan nnd AID SY