________ Real Power Frequency Control ree ee 2.1, INTRODUCTION TO REAL POWER FREQUENCY CONTROL Real or Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed during normal Operahont of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing load, in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a tolerable limit of 25%. AA change in system load causes a change in the speed of all Turbine generator systems, Jeading to change in system frequency. Primary Control: The speed change from synchronous speed initiates the governor control action resulting in all the participating generator — turbine units taking up the change in load, and stabilizes the system frequency. Secondary Control : It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine ~ generator units so as o give nominal value of frequency. The frequency control is a matter of speed control of the machines in the generating stations, The frequency of a power system is dependent entirely upon the speed at which the generators are rotated by their prime movers, All prime movers, whether they are steam or hydraulic turbines, are equipped with speed governors which ate purely mechanical speed sensitive devices. to adjust the gate or control valve opening for constant speed Weknow = N= = Nef where, N = Speed inspm. f = Frequency in Hz, p = Number of poles. So, the frequency of the system can be varied by varying the speed of the turbine Frequency is closely related to real power balance of the overall network. Under ‘normal operating conditions, the system generators run synchronously and generate power which is drawn by all the loads and real power losses. Power system operation at a lower frequency than the specified maximum permissible ‘change in frequency is + 0.5 Hz affects the quality of power supply.input to this amplifier isthe postion X,, ofthe plot valve. ‘The output isthe postion Xy the main pision, Hydraulic ampificain is neessary, so thatthe steam valve or gate could Moe ‘operated against high pressure steam, n Linkage Mechanism "ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link pivoted at D. ‘The func ‘of the Jink mechanism is to control the steam valve o gare, We get feedback from T smoxement ofthe steam valve via link CD. Working As load increases, the speed othe turbine deoreases, the speed changer gives ‘command and the fly balls move outwards and the point B moves downwards and D d ‘upwards and high pressure ol enters into the upper pilot valve and presses the ma downwards and opens the value ot gate (i...) inoreases the flow of steam to the tubing Thereby, speed ofthe turbine increases and maintains constant frequency. Model of Speed Governor We shall develop the mathematcal model based on small deviations around a nomi steady state. Consider the steam is oporating under steady state and is. delivering po 4° fron the generatoy at nominal frequency f° ‘Let X,° be the steam value setting ‘Let us assume that raise command APo, to the speed changer, the point A be: snwards by a small amount AX, which eauses the turbine power output to change, AK, = he APE 4 us assume positive direction for downward movement and negative direstion AXq = hy AX, = — A RAP 9 4X, comributes “(i) Increase in frequency Af causes the fy bulls to move outwards so that B downwards by a proportional amount ky A Axe = hte Poth Ai ment of D: “Itis comibured by AX¢ and AX,. The movement AX, is the amount by which the pil ‘ale opens, thereby moving the man piston and opening the steam valve by AX, I; |AXe = Slan AX, AXy = |The Bock Saga ne spool governors sown 3 G22: wg) ov) |Real Power Pregueney Coniral Generator Load Model Toxo be aera _[osoe emer moos’ gc hh pi Doct soon oe ene len gad RL an : pin pn (BP, seal econ esa aa 1, By increasing the kinetic energy in the rotor atthe rate ( di Ke: wed = WoPe KWase {Inertia constant H is defined asthe ratio of i rating of the generator] tio of kinetic energy sored in the rotor tothe MVA . 1h ne = 9 > eel 9) Serene 2.10) Dividing equation 2.10) by 2.9), we x ot Af |? ee | [Neglecting second onder tem} 5 a Rate of change of fan ey A : Hed Substituting P= eg 2.12) 2. As the frequency changes, the moor loa changes Pe sensitive wo speed ay ate oFchange of load with respecttofequene) “Gy B B = Damping coefficient in MW/Hz. where ce for motor load. Value of damping coefficient is post ‘APp-4Pp = BAL Writing power balance equation, 2HP, di APg-4Py = fy dt (af)* Bas 213) Dividing by P,, We Be 2H d APG pu~SPo pa ~ Jo dtTaking Laptace transioem oo both sides, We get arcer-are) = EE an BARE) fils = ano | +B APGG)-arpe) ~ ARO] 7 ] APo(s) APR) SF) > ahr Br By, AFG) = APG) = are aS fy > f+ Powergen ginSteady State Response jerator ouput To fi the resulting ven sa vaijisade AP of te ipeo! Sage Qi, Applying final value theorem (i) Uncomroled Case : [Let us assume thatthe oad suddenly increases by small amount AP. Consider there is no extemal network and the generator is delivering a power toa single load. Since AP = 0, fg k= 1 i 01> TTA L AFG) 1 7 es am Se fray sAPele) apo | R a BP sion) = {Lt SAPGG) = =e Fe oalican 19 [APajay ~~] ‘The physical significance of feedback parameter ‘R’ is called as speed regulation, In Practice, the powers measured in puand now te unit ofR willbe Hop.u MW. aThe additional output AP laeane Tes tconrtiotd cor! ofthe a pst of the spe vere orig eal nits at desired frequency fan to achieve any desired load division within the capabilites ieieacatigein CHE] to erent conrols ar cari out on the governor characteristics. The paranee °° is adjusted during ofPine conan ofthe anit to ene is. proper op ‘ordination with the other units. The second control ‘shifts the Straight line characteristics parallel to itself to change the load distribution among the generators connected in parallel as ‘well as to maintain the system frequency. The second control al: ‘control is explained in Fit Io known as supplementary See it 28 Paral operation of 0 aternators