Canada

Basic info about Canada

● Canada is a country in the northern part of North America.
● It is world's second-largest country ​with the population of approximately 38 million people.
● Its capital city is Ottawa and its three largest cities are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
● Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories.
● Federally there are two official languages in Canada – English and French.
● Québec is the only province where French, rather than English, is the official lg.
● New Brunswick is the only province that has both French and English as official lgs.

Indigenous people in Canada

Indigenous Canadians also known as Aboriginal Canadians, are the indigenous peoples within the
boundaries of Canada. They comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis.
● The First Nations are the predominant indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic Circle. There
are 634 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which
are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.
● Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland,
Canada and Alaska. The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo–Aleut family.
● The Métis people in Canada are specific cultural communities who trace their descent to First Nations
and European settlers, primarily the French, in the early decades of the colonisation of the west. They
are recognized as one of Canada's aboriginal peoples under the Constitution Act of 1982, along with
First Nations and Inuit peoples.
MAPA NR 1
Here on this map we can see how the Indigenous Peoples are spread throughout the territory of Canada
today. The are marked with the purple colour is where the percentage is the highest.
MAPA NR 2
● Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are the only two jurisdictions where aboriginal languages
have official status.
● In ​Nunavu​t - Inuktitut and ​Inuinnaqtun​, known collectively as the Inuit Language, are official
languages alongside the national languages of English and French,
● In the ​Northwest Territories​, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different
languages: ​Chipewyan​, Cree, English, French, ​Gwich’in​, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, ​Inuvialuktun​,
North Slavey​, ​South Slavey​, and ​Tłįchǫ​.

History
Colonization
● Various native peoples lived in Canada before the British and the French started settling along
the Atlantic coast beginning in the 16th century.
● Up to the middle of the 18th century, the territory of what is today Canada comprised several
French and British colonies.
● Fighting between Great Britain, France, and their respective allies in North America broke out in
1754, two years before the Seven Years’ War on the European continent, as part of a rivalry for
imperial power.
● The war in North America is known in the United States as the “French and Indian War” and in
Quebec as the “War of Conquest”.
● With the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France gave up nearly all of its colonies in North America to
Great Britain.
● Royal Proclamation (1763) was what forced British law and practices on British colonies in North
America, including those with large French populations.
Quebec Act
set out the principles of governance in the Province of Quebec
the Quebec Act was passed to gain the loyalty of the local French-speaking majority of the Province of
Quebec
-guaranteed the practice of the Catholic faith in Québec
-allowed French civil law in private matters. In matters related to public administration, such as criminal
prosecution, the common law system applied
Constitution Act, 1867
-English and French as the official languages of the Canadian Parliament and courts​
-English and French as the official languages of the Quebec provincial legislature and courts​
Quebec’s Quiet Revolution
rapid social change, modernisation of Quebec, redefinition of the role of French Canadians within
Confederation

Period of intense social, political, economic and cultural change in Quebec​

-rise of francophone nationalism​
-the separatist movement gained momentum​
-brought the issue of French cultural and language politics to the forefront of Canadian politics​
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Also known as the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission
in response to the overall Quiet Revolution in Quebec, Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson
created the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963
in response to the overall Quiet Revolution in Quebec, Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson
created the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963

Ten commissioners were chosen

The commission was charged with three main areas of inquiry: the extent of bilingualism in the federal
government, the role of public and private organizations in promoting better cultural relations, and the
opportunities for Canadians to become bilingual in English and French.
The commissioners used the concept of "equal partnership" as their guiding principle, i.e., equal
opportunity for francophones and anglophones to participate in the institutions affecting their lives.

What the Commission found is that according to them the country was passing through a national crisis.
the Commission rejected the creation of two unilingual regions in Canada, where the primary language in
Quebec would have been French, while the rest of the country would have been dominated by English.
The best strategy would be ​to create a single bilingual community

Official Languages Act of 1969

three main objectives:
a)The equality of English & French in parliament within the government of Canada, the federal
administrations and institutions
b)The preservation and development of official language communities in Canada
c)The equality of English and French in Canadian society
-made English and French the official languages of Canada​
-requires all federal institutions to provide services in English or French on request​
-created the office of Commissioner of Official Languages to oversee its implementation​
Language planning
Canada is a country with two official languages, but only a small portion of the
population is competent in both of them.
All federal laws are enacted in both English and French, and federal government services must be
available in both languages.
The responsibility of monitoring the linguistic situation lies in the hands of Canada’s Official Languages
Commissioner, an office created by the 1988 official Languages Act. The main tasks of the
Commissioner are to ensure the equality of English and French within Canada’s institutions and in
Canadian society at large, preserving and developing official language communities, receiving
complaints from the public, undertaking inquiries, and making recommendations regarding the status of
the two official languages.

Bilingual education
● The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms from 1982, includes several language rights; it
states that ​public education will be available in all provinces in both official languages​,
where numbers warrant it;
● the Government is committed to respect the ​constitutional guarantees of minority language
educational rights​ and to enhance opportunities for all to learn both English and French;
● parents should be allowed to have their ​children attend schools in the language of their
choice​ in regions where there is sufficient demand;
● Canada’s education system was reformed, bilingual education models were established for those
who wanted to use them, and school children across the country were made to learn both
languages.
● Since 1965 ​French Immersion​ became ​one of the most highly funded programs in Canada’s
school system​. In partial immersion, only about half of the teaching is in French. Immersion
programmes can also be divided into ​early, middle and late start​ (grades one, three and six,
respectively). Similar ​English-immersion programmes also exist for Francophone children​.
● Education is ​generally monolingual​ in either English or French. ​Quebeck​ applies a ​protectionist
language and educational policy​ aimed at protecting French from a language shift to English.
French is a medium of instruction at school​; ​only children from Anglophone households may
attend schools with English as a language of instruction​.
● Canada offers ​bilingual programmes for First Nations’ languages​ ​on some reserves​ in
combination with English, French, or both.
● Programmes in immigrant languages exist​. Bilingual ​Ukrainian-English education programmes
have long been established in Manitoba​. Since 2002, a bilingual ​Mandarin Chinese-English
immersion programme at six elementary school levels exist in Vancouver​, which has a sizeable
Chinese minority; a secondary school continuation programme is planned. ​Similar programmes
are being developed for Hindi and Punjabi in the Surrey​, a suburb of Vancouver. There are
private Islamic and Jewish schools across Canada​ which also have bilingual and trilingual
programmes, including Arabic and Hebrew. ​Hebrew, among other languages, is now offered in
some elementary public schools in Winnipeg​.
● In both English- and French-medium schools, one can ​study and take state exams in Japanese,
Punjabi, Mandarin Chinese, French, Spanish, and German​ at the secondary level.
Individual bilingualism in Canada

Issues

Support for bilingualism is mixed

Strongest support can be found in the so called Bilingual Belt
both English and French are regularly spoken
extends from New Brunswick in the east through Quebec, Eastern and Northern Ontario and Southern
Manitoba
outside this belt in Quebec the majority of population is francophone
the rest of Canada, outside the belt, is overwhelmingly anglophone
these days there are supporters and opponents of bilingualism in every part of Canada

https://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/official-bilingualism-canada-history-and-debates.html#history​ ta
strona jest fajna

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Canada

https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/Bilingualism_and_Language_Policy_in_Canada.ppt​ to jest ta prezentacja

którą znalazłam

https://www.canada.ca/en/services/culture/canadian-identity-society/languages.html

https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-languages-bilingualism/about.html

https://schoolworkhelper.net/bilingualism-canada-history-importance/​ to jest takie sobie ale i tak

wstawiam

NIe wiem czemu zaczęłam czytać o czekoladzie

https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/serapprocher-connect/chocolate