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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
ULK POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
P.O Box 2280
Website://www.ulkpolytechnic.ac.rw

E-mail: polytechnic.institute@ulk.ac.rw

MODULE OF INDUSTRIAL SCHEMATIC

ANALYSIS
By:
Eng. GASIRABO Eugène&NZITONDA Innocent

Tel: 0788351704/0788273686
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I. DOMESTIC INSTALLATION...............................................................................................6
I.0. SYMBOLS MOSTLY USED IN DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION.............6
I.I. ONE GANG SWITCH...........................................................................................................7
I.1.1. ONE WAY SWITCH.........................................................................................................7
I.1. 2. two way switching........................................................................................................8
I.1.3. three way switching........................................................................................................9
I.2. TWO GANG SWITCH.......................................................................................................10
I.2.1. Two way two gangs......................................................................................................10
I.3. TELEBREAKER INSTALLATION...................................................................................11
I.4. INSTALLATION OF TIMER.............................................................................................12
II. ELECTRICAL SOURCES OF LIGHT, MOST USED LAMPS...........................................13
II.1. INCANDESCENT LAMPS...............................................................................................13
II.2. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS...................................................................................15
III. III. INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION................................................................................18
III.0. DIFFERENTS SYMBOLS USED IN POWER SWITCHING.......................................18
III.1. STARTING METHODS FOR 3-INDUCTION MOTOR................................................18
III.1.1. Connection of three phase asynchronous motor.........................................................19
III.1.2. Delta connection.........................................................................................................20
III.1.3. Star or wye connection...............................................................................................21
III.2. INDUSTRIAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES.......................................................................22
III. 2. 1. CONTACTOR..........................................................................................................23
III.2.2. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CONTACTOR............................................................23
ADVANTAGES.....................................................................................................................24
III.2.3. CONSTRUCTION OF CONTACTOR......................................................................24
III.2.2. CIRCUIT BREAKER................................................................................................24
III.2.1. MAIN PART OF CIRCUIT BREAKER...................................................................25
III.2.2. COMPONENT OF CIRCUIT BREAKER................................................................25
III.2.3. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER.............................................................................25
III.2.4. CIRCUIT BREAKER FUNCTION& INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION...................25
III.3. FUSE.................................................................................................................................27
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III.4.PUSH BUTTON................................................................................................................28
III.4.1. PRINCIPLE FUNCTION...........................................................................................28
III.5. WIRE................................................................................................................................29
III.5.1. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR..........................................................................29
III.5.2. CLASSIFICATION OF WIRE..................................................................................29
III.5.3. SIZE AND INDENTIFICATION OF WIRES..........................................................29
III. 6. MODALITIES OF STARTING 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS.............................30
III.6.1. DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL)......................................................................30
III.6.2. REVERSING OF D.O.L FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR......................................32
Circuit Description.....................................................................................................................34
III.6.3. STAR-DELTA STARTER.........................................................................................35
III.6.4. AUTOMATIC STAR DELTA REVERSING...........................................................39
CONTROL CIRCUIT............................................................................................................40
Principles of operation............................................................................................................40
III.6.5. STAR DELTA STARTING WITH CAM SWITCH.................................................41
III.6.5.1. Commutators Switch..................................................................................................41
III.6.6. AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER........................................................................44
POWER CIRCUIT.................................................................................................................45
III.6.7. ROTOR IMPEDANCE STARTER...........................................................................45
III.6.7. STATOR RESISTANCE STARTING......................................................................47
III. 6.7. SINGLE PHASE MOTORS.....................................................................................60
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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 : ONE WAY SINGLE GANG SWITCH......................................................................7

FIGURE 2: DIFFERENT SYMBOLS OF ONE WAY SINGLE GANG SWITCH......................7
FIGURE 3: TWO WAY ONE GANG SWITCH............................................................................8
FIGURE 4: DIFFERENT INSTALLATION DIAGRAM OF TWO WAY ONE GANG
SWITCH..................................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 5: INTERMEDIATE SWITCH........................................................................................9
FIGURE 6: DIFFERENT DIAGRAM INSTALLATION OF INTERMEDIATE SWITCH.......10
FIGURE 7: ONE WAY TWO GANG SWITCH..........................................................................10
FIGURE 8: DIFFERENT DIAGRAMS INSTALLATION OF TWO GANG SWITCH.............10
FIGURE 9:TELEBREAKER INSTALLATION..........................................................................11
FIGURE 10: DIFFERENT INSTALLATION DIAGRAM OF TELEBREAKER......................11
FIGURE 11: TIMER INSTALLATION.......................................................................................12
FIGURE 12:DIFFERENT DIAGRAMS OF INSTALLATION OF TIMER...............................12
FIGURE 13: INCANDESCENT LAMP CONSTRUCTION.......................................................14
FIGURE 14: INCANDESCENT LAMP INTERNAL STRUCTURE..........................................15
FIGURE 15:FLUORESCENT LAMP INTERNAL STRUCTURE.............................................16
FIGURE 16: STAR CONNECTIONS..........................................................................................20
FIGURE 17: MOTOR TERMINAL BLOCK...............................................................................20
FIGURE 18: MOTOR WINDINGS CONNECTED IN DELTA..................................................21
FIGURE 19: MOTOR TERMINAL BLOCK...............................................................................22
FIGURE 20: MOTOR WINDINGS CONNECTED IN STAR....................................................22
FIGURE 21: SYMBOL FOR A CONTACTOR...........................................................................23
FIGURE 22: INTERNAL PART OF CIRCUIT BREAKER........................................................26
FIGURE 23: PUSH BUTTON SWITCH......................................................................................28
FIGURE 24: POWER AND CONTROL CIRCUITS OF INDUCTION MOTORS WITH DOL
STARTING............................................................................................................................31
FIGURE 25: POWER CIRCUIT FOR DOL FORWARD-REVERSE.........................................32
FIGURE 26:CONTROL CICUIT D.O.L REVERSE (SEMI AUTOMATIC )............................33
FIGURE 27: CONTROL CIRCUIT WHEN MOTOR RUN IN FORWARD (LEFT) &
REVERSE (RIGHT) DIRECTION.......................................................................................33
FIGURE 28: INDUCTION MOTOR WITH STAR DELTA STARTER.....................................38
FIGURE 29: CONTROL CIRCUIT STAR DELTA.....................................................................38
FIGURE 30: POWER CIRCUIT WITH AUTOMATIC STAR DELTA REVERSE..................39
FIGURE 31: CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH AUTOMATIC STAR DELTA REVERSE.............40
FIGURE 32: EXPLODED VIEW OF CAM SWITCH.................................................................42
FIGURE 33: RELIED VIEW OF A TYPICAL CAM SWITCH..................................................42
FIGURE 34: CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT WITH THE COMMUTATORS SWITCH.............43
FIGURE 35: IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT OF CAM SWITCH....................................................44
FIGURE 36: I.M WITH AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER..................................................45
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FIGURE 37: ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTING CIRCUIT.....................................................46

FIGURE 38: STATOR RESISTANCE STARTING CIRCUIT...................................................48
FIGURE 39: SINGLE – PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR............................................................61
FIGURE 40: SPLIT PHASE I.M...................................................................................................62
FIGURE 41:PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SPLIT PHASE MOTOR............................................62
FIGURE 42: CAPACITOR START MOTOR..............................................................................63
FIGURE 43: PERMANENT – SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTOR....................................................63
FIGURE 44: CAPACITOR - START CAPACITOR – RUN MOTOR........................................64
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INDUSTRIAL AND ELECTRICAL SCHEMATICS ANALYSES

Course content:

General: basic of electrical equipments symbols, Building drawings, earthing, house installation,
wiring materials, accessories, types of diagrams and their advantages, making estimates of
materials making and preparing the work plan identify types of wires and cables. Protection by
circuit breakers, causes of over current,

Domestic installation: Domestic AC power plugs and sockets, Electrical conduit, electrical
symbols, switches, one way circuit, two way circuit intermediate switch circuit, radial circuit,
and ring with spurs circuit. Installation circuits, single diagram and wiring diagram, Installation
of most used circuits like discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, bell alarms circuits.

Industrial installation: Contactors, relays protecting devices, control and protection circuits,
power circuits, signaling systems , starting machines circuits of single and three phase machines,
braking machines circuits of single and three phase machines,

Repairing and maintenance: electrical defaults in domestic installation and industrial

installations,
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I. DOMESTIC INSTALLATION

I.0. SYMBOLS MOSTLY USED IN DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

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I.I. ONE GANG SWITCH

I.1.1. ONE WAY SWITCH

Where: L1: Phase (live)

F1: fuse or CB

E1and E2:
lamps

N: neutral line

Figure 1 : One way single gang switch

a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram c) single line diagram

Figure 2: Different symbols of one way single gang switch

This is fairly obvious, but when the switch is ‘on’ the COM and L1 terminals are connected
together. When ‘off’ they are not. Basically, this is just two single way switches on one face
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plate This format of light switch has three discreet switches on a single face plate. Basically this
is three Single gang 1 way switches on a single face plate.

I.1. 2. two way switching 

This means having two or more switches in different locations to control one lamp. They are
wired so that operation of either switch will control the light. This arrangement is often found in
stairways, with one switch upstairs and one switch downstairs or in long hallways with a switch
at either end.

Here we have a two way switching system that utilizes two single gang two-way switches and a
three wire control.

Or

Figure 3: two way one gang switch

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a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram c) single line diagram

Figure 4: different installation diagram of two way one gang switch

I.1.3. three way switching

Here we have a 3 way switching lighting circuit (sometimes called two ways switching with
intermediate). This allows a single light to be turned on or off from any of the switches. This
page shows it wired in the new cable colors if your house has the old colors you want to go here:
This is very similar to the two way switching circuit but with and additional intermediate
switch introduced into the three wire control cable that links the two end light switches

Or
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Figure 5: intermediate switch

a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram c) single line diagram

Figure 6: different diagram installation of intermediate switch

I.2. TWO GANG SWITCH

I.2.1. Two way two gangs

This helps the use to command two light positions from on position using two different gangs
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Figure 7: One way two gang switch

a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram c) single line diagram

Figure 8: different diagrams installation of two gang switch

Note: This to let you know that there exist other switches with o lot of gangs depending on how
many directions of switching point’s three gangs, even four gangs.

I.3. TELEBREAKER INSTALLATION

This system helps the electrical installation to command one system of lighting from a lot of
points by using push button

Figure 9:Telebreaker installation

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a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram

b) Single line diagram

Figure 10: different installation diagram of telebreaker

I.4. INSTALLATION OF TIMER

Figure 11: Timer installation

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a) Architectural diagram b) developed diagram

c) Single line diagram

Figure 12:different diagrams of installation of timer

II. ELECTRICAL SOURCES OF LIGHT, MOST USED LAMPS.

A) BASIC THEORY OF LIGHT

1. SOURCE: the light source has a luminous intensity (symbol I) and is measured in candela.
2. FLOW - the flow of light or light flux (symbol f) which is measured in lumens.
3. ILLUMINANCE (symbol E): when light falls on a surface, the level of illumination on that
surface is referred to as illuminance. The unit of measurement is lux (lumens per square meter)
4. LUMINANCE (symbol L): The fourth stage of this process is the light leaving the surface
which has been illuminated by the source.
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Consider a situation where the same amount of light strikes both a “dark” surface and a ”bright”
surface. The illuminance is the same in each case but due to the greater reflectance of the
“bright” surface it now becomes a secondary source of light. Its luminance will therefore be
much greater than that of the dark surface.
Luminance is measured in lumens emitted per sqm. (not to be confused with Illuminance which
is lumens received per sq. m.) And the unit used is “APOSTILB” which is not a S.I. unit. The
luminance may be thought of as the brightness of the surface. The term brightness is a subjective
term however, whereas luminance is objective.
Luminance is usually be measured in candela per square meter, the illuminated surface being
considered a secondary light source.

II.1. INCANDESCENT LAMPS

a) Structure of an incandescent lamp

i. Filament materials: These are of carbon and tungsten, when the temperature increases
wave length decreases, till it reaches 7*10-5 cm and falls in visible range. The light
emitted is proportional to the 12th power of absolute temperature and this is the reason
why lamps run at high temperature as fall as possible.
ii. Filament design: it has been already established that the current through the lamp is
proportional to d3/2. Thus V/I=4pl/ᴨd2, for a selected diameter of the filament, we can
find the length of the filament.
iii. Construction of lamp: if the space in the lamp is replaced with the inert gas, tungsten
filament can reach a temperature of 2400k without evaporation. Due to higher
temperatures occurs, loss of heat due to temperatures occurs. So the heat is reduced by
gases like nitrogen or argon.

The conversion loss is minimized by coiled coil filament. Spiral filament is used now to
prevent heat losses. During manufacture, all air is pumped out of glass envelope to
prevent filament burning up when operating.
Lamps larger than 40 watts are filled with inert gas (argon and nitrogen) to retard
evaporation of tungsten.
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Figure 13: incandescent lamp construction

b) Principle of incandescent lamps

Incandescent lamps are also known as filament lamps. These lamps work on the principle of
incandescent lamps. According to which, when current is passed through the wire, both heat and
the light are produced. when wire in red hots it exist more heat as compare to light. At white hot
position, the amount of light radiations being much more than heat energy.

The materials used for filament lamp must have following properties:

i. It should have high melting point

ii. It should have high resistivity
iii. It should have low temperature coefficient
iv. It should have low vapor pressure
v. It should be strong mechanically to withstand vibration during normal use
vi. It should be ductile so that it can be drown into very thin wires.

The materials used for filament are: carbon, osmium, tantalum and tungsten.

Now-a-days tungsten in most commonly used metal filament because it fulfills above all
properties. Moreover lamps with tungsten filament have higher efficiency than carbon, osmium
and tantalum filament lamps.

The figure below shows a construction of a gas filled incandescent lamp which is in common use
these days.
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Figure 14: Incandescent lamp internal structure

c) Effect of glass cover

The type of cover used for the glass cover produce a vital effect on the quality of light emitted
from and incandescent bulb.

e.g. the milky glass cover gives a diffused light output which is almost natural in effect, like a
day light. The bluish glass cover gives the moon light effect.

II.2. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS

Installation with fluorescent tubes

a) Working principle

The principle of working principle of working of a fluorescent tube will be clear from the
following discussions:

We are familiar with term excitation collision and excited atom from the study of article
previously discussed. Consider a cathode filament emitting electrons after getting heated due to
supply of current in the Fig below. These electrons while accelerating collide with argon and
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mercury vapor atoms. The excited atoms of mercury give a radiation of 2537A.U. wave length in
the given case due to low pressure inside the tube. Obviously this irradiation is ultra violet and
can produce no illumination is left as such. On the other hand, if this wave length is made to
strike with certain phosphor material, there is a re-emission of light radiation of a different wave
length. This effect is called fluorescent tube.
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Figure 15:Fluorescent lamp internal structure

When the circuit above is energized, nearly full voltage appears across the starter terminals due
to low resistance of the filament and negligible current through the choke. The starter is filled
with some mono atomic gas like argon. This gas ionizes and glow appears inside the starter.
warms up the bimetallic strip carrying a moving contact. Soon after the strip bends and short
circuit the starter terminal. This gives a circulation of strong current through the filament F1 and
F2 and the chock circuits.

Different colors of light are produced by different phosphors coated on the inner side of the tube
grace cover. Some of the phosphors and color given are mentioned below.

i. Zinc silicate Green

ii. Magnesium tungstate Bluish white
iii. Cadmium borate Pink
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III. INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION

III.0. DIFFERENTS SYMBOLS USED IN POWER SWITCHING

III.1. STARTING METHODS FOR 3-INDUCTION MOTOR

A 3-phase induction motor is theoretically self starting. The stator of an induction motor consists
of 3-phase windings, which when connected to a 3-phase supply creates a rotating magnetic
field. This will link and cut the rotor conductors which in turn will induce a current in the rotor
conductors and create a rotor magnetic field. The magnetic field created by the rotor will interact
with the rotating magnetic field in the stator and produce rotation. Therefore, 3-phase induction
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motors employ a starting method not to provide a starting torque at the rotor, but because of the
following reasons;
1) Reduce heavy starting currents and prevent motor from overheating.
2) Provide overload and no-voltage protection.
There are many methods in use to start 3-phase induction motors. Some of the common methods
are;
 Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)
 Star-Delta Starter
 Auto Transformer Starter
 Rotor Impedance Starter
 Power Electronics Starter

III.1.1. Connection of three phase asynchronous motor

Figure below shows the six leads from inside the motor connected to the terminal block. The
colors of these leads may differ from one manufacturer to another. A rewound motor will most
likely have different colors.

It is essential that the polarity of the windings, are such that the three magnetic fields, are acting
in the same direction. This means that the start and finish ends of the windings must be correctly
identified before star or delta interconnections are made. Such markings are usually attached to
the ends of the windings in the motor terminal box.

Three-phase AC induction motors must be connected in either star or delta (whichever suits the
supply voltage available). The installer should refer to the manufacturer’s technical data on the
motor nameplate prior to making any connections. A motor, which is wrongly connected, will
quickly burn-out. Such three-phase motors are usually supplied with 3 links, which are used to
connect the motor windings in star or delta formation.
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Figure 16: Star Connections

III.1.2. Delta connection

To make a delta connection, the finish end of one winding is connected to the start end of the
next winding and so on. Figure below illustrates the terminal block arrangement for a motor
connected in delta.

Figure 17: Motor Terminal Block

Figure below illustrates the schematic diagram, and the delta graphical symbol.

A three-phase motor having windings rated for 400 Volts should be connected in delta to a 400
Volt three-phase supply. If connected in star in this situation it will only develop one third of its

output power, and will stall under load. (Check motor nameplate).
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A three-phase motor having windings rated for 230 V may be connected in delta to a 230 Volt
three-phase supply OR in star to a 400 Volt three-phase supply. This type of motor is referred to
as a Dual Voltage Motor. (The windings are rated for the lower of the two voltages).

Figure 18: Motor Windings connected in Delta

A three-phase motor having windings rated for 400 Volts should be connected in delta to a 400
volt three-phase supply. If connected in star in this situation it will only develop one third of its
output power, and will stall under load. (Check motor nameplate).

A three-phase motor having windings rated for 230 V may be connected in delta to a 230 Volt
three-phase supply OR in star to a 400 Volt three-phase supply. This type of motor is referred to
as a Dual Voltage Motor. (The windings are rated for the lower of the two voltages).

III.1.3. Star or wye connection

To make a star connection, the three finish ends are connected together. This connection point is
referred to as the star point. The three-phase supply is connected to the three start ends. Figure 9
illustrates the terminal block arrangement for a motor connected in star.
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Figure 19: Motor Terminal Block

Figure below shows the schematic diagram and the star graphical symbol.

Figure 20: Motor Windings connected in Star

When connected to a 400 Volt three-phase supply, a star connected motor will have 230 Volts
across each winding. Some three-phase motor windings are only suitable for 230 Volts. If
connected in delta in this situation, they will quickly burn-out. (Check motor nameplate).
Warning: Under no circumstances should the three-phase supply be connected to the star point of
the motor i.e. onto W2-U2-V2 as this will cause a short circuit across the supply

III.2. INDUSTRIAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

The main role of protecting an automatic turn on and turn off or other circuit, Is to avoid the over
voltage or over current of rated power of devices. So is very important to protect all circuits
which use electric current or voltage
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III. 2. 1. CONTACTOR

III.2.1. 1. General symbol of contactor

A1 1 3 5 13 23 31 41 53

A2 24 6 14 24 32 42 54

Figure 21: Symbol for a contactor

1. III.2.1.2. Parts of contactor
a) Main part: the lower part of the contactor of the power circuit, and it has only
normally opened contacts.

b) Control circuit: circuit for switching ON and OFF the power circuit to consumer and it is
normally for low current.

c) Power circuit: that circuit to consumer and it is normally for high current.

d) Auxiliary part: this is upper contact the control circuit and it has normally closed and
normally opened contacts.

e) holding circuit: that circuit in control circuit which is in parallel with the start push button
(switch) contact that remains closed once switch is released.

Contactor is composed by:

 Electro -magnetic, Power contact , contact spring

 Auxiliary contact, Armature (moving parts)
 Housing

III.2.2. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CONTACTOR

When apply our contactor the coil will be supplied the closed contacts will be open and open
contacts will be close automatically
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 It can put on high current consumers which an ordinary switch cannot.

 It can put all three phase in the same time which an ordinary cannot.
 It can be controlled automatically while an ordinary switch cannot.

ADVANTAGES

 To increase the number of operating station

 they are study and reliable
 Automatic operation according to terminal cycle (sequence)
 the automatic control (transducers)

Different procedures are for eliminating these electric arcs in particular air: this arc is pushed by
a magnetic flux produced by on electromagnet.

III.2.3. CONSTRUCTION OF CONTACTOR

Construction

III.2.2. CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breaker are electrical device used to automatically break on electrical circuit when it
became our load .circuit breaker must be able to respond to a short circuit which can present a
large current Flow in a short period of time.

Symbol of circuit breaker

For three phase

For single phase

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III.2.1. MAIN PART OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

The circuit breaker is composed by the following parts

 Pole with interrupter, porcelain support ,arc quenching medium

 Operating mechanism
 Support structure and Control cabinet

III.2.2. COMPONENT OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

There are five component of circuit breaker

 Electrical insulation
 Electrical contacts
 Are exiting wishing assembly
 Operating mechanism
 Trip unit containing either terminals element, a magnetic elements or both

III.2.3. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

 Low voltage circuit breaker

 Magnetic circuit breaker
 Thermal magnetic circuit breaker
 Common trip circuit breaker
 Medium-high circuit breaker
 High- voltage circuit breaker
 sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
 Disconnecting circuit breaker
 Carbon dioxide (co2) high-voltage circuit breaker

III.2.4. CIRCUIT BREAKER FUNCTION& INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION

The function of circuit breaker is to detect a fault condition and interrupter current flow
unlike a fuse which operates once and then must be replaced a circuit breaker can be rest
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either manually or automatically normal operation . Circuit breaker made in varying sizes from
small devices that protect individual.

Principal functions:

 Sense the current following in the circuit

 Measure the current following in the circuit
 Compared the measured current level to its presents trip points
 Act within a predetermined time period by opening the circuit.

Figure 22: Internal part of circuit breaker

1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates the
status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they can
still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes
referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.
2. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
4. Terminals
5. Bimetallic strip.
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6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the
device after assembly.
7. Solenoid
8. Arc divider/extinguisher

III.3. FUSE

Fuse: is a device for switch circuit by means of a contact or designed to melt when an excessive
current flow a long it.

Symbol of fuse

This fuse consists of the following parts: Porcelain tube, Silver element, End cup, Silicon,
Connection lug (where the wire are connected)

Note: fuse and circuit breaker exists the choice of their calibers depend on the section of
conductors to protection

In case of fuse

SECTION OF MM2 4.5 2.5 4 6

CONDUCTOR

CALIBER OF A 10 20 25 32
THEFUSE

TABLE 1: Caliber of fuse and their section of conductor

In case of circuit breaker

TABLE5: Caliber of circuit breaker and their section of conductor.

SECTION OF MM2 4.5 2.5 4 6

CONDUCTOR

CALIBER OF A 10 20 25 32
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THE CIRCUIT
BREAKER

III.4.PUSH BUTTON

Def: A push button is an electric switch which has one fixed position to permit a coil of
contactor in excitation or desexcitation in electric circuit.

Normally closed and open symbol of push button

1 or , 3 or

2 4

Figure 23: PUSH BUTTON SWITCH

III.4.1. PRINCIPLE FUNCTION

Push button is used to turn OFF or to turn ON the circuit where a circuit is closed you give
an impulsion on push button to the mobile party leave in initial for going in alimentation or
Supplying position.

If you remove a finger to the push button, a mobile party of push button returns in its initial
position, where in desiccation of a coil there is no holding contact in the circuit.

III.5. WIRE.

III.5.1. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR

Conductor
Is the material that contains many free electrons and is capable of carrying an electrical
Current (such as: silver, copper, Aluminums and most other are conductors).
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Insulators

Is the material that has only few free electrons (if only) and it cannot allow the current to pass
through them (wood, rubber, porcelain, mica, dry, paper, fiber glass…).

III.5.2. CLASSIFICATION OF WIRE

Wire and cable can be classified by the type of covering they have

a) Bore conductors: they have no covering; the most common use of bare conductor is in
overhead electrical transmission and distribution line

b) Insulated conductor: They have a coating of insulation over the metals

c) Stranded conductors: they consist of many stands of fine wire

III.5.3. SIZE AND INDENTIFICATION OF WIRES

The size is specified by diameter or the cross−section Area typically size is 1.5mm2, 2.5mm2, and
6mm2 etc. This means that wires are connected according to color of the wires.

Single phase 3 wire system

INTERNATIONAL COLOR CODE INTERNATIONAL COLOR CODE

1.Live wire Red 1.live wire brown

2.NeutralWire Black 2.neutral Wire Blue

3.Earth wire Bore or green 3.EarthWire Green/yellow

Three phase

INTERNATIONAL COLOUR CODE INTERNATIONAL COLOUR CODE

British standard English standard

2. Line 1 or phase 1 Red 1. Line 1 Brown

phase 1

2.Line 1 or phase1 White or yellow 1. Line 1 or phase1 Black

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3.Line 1 or phase 1 Blue 1. Line 1 phase 1 Black

4. Neutral wire Black 2. Neutral Blue

5. Earth wire Bore 3. Earth wire Green/yellow

TABLE 2: Internal color code used on three phase.

III. 6. MODALITIES OF STARTING 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

III.6.1. DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL)

The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all starting
methods and is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It directly connects the contacts
of the motor to the full supply voltage. The starting current is very large, normally 6 to 8 times
the rated current. The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times the full load torque. In order
to avoid excessive voltage drops in the supply line due to high starting currents, the DOL starter
is used only for motors with a rating of less than 5KW.There are safety mechanisms inside the
DOL starter which provides protection to the motor as well as the operator of the motor. The
power and control circuits of induction motor with DOL starter are shown in figure(1).
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Figure 24: Power and control circuits of induction motors with DOL Starting

The DOL starter consists of a coil operated contactor K1M controlled by start and stop push
buttons. On pressing the start push button S1, the contactor coil K1M is energized from line L1.
The three mains contacts (1-2), (3-4), and (5-6) in fig. (1) are closed. The motor is thus
connected to the supply. When the stop pushbutton S2 is pressed, the supply through the
contactor K1M is disconnected. Since the K1M is de-energized, the main contacts (1-2), (3-4),
and (5-6) are opened. The supply to motor is disconnected and the motor stops.
 34

III.6.2. REVERSING OF D.O.L FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR

1. POWER CIRCUIT (ONE SPEED MOTOR)

Figure 25: Power circuit for DOL Forward-Reverse

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2. Control circuit

Figure 26:Control cicuit D.O.L reverse (semi automatic )

FESTO VIEW: Control circuit for DOL Forward-Reverse

Figure 27: Control circuit when motor run in forward (Left) & Reverse (Right) Direction
 36

Circuit Description

The designed and implemented circuit is made by the different components each plays its
specific function in the system which lead to achieve the objectives listed in the first chapter. On
the above circuit, once the bush button S1 is pushed the current flow from the live of the supply
and the normally closed contact of the contact of the contactor K2 to the contactor coil of K1
which make it to be energized (magnetized); once the operator releases the push button S1 the
normally open of the contactor K1 (self-holding) is remain closed and the motor will be running
in forward direction. Because the motor must be reversed in reverse direction, we must first
avoid the reverse direction without stopping, to stop the motor it’s just required to push on S1
push button. To start the motor in reverse direction, it’s just to push on the S3 push button and
the circuit will follow the same process by the contactor K2.

Note:

The above circuit has the essential operated condition named electrical mechanical inter-lock
between contactor K1 & K2, which means that those two contactors cannot close their contacts
at the same time because the situation can cause the short circuit between L1 & L3.

To understand the electrical mechanical inter-lock we are required to follow logical ideas
as follow:

Let’s actually consider: Closed =1 and Open =0 as it is in logic theory

IV.4. Logic table for designed circuit system operation

S1 S2 S2 MOTOR RUN
(Stop) Start Start In Forward In Reverse
Forward Reverse Direction Direction
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
 37

The motor will be able to be started in forward and reverse direction respecting the operation of
XOR LOGIC GATE most used in electronic circuit.

III.6.3. STAR-DELTA STARTER

The star delta starting is a very common type of starter and extensively used, compared to the
other types of the starters. This method used reduced supply voltage in starting. Figure (2) shows
the connection of a 3phase induction motor with a star – delta starter. The method achieved low
starting current by first connecting the stator winding in star configuration, and then after the
motor reaches a certain speed, throw switch changes the winding arrangements from star to delta
configuration. By connecting the stator windings, first in star and then in delta, the line current
drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to one-third as compared to starting current with the
windings connected in delta. At the time of starting when the stator windings are start connected,
each stator phase gets voltage VL/√ 3whereVL is the line voltage. Since the torque developed by
an induction motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star- delta starting
reduced the starting torque to one – third that obtainable by direct delta starting.
 K2M Main Contactor
 K3M Delta Contactor
 K1M Star Contactor
 F1 Thermal Overload Relay
Motor Starting Characteristics of Star-Delta Starter

 Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.

 Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.

 Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.

Advantages of Star-Delta starter

 The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged

 It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.
 Good Torque/Current Performance.
 It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor connected
 38

Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter

 Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).

 Break In Supply – Possible Transients
 Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
 It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.
 It provides only 33% starting torque and if the load connected to the subject motor
requires higher starting torque at the time of starting than very heavy transients and
stresses are produced while changing from star to delta connections, and because of these
transients and stresses many electrical and mechanical break-down occurs.

 In this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then after change over
the motor is connected in delta. The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor
terminals.

 High transmission and current peaks: When starting up pumps and fans for example,
the load torque is low at the beginning of the start and increases with the square of the
speed. When reaching approx. 80-85 % of the motor rated speed the load torque is equal
to the motor torque and the acceleration ceases. To reach the rated speed, a switch over to
delta position is necessary, and this will very often result in high transmission and current
peaks. In some cases the current peak can reach a value that is even bigger than for a
D.O.L start.

 Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor rated torque will not be
able to start using the start-delta starter.

 Low Starting Torque: The star-delta (wye-delta) starting method controls whether the
lead connections from the motor are configured in a star or delta electrical connection.
The initial connection should be in the star pattern that results in a reduction of the line
voltage by a factor of 1/√3 (57.7%) to the motor and the current is reduced to 1/3 of the
current at full voltage, but the starting torque is also reduced 1/3 to 1/5 of the DOL
starting torque.
 39

 The transition from star to delta transition usually occurs once nominal speed is reached,
but is sometimes performed as low as 50% of nominal speed which make transient
Sparks.

Features of star-delta starting

 For low- to high-power three-phase motors.

 Reduced starting current
 Six connection cables
 Reduced starting torque
 Current peak on changeover from star to delta
 Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta
Application of Star-Delta Starter

  The star-delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage and light
starting Torque motors.

 The received starting current is about 30 % of the starting current during direct on line
start and the starting torque is reduced to about 25 % of the torque available at a D.O.L
start. This starting method only works when the application is light loaded during the
start. If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the
motor up to speed before switching over to the delta position.

3. III.6.3.1. Power circuit (star delta starting)

 40

Figure 28: Induction Motor with Star Delta Starter

Figure 29: Control circuit star delta

 41

III.6.4. AUTOMATIC STAR DELTA REVERSING

Power circuit

Figure 30: Power circuit with automatic star delta reverse

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CONTROL CIRCUIT

Figure 31: control circuit with automatic star delta reverse

Principles of operation

When you push a normally open push button ( N.O), a contactor K1 is excited and it closes its
self-holding then the motor run in forward direction and closes its normally open contact so that
KA1 and K4 can energized. When K4 is excited the motor starts to run in star. As we have KA1
which is a pull-in delay, after 5seconds KA1opens normally close and closes normally open
contact then K3 and KA2 are energized at the same time. When K3 is excited the motor run from
star to delta in this moment KA2 is temporizing then it opens its normally close contact and
closes its normally open contact in 7 seconds. When K1 is de-energized K2 and KA3are excited
at the same time. If K2 get current it closes its self-holding and normally open contact the motor
is directly change the direction. When the normally open contact of K2 is closed KA1and K4 are
energized. When K4 is excited the motor run in star. after 5 seconds KA1 opens its normally
closed contact and closes its normally open contact then the motor run in delta. As we know very
 43

well that we have KA3 which is still energized and is a pull-in delay it temporizes during one
minute. After one minute KA3 open its normally closed contact and K2 de-energized. KA3 also
closes its normally open contact and K1 is excited then the motor back in initial direction. The
circuit becomes automatically Forward, Reverse, Star and Delta. When you want to stop the
circuit you must press on the stop button

III.6.5. STAR DELTA STARTING WITH CAM SWITCH

III.6.5.1.Commutators Switch

Cam Operated Rotary Switches make and break the connected outputs in required sequence by
either opening or closing circuits with a set of contacts operated by a rotary Cam. The Cam,
which closes and opens contacts, has rotary movement and multiple positions, allowing multiple
circuit functions controlled through a single operation. With appropriate Cam design, functions
like “make before break” etc can be easily achieved. The number of positions and the switching
angles of Cam are flexible to offer wide selection of “operational sequences” based on the
requirements.

The principle applications of Cam Operated Rotary Switches are for making, breaking and
isolation of power circuits and switching the auxiliary circuits. Further, the flexibility in the
contact block selection, covering ratings and options to select number of contacts, is another
advantage. This ensures that a right switch is chosen for the application. CAM Switches thus
offer complete design flexibility to assemble complex switching programs, contact ratings and
customize all switching applications. The Cam Switches are suitable for AC as well as DC
applications the basic operating mechanism of Cam Switch is required to suit intended
application. “Quick-Make”, “Quick-Make-Quick-Break” and “Spring Return” operating
mechanisms are offered to cover wide range applications.

The superior engineering materials and manufacturing processes for Cam Switch components
ensure longer life, reliable electrical and mechanical endurance and thereby safe operations for
long time. “Double Butt” contacts with silver bimetal on copper provide stable electrical
performance. The high grade engineering plastics like nylon, celcon and glass filled polyamide
for the components ensure greater mechanical strength. The Cam Switches incorporate most
 44

common mounting options and also special mounting options like single hole, door interlocking
and padlocking for all applications.

International styling and finish supports the robust design and performance of the Cam Switches.
The wide option of knobs, front plates and custom marking on the script plate make the Cam
Switches compatible to the panel designs and eliminate the need for labels on the panel.

Figure 32: Exploded view of cam switch

Cam Switches incorporate two double breaks, silver alloy contacts per stage at 180 degree
disposition. The AC Switches are “Quick Make slows Break” with in-built latching device
feature in cam design. The Cam Switches can be offered for DC applications with additional
contacts in series according to the DC switching voltage and with suitable deration.

Figure 33: Relied view of a typical cam switch

 45

Circuit arrangement with the commutators switch

Figure 34: Circuit arrangement with the commutators switch

 46

3. IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT ILLUSTRATION

Figure 35: Implemented circuit of cam switch

III.6.6. AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER

The operation principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta starter method. The
starting current is limited by (using a three phase auto transformer) reduce the initial stator
applied voltage. The auto transformer starter is more expensive, more complicated in operation
and bulkier in construction when compared with the star – delta starter method. But an auto
transformer starter is suitable for both star and delta connected motors, and the starting current
and torque can be adjusted to a desired value by taking the correct tapping from the auto
transformer. When the star delta method is considered, voltage can be adjusted only by factor of
1/√ 3. Figure (3) shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with auto transformer starter.
 47

POWER CIRCUIT

Figure 36: I.M with auto transformer starter.

III.6.7. ROTOR IMPEDANCE STARTER

This method allows external resistance to be connected to the rotor through slip rings and
brushes. Initially, the rotor resistance is set to maximum and is then gradually decreased as the
motor speed increases, until it becomes zero. The rotor impedance starting mechanism is usually
very bulky and expensive when compared with other methods. It also has very high maintenance
costs. Also, a considerable amount of heat is generated through the resistors when current runs
through them. The starting frequency is also limited in this method. However, the rotor
impedance method allows the motor to be started while on load. Figure (4) shows the connection
of a 3phase induction motor with rotor resistance starter.
 48

Figure 37: rotor resistance starting circuit

Example (9):

It is desired to install a 3-phase cage induction motor restricting the maximum line current drawn
from a 400 V 3-phase supply to 120 A. if the starting current is 6 times full load current, what is
the maximum permissible full load kVA of the motor when

 It is directly connected to the mains

 It is connected through an auto-transformer with a tapping of 60%
 It is designed for used with star-delta starter.
Solution:
I. Direct-on-line starting
Maximum line current, IL=120A
Starting current I st = 6x full load current=6Ifl current
` Since the maximum line current drawn from the supply is 120A
 49

III.6.7. STATOR RESISTANCE STARTING

In this method, external resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding
during starting. The caused voltage drop across motor the resistance so that voltage available
across motor terminals is reduced hence the starting current reduced.

The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit
as the motor picks speed; when the motor attained rated speed.

The resistance is completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to the motor.

POWER CIRCUIT
 50

Figure 38: Stator Resistance starting circuit

First the reduced voltage applied to the motor during the starting period power the starting torque
and hence increases the accelerating time.

Normally the starting (time) duration is 3 up to seconds. According to this sketch given, the
starting is in 2 steps.

1st Step: a pole manually operated switch 1 closed and the motor stator resistance series.

2nd step: Closing of 3 pole manually operated switch 2, to cut out resistance and full line voltage
is applied motor.
 51

III.6.8. Two speed motor low speed and high speed internal connection
INTERNAL CONNECTION FOR TWO SPEED MOTOR
 52

The high speed of motor correspond to the low resistance in windings

 53

Connection scheme of two speed motor

1. Internal connection of dahlander motor already the star connection has

been done using separate windings

2. Internal connection of dahlender motor the delta connection delta/star –

star

3. Dalhander motor or (PAM) with separate winding in star series y/yy

 54

Power circuit and control circuit of two speed motor with one separate winding
55
56
 57

Methods of Starting Synchronous Motor

58
59
60
61
 62

III. 6.7. SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

As the name suggests, these motors are used on single –phase supply. Single phase motors are
the most common type of electric motors, which finds wide domestic, commercial and industrial
 63

applications. Single phase motors are small size of fraction – kilowatt ratings. Domestic
applications like fans, hair driers, washing machines, mixers, refrigerators, food processors and
other kitchen equipment employ these motors. These motors also find applications in air –
conditioning fans, blower’s office machinery etc. Single phase motors may be classified into the
following basic types:
1. Single phase induction motors
2. AC. Series motor (universal motor)
3. Repulsion motors
4. Synchronous motor

4. 1. Single Phase Induction Motor

A single phase induction motor is very similar to 3 – phase squirrel cage induction motor. It has
a squirrel – cage rotor identical to a 3 - phase squirrel cage motor and a single – phase winding
on the stator. Unlike 3 – phase induction motor, a single phase induction motor is not self
starting but requires some starting means. Figure (1) shows 1 – phase induction motor having
squirrel cage rotor and single phase distributed stator winding. Fig. (1) Single – phase induction
motor

Figure 39: Single – phase induction motor

If the stator winding is connected to single – phase A.C. supply, the stator winding produces a
magnetic field that pulsates in strength in a sinusoidal manner. The field polarity reverses after
each half cycle but the field does not rotate. Consequently, the alternating flux cannot produce
rotation in a stationary squirrel cage rotor. However, if the rotor is started by auxiliary means, the
 64

motor will quickly attain the final speed. The behavior of single – phase induction motor can be
explained on the basic of double – field revolving theory.

5. Starting of Single Phase Induction Motors

The single phases induction motors are classified based on the method of starting method and in
fact are known by the same name descriptive of the method.

6. Split – phase Induction Motor

The stator of a split – phase induction motor has two windings, the main winding and the
auxiliary winding. These windings are displaced in space by 90 electric degrees as shown in
figure (4-a).

Figure 40: split phase I.M.

The auxiliary winding is made of thin wire so that it has a high R/X ratio as compared to the
main winding which has thick super enamel copper wire. When the two stator windings are
energized from a single – phase supply, the current Im and Ia in the main winding and auxiliary
winding lag behind the supply voltage V, and Ia leading the current Im as shown in figure (47).

Figure 41:Phasor diagram of a split phase motor

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2. Capacitor – Start Motor

Capacitors are used to improve the starting and running performance of the single phase
inductions motors The capacitor – start motor is identical to a split – phase motor except that the
starting winding has as many turns as the main winding. Moreover, a capacitor C is connected in
series with the starting winding as shown in figure below.

Figure 42: Capacitor Start Motor

3. Permanent – Split Capacitor Motor

In this motor, as shown in fig.(6-a), the capacitor that is connected in series with the auxiliary
winding is not cut out after starting and is left in the circuit all the time. This simplifies the
construction and decreases the cost because the centrifugal switch is not needed. The power
factor, torque pulsation, and efficiency are also improved because the motor runs as a two –
phase motor. The motor will run more quietly. The capacitor value is of the order of 20 – 50 F
and because it operates continuously, it is an ac paper oil type. The capacitor is compromise
between the best starting and running value and therefore starting torque is sacrificed. The
typical torque – speed characteristic is shown in fig (6-b).

Figure 43: Permanent – Split Capacitor Motor

4. Capacitor - Start Capacitor – Run
 66

Two capacitor, one for starting and one for running, can be
used, as shown in fig.(7-a).

Figure 44: Capacitor - Start Capacitor – Run motor

 67

References

Ref. Books:

1. Electrical Machines by S. K. Bhattacharya – TMH

2. Electrical Machines by M. Deshpande – Wheeler
3. Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines by J. B. Gupta – Kataria
4. Electrical Machine by Dr. P. K Mukherjee & S. Chakraborty
5. A. Text book of Electrical Technology – Vol-II by B. L. Thereja – S. Chand
6. Induction & Synchromous machines by K. Murgeshk Kumar – Vikas
7. MARKVART, Thomas ed. (2005) Solar Electricity, New York
8. HANKINS, Mark (1995) Solar Electric Systems for Africa, London
9. Electrical Wiring installation core program, BCA Academy, SINGAPOLE
10. Electrical safety and Domestic electrical installations , Dr. NTAGWIRUMUGARA Etienne