RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA - Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof. Aprajita K.

Basics of Rainwater Harvesting

Introduction
Water is one of the most commonly used substances on our earth. We need water for
all our activities in day-to-day life. Water supply in urban area is always short against
the total demand. Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to
depend on ground water. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rainwater into the
subsoil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. This
scenario requires an alternative source to bridge the gap between demand and
supply. Rainwater, which is easily available and is the purest form of water, would be
an immediate source to augment the existing water supply by "catching water
wherever it falls".
Rainwater Harvesting has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional perennial
sources of water in hilly areas, in places where the level of fluoride and arsenic is
above permissible limits and in urban areas facing water shortage and flooding during
monsoons.
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is the process of collecting and storing rainwater in a
scientific and controlled manner for future use.
Rainwater Harvesting in urban areas include
1.Roof top rainwater harvesting
2.Rainwater harvesting in paved and un-paved areas (open fields, parks, pavement
landscapes etc.)
3.Rainwater Harvesting in large areas with open ponds, lakes, tanks etc.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA - Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof. Aprajita K.

Rainwater Harvesting
Traditional Water Harvesting in Karnataka underlines the importance of step wells, lakes,
tanks, channels etc., as water storage bodies, the basic purpose of which was to establish
a chain of water storage structures. However, a vanishing "Lake Culture" due to
urbanization and industrialization has caused these systems to be neglected.
To make Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) a success, we should have a thorough knowledge
of the following:
geographic location; climate; geology; soil; land use; water requirements; existing water
supply system; cost of water; systems & forms of RWH and the potential of harvesting
rainwater.
RWH has the following unique advantages
Capturing rainwater in-situ and augmenting supply water at a marginal cost
Replenishing groundwater through recharging of rainwater by using the soil column
Reducing pollution and contamination
Reducing the water bill for the state exchequer
Providing clean and safe water
Least capital investment with maximum benefits to households and the city as a
whole
The demerits of RWH
It is dependent on the monsoons and intensity of rainfall.
It depends on intensive participation from house level to the city level.
It is only a supplementary source and cannot replace the existing supply system
completely.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA DYPSOA - Prof.

- Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof.Sanjita M.K.
Aprajita
Quality of rainwater harvested Who can harvest rainwater and where?
As the primary source of water, rainwater is • People planning construction of
the purest form of water. Rainwater house, modification of house,
harvesting not only solves the problem of existing house, etc.
availability of water, but also provides good • From rooftops of Govt. buildings,
quality water. Institutions, Hospitals, Hotels,
shopping malls etc.
• From rooftops and open areas
• Farmlands, Public Parks, Playground,
• Keep the roof or the water collection area
etc.
clean before the rains.
• Paved and unpaved areas of a
• Flush the rainwater collected in the first few
layout/city/town/village
minutes.
• Store the collected rainwater in a closed
container (avoid sunlight).
• The quality of water deteriorates in the
presence of sunlight and air.
• Water can be kept clean over a period of
five to six months in a clean container
stored in an enclosed area protected from
sunlight

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA - Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof. Aprajita K.

Need for rainwater harvesting
Water harvesting is an activity of collection of rainwater and storing in
containers for direct
use or can be recharged in to the ground.
1.As water is becoming scarce, it is the need of the day to attain self-
sufficiency to fulfill
the water needs
2.As urban water supply system is under tremendous pressure for supplying
water to ever
increasing population
3.Groundwater is getting depleted and polluted
4.Soil erosion resulting from the unchecked runoff
5.Health hazards due to consumption of polluted water
Methods
Rainwater Harvesting -Rainwater stored for direct use in tanks above ground
or underground sumps or overhead tanks and used directly for flushing,
gardening, washing etc.
Ground water recharge Recharged to ground through recharge pits, dug
wells, bore wells, soak pits,
recharge trenches, etc.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA - Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof. Aprajita K.

Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Applications
Water requirement of a house can be broadly classified into
a.Drinking
b.Cooking
c.Bathing
d.Washing
•Vehicles
•Utensils
•Clothes
•Floor cleaning
e.Gardening
f.Flushing in toilets
For washing, gardening and flushing toilets, relatively less clean water can be used
.(secondary use).
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) can meet all these above needs with suitable RWH techniques.
Water requirement in a house is throughout the year. However, rainwater availability without
having facilities to store is limited to number of rainy days and the quantity of rainwater
available during the rainy days.
Several interventions can be made to enhance the number of days of use of rainwater from
number of rainy days to 365 days a year. Parameters, which support rainwater harvesting, are
availability of space, willingness to invest, technical suitability of soil structure and geological
parameters.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA DYPSOA - Prof.

- Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof.Sanjita M.K.
Aprajita
ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING
In urban areas, buildings are usually
constructed with rooftops of Reinforced
Cement Concrete (RCC), Mangalore tiles,
Asbestos / galvanized iron / zinc sheets etc.
Construction of buildings with the above
mentioned material requires roof top
rainwater to be removed from building tops
and currently been let off into storm water
drains outside the plot area (which
eventually goes away from the city).
The rooftops being built significantly with
hard material, large quantities of rainwater
runoff and loss due to evaporation and
percolation are very minimal. Thus, rooftop
rain water harvesting can be put to good use
by storing rooftop water on (a) roof itself (b)
ground level (c) below the ground, by using
storage devices like masonry tanks / ferro
cement tanks / plastic or metal containers.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA - Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof. Aprajita K.

1. Roof area Calculation
2.Channelisation of Rain Water Pipe
Down water pipes made out of PVC, HDPE or cement pipes can be used for
transporting rainwater collected from roofs to the filtration system before storing.
The size of the down take pipe varies depending on the roof area, which is
connected to the down pipe.
3. Filtration
Rainwater collected on the roof is very pure and clean. However, there are many
substances, which get mixed up with this pure water on the roof (leaves, bird
droppings, dust etc.). These contaminants need to be filtered before the rainwater
is stored. There are many filtration systems.
a. Sand bed filter
b. PopUp filter
c. Stabilization tank
Sand bed filter is the traditional method
where coarse riverbed sand, pebbles and
aggregates are filled as layers one above the
other in a confined masonry structure.
Rainwater is allowed at the top from one end
and filtered water is drawn from the other
side.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA DYPSOA - Prof.
- Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof.Sanjita M.K.
Aprajita
 Rainwater Harvesting from Roads/Pathways
As the roads are built sloped towards the sides,
rainwater falling on the road is guided to the side
drains. When it rains, water flows from the apex to
the sides and collects in the sidewalk area and
subsequently flows to the storm water drains.
To increase ground water recharge by percolation and
decrease the flooding of storm water drains, an
infiltration trench could be built by the side of the
drain all along the road, wherever possible.
The infiltration trench can be 2 feet wide and 2 feet
deep and filled with pebbles or aggregates with a top
layer of coarse river sand.
As the rainwater from the road flows into the
infiltration trench, water percolates into the ground.
During heavy rainfall, excess water spills over to
the storm water drains.
The infiltration trenches store water temporarily
during rainfall and later for infiltration.
These infiltration trenches may be exposed as walk
ways or paved with inter-locking pavers, specially
designed with gaps in between for water to flow into
the infiltration trenches.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING DYPSOA DYPSOA - Prof.
- Prof. Sanjita M. & Prof.Sanjita M.K.
Aprajita