Automatic Lamp Using Transistor & LDR - Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Free PDF Downl

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PHYSICS
INVESTIGAT
ORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP USING A
TRANSISTOR AND LDR
MADE BY:
CLASS -
GUIDED BY—
P a g e 1 | 20
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BOARD ROLL NO. —
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ______________,
student of class XII-___ has successfully
completed the Physics Project under the
guidance of — Ms. __________. This
project is genuine and is not plagiarism of
any kind. The references used in making
this project file are declared at the end of
the file.
External’s Sign: Class In-

Charge Sign:
______________
_____________
P a g e 2 | 20
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to the Principal,
__________________ for his encouragement
and for all the facilities he has provided for
this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my subject

teacher _____________ and Lab Assistant
______________who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their invaluable guidance,
P a g e 3 | 20
constant encouragement and immense

motivation which has sustained my efforts at
all stages of this project work. I can’t forget
to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this project work
successfully and for their valuable advice and
support which I received for them time to
time.
INDEX
Sr.N Contents Page
o. No.
1 Aim of the Experiment 5
2 Introduction 6
3 Apparatus Required 7
4 Principle 8
P a g e 4 | 20
5 Circuit Diagram 9
6 Theory 10
7 Procedure 14
9 Observation 16
10 Precautions 17
11 Bibliography 18
AIM
TO CONSTRUCT AN
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP
P a g e 5 | 20
USING A TRANSISTOR AND

LDR
INTRODUCTI
ON
P a g e 6 | 20
In some cities and villages,

sometimes street lights glow in
day time without any reason. In
mining regions people face many
difficulties due to absence of
light in the nights. In frontier and
hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street
lights. For solving these
problems, we create a device in
which the lights glow in night
and in day time, they get
switched off automatically and
don't glow. Due to use of it, we
can solve above problems and
can also save electricity.
P a g e 7 | 20
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Breadboard;
3. Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ
4. Connecting Wires;
5. LED;
P a g e 8 | 20
6. LDR;
7. 9V Battery;
PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent
Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a resistance, in
which opposing power of current depends on the
presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it. If
LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the resistance
of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any
LDR in the presence of light and darkness
changes its resistance is depending on the
different types of LDR.
P a g e 9 | 20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
P a g e 10 | 20
THEORY
1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of
semiconductor material with three
terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the

transistor which is heavily doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is

lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the

transistor which is moderately doped;
P a g e 11 | 20
A p-n-p junction
transistor is obtained by
growing a thin layer of thin
layer of n-type semi-
conductor in
between two relatively
thick layers of p-type semi-
conductor.
A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin

layer p- type semi-
conductor in
between two relatively
thick layers of n-type semi-
conductor.
P a g e 12 | 20
In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is

used.
2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different
colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project,
we use carbon resistance of 1M ohms and 330 ohms.
3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is

used to complete the circuit.
4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

light source. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased
P a g e 13 | 20
(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron

holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. In this project, we use led of white colour.
5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with

rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. In
project, we use 9-Volt battery.
6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible

strand or rod of metal. These are used to connect
components.
7.BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a construction base for
prototyping of electronics. Because the solderless
breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable.
P a g e 14 | 20
PROCEDURE
 Take a breadboard and connect its two halves
 Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.
 Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its
three legs (Emitter, Base, Collector) inserted in three
different columns of the breadboard.
P a g e 15 | 20
 The emitter of the transistor is grounded. Connect one

leg of a 1 MΩ resistor to the base of the transistor, and
its other leg to any different column of the breadboard.
Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.
 Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the
transistor.
 Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of

the transistor, and its other leg to any different column
of the breadboard.
 Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right
leg of 330 Ω resistor, and its positive terminal to Vcc.
P a g e 16 | 20
OBSERVATION
When the circuit is exposed to light, the led
remains off. When the circuit is taken into dark,
the led glows.
P a g e 17 | 20
PRECAUTIONS
• Excess current should not be passed through
LED.
P a g e 18 | 20
• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.

• Never exceed the ratings for the current given
in the transistor
manual.
A n-p-n transistor which broke

due to the passage of excessive current.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
P a g e 19 | 20
• colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.p
df
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
• 230nsc1.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt
_transistor_basics.pdf
• hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html
BOOKS-
• Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class
12;
• Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;
• NCERT Physics Class 12;
P a g e 20 | 20

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BOARD ROLL NO. —

External’s Sign: Class In-

I extend my hearty thanks to my subject

constant encouragement and immense

USING A TRANSISTOR AND

In some cities and villages,

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with

6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible

 The emitter of the transistor is grounded. Connect one

 Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of

• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.

A n-p-n transistor which broke

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