19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. Chapter 3. (Metals and Non-metals) () Oxygen is most abundant element in earth crust. (@) Zn, Cu and Al are purified by electrolytic refining. (0) Dullness is not shown by metals. Metals are mostly lustrous. (a) Ductility is ability of metals to be drawn into wires. (d) Ca + 2H,O —> Ca(OH), + Hy + Heat (b) Ionic solids do not conduct electricity in solid state because ions are not free to move. ()) Mg reacts with hot water and not cold water. (0) Graphite conducts electricity because electrons are free to move. () PVC is (0) Bromine is liquid non-metal. insulator. Gold and platinum dissolve in aqua regia only zine prevents corrosion of iron. carbon. silver sulphide (Ag,S) covalent True, but all minerals are not ores. True, because Cu and Al are good conductors of electricity. False, Bromine is exception which occurs in liquid state, most of them are gases, some are solids. False, All metals above hydrogen can displace H, from dilute acids. (@) (D), (it) (C), wit) (B),- @) (A) ‘M’ belongs to group 2. TE sages ) 282 eik MB EEE): 287 Hydrogen gas. Mg(s) + 2H,O() ——> Mg(OH),() + Hyg)? Magnesium Water Magnesium hydroxide Hydrogen (hoo (white) Diamond (An allotrope of carbon) has very high melting point Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) Sulphur is used in making sulphuric acid which is used in car batteries. Science—10 o27. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. An ion is formed by gaining or loosing electrons from an atom. If electrons are lost, the ion is called cation (Na*) and when electrons are gained, the ion is called anion (CI (@ (i [kis because it is acidic as well as b: is less electropositive metal. So, it forms amphoteric oxide which can react with acid as well as base. AIO, + 2NaOH —> 2NaAlO, + H,O ee teeeeec cease 3H,O (ii) Tonic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state because ions ¢ to move in molten state. become fi )) Mercury, sodium and potassium also have low melting points. (ii) Mercury (iii) Aluminium (iv) Potassium Reactive metals react with dilute acids to form salt and hydrogen gas. e.g. Zn + 2HCIdil.) —> ZnCl, + Hy Mg + H,SO,(dil.) —> MgSO, + H,t (a) Acidic oxides—(i) SO, (ii) CO, (b) Basic oxides— (i) Na,O (i) MgO. (@) Ionic compounds are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction so they are very tightly packed with each other and very hard to breakdown, that is why they are generally hard in nature. (0) Ionic compounds are soluble in water because they form ions in aqueous solution, (0) Itis bee and carry cu X > X** + 26° 2Y + 2° ——> 2Y- ONC: It is ionic compound. It has high melting point. It will conduct electricity in aqueous solution because ions become free to move but in solid state it will not conduct electricity because ions are not free 10 move. It will be soluble in water. use it con nt. s of ions which can move freely in an aqueous solution (a) It is because metal reacts with substances present in atmosphere to form surface compounds which make it dull (b) Itis because dil. HNO, is an oxidising agent therefore zine gives NO and not » with dil. HNO,, Science—10 2)(0) Itis because sea water contains sodium chloride due to which metal halides are formed whereas sulphur is found below rocks. Therefore, metal sulphides are formed in rocks. 34. (a) (i) K—> K* +e cl + ¢—> cr K*~ SG or (K*)CCiF) or KCI K Ck 2, 8,8, 1) (2, 8,7) i) Ca (2, 8, 8, 2) (2, 8, 6) () The bond formed will be ionic. ¥ (2, 8, 1) will donate its extra one electron and X (2, 7) electron, so that both of them will acquire stable electronic configuration. (Y") ¢X2) 35. (a) (i) KCl is formed by ionic bond so it can conduct electricity in aqueous solution or molten state. (i) CH,COOH is dissociated into acetate ions (CH,COO?) and hydrogen ions (H*) when dissolved in water, acetate ions (CH,COO’) ions are responsible for conducting electricity. ACI, will also conduct electricity in aqueous solution because it forms Ca®* and CI ions. (iv) CCI, cannot conduct electricity as they are formed by covalent bond and do not ionise () The process of coating zinc over iron is called Galvanisation, For example: water pipes are galvanised iron pipes. 36. (a) (i) Mineral: The natural materials in which metals occur in the form of their compounds are called minerals. They are mostly found in earth’s crust. Some minerals are also found in sea water, e.g., NaCl (sodium chloride), feldspar, mica, kaolin, etc. Metals may or may not be extracted profitably from minerals. (i) Ore: They are minerals from which metals are extracted profitably, e.g., haematite (FeO) is an ore of iron, bauxite (Al,O,.2H,O) is an ore of aluminium. (wii) ()) We paint iron objects frequently to prevent rusting. Afier painting iron objects do not come in contact with air and moisture which cause rusting. Solder contains lead and tin. 37. Ionic compounds are formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non-metals Na—> Nat + ¢, Cl + © —> Cr Na "ik —> Natick) e Science—10 838. 39. 41. sof i The three general properti nic compounds are: (i) They at ¢ solids having high melting point. (i) They are soluble in water (iii) They conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution, (a) B is the most reactive metal because it could displace iron from iron sulphate solution which no other metal could. (b) B will displace copper from copper sulphate solution because it is more reactive than copper. Reddish brown copper metal will get deposited and the blue colour of solution will change. () D < G 2MO + 280, (iii) Bessemerisation : MO reacts with MS (acts as reducing agent) to form metal and SO,, MS + 2MO —> 3M + SO, (iv) Electrolytic refining : Impure metal ‘M’ is purified by electrolytic refining. Impure metal is taken as anode, pure metal is taken as cathode, soluble taken as electrolyte. Impure metal forms metal ions which gain electrons and deposited in form of pure metal at cathode. salt of metal 42. (a) Take CuSO, solution in two test tubes and add Cu and Fe metals each of them and observed the changes in colour and metal deposited. We will observe that there is no reaction takes place between Cu and CuSO, solution but in second test tube we will observe that blue solution changes to pale green and reddish brown Cu gets deposited. Iron displaces Cu from copper sulphate solution so it is concluded that iron is more reactive than copper. Fe + Cus (b) Uses of Nitrogen: (i) It is used to make fertilisers. (ii) It is used to produce ammonia (iii) I is used to make dyes and explosives Uses of Carbon: () Icis used as a fuel in form of coal. (i) Itsallotrope like graphite is used as a lubricant, making high temperature crucibles. Diamonds are used in jewellary. (iii) Diamond (allotrope of carbon) is so hard so it is used in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding etc Science—10 6)