Chapter 9. (Heredity and Evolution) Lo 20 3.0) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. DNA 8. Sexual 9. round, yellow 10. girl 11. phenotype 12. True 13. False ue 15. False 16. True 17. (i) (B), (ii) (D), Gti) (A), ) (C) 18. The sex of the child will be boy 19. (d) Wings of parrot and wings of housefly have similar appearance and perform similar functions. 20. Genes and chromosomes are present in pairs. Both segregate during meiotic cell division to form gametes in which they remain unpaired. After fertilisation, the paired feature is restored in zygote which develops into the offspring. Thus, it is justified that genes and chromosomes have similar behaviours. 21. (a) Genetics (b) Heredity (0) Varia 22. The changes in DNA during reproduction are the basic events in evolution. ‘Thus, by comparing the DNA of different species it gives a direct estimate of how much the DNA has changed during the formation of these species. This method is therefore, used in defining evolutionary relationships. ion (@) Character or trai 23. Variation in Population: An example. Few red beetles live on a green leafy bush, grows by sexual reproduction and generate variation, Science—10 oCrows eat these beetles, leaving only fewer beetles available for reproduction. * Due to colour variation during reproduction, only one green beetle evolved and therefore, all its progeny beetles become green. ‘rows cannot see green coloured beetles on green leaves and hence, cannot eat them, resulting in more green beetles than red ones in the beetle population. © This type of variation gives a survival advantage. 24. Mendel’s experiment with peas on inheritance of traits considering only two visible contrasting characters are as follows: * Mendel took pea plants with two different characteristics such with round seeds and a short plant with wrinkled seeds. a tall plant ‘© F, progeny were all tall with round seeds. Thus, tallness and round seeds are dominant waits, F, progeny were tall plants with round seeds and some short plants with wrinkled seeds. ‘* But some F, progeny showed new mixtures like tall having wrinkled seeds and short having round seeds. * Therefore, tall/short trait and round/wrinkled seed t inherited. ait are independently 25. DNA is the source of information for making proteins in the cell. The section of DNA is called gene. For example, the height of a plant depends on the hormone. ‘The amount of hormone depends on the process of its formation. A protein is important for this process. If this protein works efficiently, a lot of hormone will be made. If the gene responsible for that protein has an alteration, that makes the protein less efficient, the amount of hormone will be less and the plant will be short. Thus, in this manner the traits get expressed. 26. Male Gametes: Female 6 [—<] % © ctinge Feta the A couple has 50% probability of having a son or daughter Science—10 2)27. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They designed a glass apparatus and simulated an atmosphere similar to that throught to exist in early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen and maintained a temperature just below 100°C. Sparks were passed through the mixture of gases to simulate lightning . At the end of a week, 15% carbon from methane had been converted to simple compounds of carbon like amino acids which make up protein molecules. So, life arose afresh on earth. Thus, life must have developed from the single inorganic molecules which were present on earth soon afier it was formed. The conditions on earth present at that time must have given rise to complex molecules that were necessary for life. Thus, in this way non-living material must have given rise to life. 28. In sexual reproduction, both the parents contribute equal amount of genes to the offspring. This means that for each trait there will be two versions in the sexually reproducing organisms, Out of these two versions, one is called dominant trait and the other is called recessive trait. There will be some progeny with new combinations. DNA controls the waits which are copied from one generation to the next generation, Inaccuracies do occur during DNA copying which is more prominent in sexual reproduction. These variations in DNA copying get inherited. Accumulation of variations generation after generation altogether leads to evolution of a new species. 29. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes present in human beings. Out of these 23 pairs, one pair is of sex chromosomes. There are two type of sex chromosomes found in human being, X and Y. A female has X chromosomes and a male has one X and one Y chromosome. Father's Mother's sperms, Zygote: Female Child Male Child (Gin (oy) Determination of Sex in Humans tfsprings: Sex of a child depends on what happens during fertilization: (@ The female gamete, ova always contributes an X chromosome during fertilization. Science—10 830. 31. (ii) The male gamete, sperm contributes either X or Y chromosome during fertilization. But whether sperm will contribute the X chromosome or Y chromosome is a matter of chance and the man donot have any control on it. (iii) If a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilizes an ova which always carries an X chromosome, then the child born will be a girl. But if a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilizes an egg which always carries X chromosome, then the child born will be a boy. (iv) Thus, sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parents may be considered responsible for it Sex Determination. Different species use different strategies for sex determination. of a newborn individual can be * Sex determination is the process by which determined. * Human beings have 28 pairs of chromosomes out of which one pairs is of sex chromosomes which is not a perfect pair. * A male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, i.e. half of the male gametes or sperms will have X chromosome and the other half will have Y chromosome. ‘* A female has two X chromosomes, i.e. all the female gametes or ova will have only X chromosomes, Sex of a child depends on what happens during fertilisation. (i Ia sperm carrying X chromosome fertili chromosome, then the child born will be a girl. ing Y chromosome fertilises an ovum which carries X chromosome, then the child born will be a boy. san ovum which carries X. * Thus, father determines the sex of the child. The characteristics of a population changes over the years for the following situations: For Example. Few red beetles live on a green leafy bush grows by sexual reproduction and generate variations (a) Situationto gain survival advantage * Crows eat red beetles, leaving only fewer beetles available for reproduction. * Due to colour variation during reproduction, only one green beetle evolved and therefore, all its progeny beetles become green. * Crows cannot see green coloured beetles on green leaves and hence, cannot eat them, resulting in more green beetles than red ones in the beetle population. * This type of varia tion gives a survival advantage. Science—10 @(b) Situation due to accidental survival * Due to colour variation during reproduction, a blue coloured beetle appears and all its progeny beetles become blue. * Crows can see both red and blue beetles and therefore, eat them. * Initially there are less number of blue beetles and more of red beetles. * Then an elephant stumps on the bushes and kills most of the beetles. By chance, few beetles that survived were mostly blue. * Thus, the blue beetle population slowly expands. * There is no survival advantage on this variation and provides diversity without adaptation. (0) Situationof temporary change of characteristics * As the beetle population begins to expand, the bushes suffer and amount of leaf available for beetles have reduced. rom a disease * Thus, the beetles are poorly nour beetle has decreased. shed and the average weight of an adult * After few years, the plant disease is eliminated and enough food is available for the beetles. Thus, they have come back to their normal size and weight. * This change is not inherited over generation. 32. (a) Variations arise due to (i) Errors in DNA copying (i) Sexual reproduction, as it combines D> tion is useful for the survival of species. If an adverse change occurs in the habitat of a species, if there were some individuals with suitable variation, in the population of that species, they would survive and continue the species, e.g. If the temperature of temperate water increases, due to global warming, the bacteria living in such water would not be able to live there, but if there were some variants, resistant to heat, they would survive and continue further and their extinction will be prevented. 1A from two different individuals Male |1 Female (b) 1. Male 2. Female X and Y 4, X and _ XX, 6. XX, Ly, 8. XY xx XK xy xy 5 6 7 a Science—10 6)