Chapter 8. (How Do Organisms Reproduce?) © (a) (d) () ovule |. gametes . Puberty True ). False |. True 24. (i) (D), Gi) (A), Gi) (B), (©) 25. (i) Sexual reproduction 26. 27. 28. (ii) Asexual reproduction. Water, wind, insects, birds and human. () AIDS (i) Vasectomy (iii) Parturition. (iv) STDs In Bryophyllum, plantlets develop along the margins of leaves, get detached and develop into independent plants. Rose leaves do not have adventitious buds along the leaf margin and hence, plantlets do not grow along their leaf margin. Science—10 o29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, Grafting is a method of asexual reproduction in which two closely related varieties are joined together so that they live as one plant. The plant of which roots remain in the soil is called ‘stock’ and the other plant of which stem is grafied is called ‘scion’. When scion and stock make a contact with each other the fruit is obtained with superior quality because the scion which is taken is having the desired characters. ‘The stock is the only supporter and provide basic requirements to the developing fruits. So, it gives better and positive results. The stock and scion join up due to cambium activity. Stock is the portion on which grafting is done and it provides the roots. Scion is the portion of the plant, which is grafted onto the other plant and it contributes the stem. The plant contributing stock should have an efficient absorbing system. The pla contributing scion should have good quality fruit or flower. nt “DNA copies generated will be similar, but may not be identical to the original as iations are so drastic that new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits. Such a new born cell will simply die. Therefore, there could be many other variations in the DNA copies that would not lead to such a drastic outcome. Thus, the surviving cells are similar but slightly different from each other. This tendency of variation during reproduction is the basis for evolution. some va A seed is the reproductive unit of a plant which can be used to grow a new plant. It contains a baby plant or embryo and food for the baby plant. The baby plant present in a seed is in the dormant or inactive state. When the seeds get suitable conditions of water, warmth, air and light, then new plants grow out of these seeds. In this way, the parent plant reproduces more plants like itself by forming seeds through flowers, During menstrual cycle different events take place in the female reproductive organs like ovary, uterus and vagina. The ovarian follicle matures the inner wall of uterus, ie. the endometrium thickens to receive the developing zygote in case tion occurs. The preparation of these reproductive parts take about 6 to 7 days. Therefore, fertilisation is possible if copulation takes place during middle of the menstrual cycle. fertilis Sexual Maturity in Human beings. Various changes take place in human body at the time of sexual maturity or puberty. () Changes Common to both Boys and Girls. Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area between the thighs * Thinner hair on legs, arms and face. * Oily skin and appearance of pimples. Science—10 2)35. 36. 37. 38. (i) Changes Different in Boys and Girls. In Girls * Breast size begins to increase. * Darkening of nipple skin. ‘Start of menstruation. In Boys © Thick facial hair growth. # Voice begins to crack. «Penis occasionally begins to become enlarged and erect. The reproductive health can be maintained and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) can be prevented by following safe and satisfying reproductive life by- ( having awareness regarding the fertility regulation methods. (i) having the right, freedom and the choice to control child birth. (iii) the ability to prevent and control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (iv) managing and curing the disorders related to the reproductive system. ‘Ornamental plant ‘Vegetative propagation methods (Jasmine Layering (i) Rose Cutting (iii) Bougainillea Layering (iv) Hibiscus Layering Primary sex organs produce the gametes and sex hormones - testes secretes testosterone and ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone. Testosterone controls the growth, maintenance and functions of secondary sex organs like prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in a male. Estrogen and progesterone controls the growth, maintenance and functions of secondary sex organs like uterus, fallopian tubes, etc. Thus, we can justify that the primary sex organs control the growth and development of secondary sex organ: Itis said that ‘sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in the offsprings’ because sexual reproduction results from the fusion of two gametes coming from two different and sexually distinct individuals. This leads to variation which is necessary for evolution, Science—10 839. Tissue Culture is the production or propagation of new plants from isolated plant cells or small pieces of plant tissue in a synthetic medium of culture solution. Tissue culture for producing new plants is done as follows: « Plants are grown by removing tissues or sepa of the plant and put in an artificial medium. ting cells from the growing tip © The plant tissue divide to form small group of cells or call © The callus is transferred to another medium containing hormones for growth and differentiation, that forms plantlets. * The plantlets produced are transplanted into pots or soil where they can grow to form mature plants, © This technique is also known as micro-propagation in vitro because it takes place outside the body of the parent plant in a test-tube using an artificial environment. Micropropagation technique is being used for the production of ornamental plants like orchids, Dahlia and carnation. ‘Two bacterial diseases which are sexually transmitted are syphilis and gonorrhoea. feponema paltidivom Syphilis is caused by bacterium Symptoms: Itaffects the mucus membrane in genital, rectal and oral region and causes lesions, Prevention: Intercourse with the diseased person should be avoided. Gonorrhoea is caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms: () Inflammation of mucus membrane in urinogenital wact. (i) Burning sensation during urination, Prevention: (By avoiding prostitution. (i) By avoiding homosexuality. Science—10 @