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Chapter 21 - Harmonic Analysis PDF
Chapter 21 - Harmonic Analysis PDF
Harmonic Analysis
Because of the wide and ever increasing applications of power electronic devices, such as variable speed
drives, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), static power converters, etc., power system voltage and
current quality has been severely affected in some areas. In these areas components other than that of
fundamental frequency can be found to exist in the distorted voltage and current waveforms. These
components usually are the integer multipliers of the fundamental frequency, called harmonics. In
addition to electronic devices, some other non-linear loads, or devices including saturated transformers,
arc furnaces, fluorescent lights, and cycloconverters are also responsible for the deterioration in power
system quality.
The presence of harmonics in a power system can give rise to a variety of problems including equipment
overheating, reduced power factors, deteriorating performance of electrical equipment, the incorrect
operation of protective relays, interference with communication devices, and in some cases, circuit
resonance to cause electric apparatus dielectric failure and other types of severe damage. Even worse,
harmonic currents generated in one area can penetrate into the power grid and propagate into other areas,
resulting in voltage and current distortions for the entire system. This phenomenon has become a major
concern for power quality due to the ever-increasing usage of electronic devices and equipment in power
systems.
Using computer simulation, the phenomena of power system harmonics can be modeled and analyzed.
The PowerStation Harmonic Analysis program provides you with the best tool to accurately model
various power system components and devices to include their frequency dependency, non-linearity, and
other characteristics under the presence of harmonic sources. This program has two analytical methods,
Harmonic Load Flow and Harmonic Frequency Scan, which are the most popular and powerful
approaches for power system harmonic analysis. By using those two methods in combination, different
harmonic indices are computed and compared with the industrial standard limitations, existing and
potential power quality problems, along with security problems associated with harmonics, can be easily
revealed. Causes to those problems can be identified and different mitigation and corrective schemes can
be tested and finally verified.
Some of the main features of the PowerStation Harmonic Load Flow Study are summarized below:
Some of the main features of the PowerStation Harmonic Frequency Scan Study are summarized
below:
• Same System & Component Modeling Capabilities for Harmonic Load Flow & Fundamental Load
Flow
• Modeling of Frequency Dependency of Rotary Machine Impedance
• Modeling of Non-linearity & Frequency Dependency of Cable/Line & Transformer Impedance
• Modeling of Frequency Dependency of Other Power System Components & Loads
• Transformer Phase Shifting
• Machine & Transformer Winding Connections & Grounding Types
• Built-in Harmonic Filters in Different Types
• Automatic Filter Sizing Based on Different Criteria
• User-Definable Frequency Scan Range & Step
• Graphic One-Line Display of Study Results
• Slider Bar to Display Bus Driving Point Impedance Magnitude & Phase Angle at Selected
Frequencies
• Graphic Plots of Bus Driving Point Impedance in Ohms for Viewing & Printing
• Graphic Plots of Bus Driving Point Impedance Phase Angle for Viewing & Printing
• Text Report for Input Data, Fundamental Load Flow Results, Tabulated Bus Driving Point Impedance
Magnitudes & Phase Angles
Display Options
Report Manager
Display Options
Click on the Display Options button to customize the one-line diagram annotation display options under
the Harmonic Analysis Study mode. See Display Options for more information.
Report Manager
Click on the Report Manager button to select a format and view harmonic analysis output report.
Harmonic analysis reports are provided in two formats: ASCII text files and Crystal Reports.
The Report Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the
different parts of the output report for both text and Crystal Reports. Available formats for Crystal
Reports are displayed on each page of the Report Manager.
Choosing any format other than TextRept in the Report Manager activates the Crystal Reports. You
can open the complete harmonic analysis report or just a part of it, depending on the format you choose.
The preformatted Crystal Reports names are:
• Branch • Line
• Bus • Load Flow Report
• Cable • Machine
• Complete • Reactor
• Cover • Results
• Filter Overloading • Summary
• Filter • Transformer
• HA Source • UPS
• Harmonic Library • VIHD Report
• Harmonic Source • VTHD Report
• Impedance
You can also select output files from the Output Report list box.
This list contains all the output files in the current project folder with the same file extension specified.
To change output file extensions, you can click on the List Output Reports button next to the Output
Report list box, which will allow you to select a different output file extension.
The output reports for harmonic load flow studies have an extension of .har.
PowerStation text output reports can be viewed by any word processor such as Notepad, WordPad, and
Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by Notepad. You can change the
default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your choice. Refer to Chapter 1 for detailed
information on changing the INI file.
The text output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications we have recommend settings that are explained
in the Printing & Plotting chapter.
A study case can be used for any combination of any configuration status, one-line diagram presentation,
and Base/Revision Data.
To create a new harmonic analysis study case, go to the Project Editor, right-click on the Harmonic
Analysis sub-folder inside the Study Cases folder, and select Create New. The program will then create a
new study case, which is a copy of the default study case, and adds it to the Harmonic Analysis sub-
folder.
When you are in the Harmonic Analysis mode, you can access the Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor
by clicking on the Study Case button on the Study Case Toolbar. You can also access this editor from the
Project View by clicking on the Harmonic Analysis sub-folder under the Study Cases folder.
The Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor consists of three pages: Info page, Model page, and the Plot
page.
Study Case ID
The study case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a study case by simply deleting the old ID
and entering a new ID. Study case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator button
at the bottom of the editor to go from one study case to another.
Max. Iteration
Enter the maximum number for iterations. If the solution has not converged before the specified number
of iterations, the program will stop and inform the user. The recommended and default value for
maximum iteration is 2000.
Precision
Enter the value for the solution precision, which is used to check for the fundamental load flow
convergence. This value determines how precise you want the final solution to be. The default and
recommended value for precision is 0.000001.
Accel. Factor
Enter the convergence acceleration factor for the fundamental load flow calculation. Typical values are
between 1.2 and 1.7. The default value is 1.45.
Frequency Scan
These values are used for only harmonic, frequency scan calculations.
From
Specify the starting frequency in Hz for frequency scan. The default is the system fundamental
frequency.
To
Specify the finishing frequency in Hz for frequency scan. This value should be greater than the From
frequency and is an integer multiplier of the system fundamental frequency.
Step (df)
Specify the frequency step in Hz. This value is the interval between two adjacent frequency points during
a harmonic frequency scan study, and is a positive integer number.
Plot Step
This value determines the resolution of the frequency scan plot. The smaller it is, the smoother the plot
will look, but requires more data to be recorded. The default value for it is 1, which means every point
calculated from the harmonic frequency scan study will be plotted.
Fundamental Loading
In this section, you can specify the system loading conditions for the fundamental load flow calculation.
The fundamental loading conditions will also affect the harmonic load flow and the harmonic frequency
scan calculations.
Loading Category
Select one of the ten loading categories for this study case. With the selection of any category,
PowerStation uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified for the selected
category. Note that you can assign loading to each one of the ten categories in the Nameplate page,
Loading page, or Rating page for most load components. Harmonic Filter loading is calculated from its
parameters.
Operating Load
Check this option to operate P and Q as specified in the relevant component editors.
Charger Loading
Load Category
Select this option to use the P and Q specified in the Loading Category section of the Charger Editor for
chargers.
Operating Load
Select this option to use the P and Q as specified in the Operating Load section of the Charger Editor.
Note that if this option is selected, it is required that a DC load flow calculation is run first in order to
estimate the charger load.
None
Select None to use the percent loading of each load as entered for the selected loading category, i.e., no
diversity factor is considered.
Bus Maximum
When the Bus Maximum option is selected, the loading of all motors and other loads will be multiplied
by the maximum diversity factor of the bus, which they are directly connected to. Using this option, you
can define the initial loading for harmonic analysis studies with each bus having a different maximum
diversity factor. This study option is helpful when the future loading of the electrical system has to be
considered.
Bus Minimum
When the Bus Minimum option is selected, the loading of all motors and other loads will be multiplied by
the bus minimum diversity factor of the bus that they are directly connected to. Using this option, you
can define the initial loading for harmonic analysis studies with each bus having a different minimum
diversity factor.
This study option may be useful in some cases where the effect of light loading condition needs to be
investigated.
Global
When this option is selected, PowerStation will ask you to enter global diversity factors for constant kVA
and constant Z loads, respectively. When you select this option, PowerStation will globally multiply all
constant kVA and constant Z loads of the selected loading category with the entered values. Using this
option you can define the initial loading for harmonic analysis studies with fixed diversity factors for all
loads.
Note that a constant kVA load diversity factor of 125% implies that the constant kVA loads of all buses
are increased by 25 percent above their values as specified by the selected loading category. This value
can be smaller or greater than 100 percent.
Report
This section allows you to specify report options for Crystal Reports.
VTHD
If this box is checked, a summary of buses whose VTHD (Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion) exceeds
the limit will be reported.
VHD
If this box is checked, a summary of buses whose individual VHD (Voltage Harmonic Distortion) for any
harmonic exceeds the limit will be reported.
Filter Overloading
If this box is checked, a summary of overloaded filters will be reported.
Utility
If this box is checked, then all the power grid (utility) components will not contribute harmonics to the
system. This corresponds to the situation where the grid has no or negligible harmonic contamination.
Generator Saturation
If this box is checked, then all synchronous generator components will not be considered as harmonic
sources. This corresponds to the situation that generators are not significantly saturated; thus, they
generate near-ideal sinusoidal voltages.
Transformer Saturation
If this box is checked, then all transformer components, both 2-winding and 3-winding, will not be
considered as harmonic sources. This is true for transformers, which are close to their rated loading
conditions.
Charger/Converter
If this box is checked, then all charger and converter components will not be considered as harmonic
sources.
Inverter
If this box is checked, then all inverter components will not be considered as harmonic sources.
UPS
If this box is checked, then all UPS components will not be considered as harmonic sources.
VFD
If this box is checked, then all VFD components will not be considered as harmonic sources.
Static Load
If this box is checked, then all static load components will not be considered as harmonic sources.
Device Type
Select the type of components or devices from the list. Only the components associated with the listed
types can be selected for plotting.
Plot Options
Device ID
This table provides a list of the devices or components for the given Device Type.
Plot/Tabulate Column
You can select a device or component and click next to it under the Plot/Tabulate column. An X will be
placed next to this device or component to include it in the plot list.
Plot/Tabulate
You also can include a device or component in the plot list by first selecting that device or component,
and then checking this box. An X will be placed next to this device or component in the Plot/Tabulate
column.
Color
Select the color for the harmonic analysis result annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Bus
Select kV or % to display bus voltages in kV or percent of the bus nominal voltage.
Show Units
Click on this check box to include or suppress bus display units.
Flows
Branch Current
Click on this check box to include or suppress one-line displays for branch current and other information
for branches from the harmonic load flow and the harmonic frequency scan calculations.
Show Units
Click on this check box to include or suppress branch display units.
Bus Voltage
RMS or ASUM
Choose to display the bus total voltage in RMS or ASUM (Arithmetic Summation) including
contributions from the fundamental component and all harmonic components.
THD or TIF
Choose to display the bus voltage THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) or TIF (Telephone Influence Factor).
Branch Current
RMS or ASUM
Choose to display the branch total current in RMS or ASUM, including contributions from the
fundamental component and all harmonic components.
THD or TIF
Choose to display the branch current THD or TIF.
Frequency Scan
This section sets the option for one-line display of the harmonic frequency scan results.
Z Magnitude
Click on this check box to display the bus driving point impedance magnitude.
Z Angle
Click on this check box to display the bus driving point impedance phase angle.
Show Unit
Click on this check box to show units for the bus display from the harmonic frequency scan study.
21.3.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the one-
line diagram.
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the kV check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the
cable/line conductor type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere)
of the selected elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the Amp check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the
cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
D-Y
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the connection types of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For transformers, the operating tap setting for primary, secondary, and tertiary windings are also
displayed. The operating tap setting consists of the fixed taps plus the tap position of the LTC.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the AC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC elements on the one-
line diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC elements on the
one-line diagram.
kV
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
A
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Composite Network
Click on this check box to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
21.3.4 DC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for DC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected DC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected DC elements on the one-
line diagram.
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables, the kV check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the conductor
type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For cables, the Amp check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the cable
length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance
branches on the one-line diagram.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the DC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
1. IEEE Standards 519, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems
2. IEEE Standards 141, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Power Plants
3. ANSI/IEEE Standard 399, IEEE Recommended Practice for Power System Analysis
Non-linear loads in power systems are essentially either injecting harmonic currents into the system or
applying harmonic voltages at the given points. Therefore, they are conventionally modeled as current
sources and voltage sources with harmonic frequencies. Normal power sources such as power grids or
generators, if they contain harmonic components in their fixed voltages, are modeled as voltage sources
with harmonic frequencies.
• Static Load
• UPS
• Charger/Converter
• VFD
• Transformer
Static loads, chargers/converters and VFDs, if they are modeled as a harmonic current source, will inject
harmonic current into the connected buses.
When a saturated transformer contributes significant harmonic current into the system (most likely when
the transformer is lightly loaded), it can also be modeled as a harmonic current source. Harmonic current
source generated by a transformer is normally placed at the primary side; however, if there is a triple nth
harmonic current specified for a transformer and the transformer winding and ground connections do not
allow the triple nth harmonic current to flow in the primary winding, the secondary side and then the
tertiary side will be considered as the location for the harmonic current source.
When a UPS is modeled as a load, it injects harmonic current into the connected bus. On the other hand,
if a UPS is modeled as a branch, then it will inject harmonic current into both the AC input bus and the
AC output bus. As a result, the path from the AC input bus to the AC output bus inside the UPS will be
opened in harmonic load flow calculations.
To model a component as a harmonic current source, go to the Harmonic page of that component and
select an appropriate harmonic current library via the Library button and Harmonic Library Quick Pick
Editor. Magnitudes of harmonic current from a harmonic current source are in percentage of the
component rated fundamental current.
• Power Grid
• Synchronous Generator
• Inverter
• Charger/Converter
• Static Load
“Polluted” power grids (utilities) or saturated synchronous generators can be modeled as harmonic
voltage sources if they contain significant voltage distortion.
Inverters, chargers/converters, and static loads can also be modeled as harmonic voltage sources if they
primarily cause voltage distortion instead of current distortion.
To model a component as a harmonic voltage source, go to the Harmonic page of that component and
select an appropriate harmonic voltage library via the Library button and Harmonic Library Quick Pick
Editor. Magnitudes of harmonic voltage from a harmonic voltage source are in percentage of the nominal
voltage at the connected bus.
The reactance part of the harmonic impedance for rotating machines and load components are adjusted
linearly based on the order of harmonic.
Harmonic Indices
The effect of harmonics is usually measured in terms of several indices that are defined below. Note that
the definitions are applied to both voltage and current.
∑F i
2
THD = 2
F1
where Fi is the amplitude of the ith harmonic, and F1 is that for the fundamental component.
Fi
IHD =
F1
∞
RMS = ∑F
1
i
2
∞ 2
∑ (Wi Fi )
TIF = 1
∞ 2
∑F
1
i
where Wi is the TIF weighting factor. The values for the weighting factors for different harmonic
frequencies are given in the IEEE Standard 519.
∞
ASUM = ∑ Fi
1
H
I •T = ∑ (I
h =1
h ⋅ Th ) 2
From the harmonic load flow calculation, the harmonic components for bus voltages and branch currents
are found, and then all harmonic indices are computed accordingly. The computed bus THD and IHDs
are compared with their limits as specified by the user in the Bus Editor and, if any violations are
detected, flags are placed in the text report next to the associated bus in the Harmonic Information
section.
The harmonic load flow study generates text output reports showing the system input data, fundamental
load flow results, system harmonic information, and tabulation of bus voltages and branch currents with
all harmonic contents. These results can also be viewed directly from the one-line diagram using the
Harmonic Load Flow Slider and the Harmonic Display Options Editor. Along with the text report and
one-line display, bus voltage and branch current plots are also available to show both voltage and current
waveforms in time domain and the harmonic spectrums in a bar chart.
The PowerStation Frequency Scan program is the best tool to investigate the system resonance problem.
It calculates and plots the magnitudes and phase angles of bus driving point impedance over a frequency
range specified by the user; thus, any parallel resonance condition and its triggering frequency can be
clearly identified. The harmonic frequency scan study also allows users to tune their harmonic filter
parameters and test the final results.
The frequency range for scanning is defined by the user, which starts from the fundamental frequency and
can go as high as the user needs.
The results from the frequency scan study are reported in a text report which includes the system input
data, the fundamental load flow results, and a tabulation listing bus driving point impedances. The same
tabulated information is also given on the one-line diagram, as well as in a plot format.
The PowerStation Harmonic Filter Editor provides all the practical and popular filter structures for you to
choose from. A Filter Sizing program is also available in this editor for the Single Tuned filter type, with
which users can optimize the filter parameters based on different installation or operation criteria.
Harmonic filter loading is usually a concern in practical application. Two loading conditions are to be
checked: capacitor Max. kV and inductor Max. I, both of those values are specified in the Harmonic
Filter Editor, Parameter page. The capacitor Max. kV is a peak value, calculated by considering voltage
drop across the capacitor, and the inductor Max. I is an rms value, calculated by considering current flow
through the inductor. Note that in calculating these values, all voltage and current components including
fundamental and harmonics are included. If Filter Overloading, check box in the Harmonic Analysis
Study Case Editor. If Info page is checked, comparisons will be made between the calculated values and
the specified values by Harmonic Load Flow study. Percentage of overloading will then be computed and
reported in the Filter Overloading report.
ETAP PowerStation Harmonic Analysis program uses transformer phase-shift to adjust network
impedance phase angle in the Harmonic Load Flow study. Transformer phase-shift is specified in the
Transformer Editor Tap page based on transformer connection convention, namely Standard Positive
Sequence connection and Standard Negative Sequence connection. In addition, a user also can specify
Special phase-shift for a transformer.
Bus Data
• Bus ID
• Nominal kV
• Load Diversity Factor (when Loading is set to Maximum or Minimum Diversity Factor)
• Harmonic Limit Category
• VTHD (Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion) Limit
• VIHD (Voltage Individual Harmonic Distortion) Limit
Branch Data
Cable/Transmission Line
• Cable or Transmission Line ID
• Bus Connections
• Conductor Type, Size, Rated kV, # of Conductors per Phase, & Length
• Use Library Data or Enter Cable Resistance, Reactance, & Susceptance Values, Both Positive & Zero
Sequence Values Required
Impedance
• Impedance ID
• Bus Connections
• Resistance, Reactance, & Susceptance Values, Both Positive & Zero Sequence Values Required
Current-Limiting Reactor
• Current-Limiting Reactor ID
• Bus Connections
• X/R ratio & Impedance, Both Positive & Zero Sequences Values Required
• Impedance Tolerance
Machine Data
MOV Data
• MOV ID
• Bus Connection
• Quantity
• Initial Status & Associated Demand Factor
• Rated kW/hp & kV
• Power Factor & Efficiency
• Loading Category ID & % Loading
• Equipment Cable Data
Load Data
Capacitor Data
• Capacitor ID
• Bus Connection
• Status & Associated Demand Factor
• Rated kV
• Mvar/Band & # of Banks
• Loading Category ID & % Loading
• Equipment Cable Data
• Grounding Connection/Type
UPS Data
• UPS ID
• Bus Connection
• AC Connections
• Rated kW/MW & kV
• AC Input & Output Rated kV
• Power Factor and Efficiency
• Loading Category ID & % Loading
• Harmonic Library Information, if any
VFD Data
• VFD ID
• Bus & Motor Connection
• Harmonic Library Information, if any
Charger Data
• Charger ID
• Bus Connections
• Status & Associated Demand Factor
• AC Ratings
• Loading Category ID & % Loading
• Harmonic Library Information, if any
Inverter Data
• Device ID
• Bus Connection
• AC Rating
• AC Output Voltage in %
• Harmonic Library Information, if any
Complete Page
From this page you can select the report format that gives you the complete output report. Both TextRept
in ASCII format and Complete in Crystal Reports are available.
Input Page
This page provides the formats for different input data. The following formats are available:
• Branch
• Bus
• Cable
• Complete
• Cover
• Filter
• HA Source
• Harmonic Library
• Harmonic Source
• Impedance
• Line
• Machine
• Reactor
• Results
• Transformer
• UPS
Result Page
This page provides the formats for different calculation results. The following two formats are available:
Summary Page
This page provides the formats for different summaries from both input data and calculation results. The
following four formats are available:
• Filter Overloading
• Summary
• VIHD Report
• VTHD Report
The harmonic load flow study text report contains the following major sections:
Cover Page
This is the first page of the harmonic load flow study text report. It includes the information from a
number of different types of buses, branches, system frequency, unit system, project file name, and the
output file name and its location.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
=================
Number of Buses: 1 1 8 10
Number of Branches: 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 8
ID Type kV Description % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar Max. Min. Total Single
------------ ---- ------ -------------------- ------ ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ----- ------
Bus1 Load 0.480 100.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
Bus2 Load 0.480 100.0 0.000 0.647 0.370 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
Bus3 Load 13.800 101.5 -1.232 3.239 1.355 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
LVBus Load 0.480 97.1 -3.491 0.426 0.114 0.391 0.207 2.5 1.5
Main Bus SWNG 34.500 100.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
MCC1 Load 0.480 97.9 -3.063 0.421 0.190 0.200 0.000 2.5 1.5
Sub2A Load 13.800 101.5 -1.207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
Sub2B Gen. 13.800 100.0 1.431 6.300 0.000 0.998 -0.616 0.000 0.000 4.650 -2.000 2.5 1.5
Sub 3 Load 4.160 99.8 -0.476 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.450 2.5 1.5
Sub3 Swgr Load 4.160 99.6 -0.501 0.396 0.193 0.000 0.000 2.5 1.5
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Machine Data
This section reports the input data related to system machines, which include power grid (utility),
synchronous generator, synchronous motor, and induction machine. The input data reported are machine
connected bus ID, machine ID and type, machine rating in MVA, kV and RPM, machine negative and
zero sequence impedance, and machine winding connection and grounding.
Conned Bus Machine Info. Rating (Base) Negative Seq. Imp. Grounding Zero Seq. Imp.
============ ================= ==================== ==================== ================== =====================
Bus ID Machine ID Type MVA kV RPM X/R % R % X2 Conn. Type Amp X/R % Ro % Xo
------------ ------------ ---- ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ ------- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------- -------
Main Bus Utility Uty. 2500.000 34.50 0. 45.00 2.222 99.98 Wye Solid 45.00 0.764 34.37
Sub 2B Gen1 Gen. 8.824 13.80 1800. 48.00 0.250 12.00 Wye Solid 48.00 0.250 12.00
Bus3 Syn4 SynM 2.982 13.20 1800. 46.07 0.334 15.38 Wye Open
LVBus Syn2 SynM 0.134 0.46 1800. 9.54 2.097 20.00 Wye Open
Sub 2B Syn1 SynM 1.170 13.20 1800. 27.53 0.559 15.38 Wye Open
Bus3 Mtr2 IndM 0.660 13.20 1800. 6.34 3.830 18.50 Wye Open
MCC1 Mtr6 IndM 0.107 0.46 1800. 6.03 3.315 20.00 Wye Open
MCC1 Mtr4 IndM 0.110 0.46 1800. 8.71 2.297 20.00 Wye Open
MCC1 Mtr3 IndM 0.199 0.46 1800. 6.74 2.965 20.00 Wye Open
MCC1 Mtr5 IndM 0.045 0.46 1800. 5.51 3.632 20.00 Wye Open
Sub3 Swgr Pump 1 IndM 0.440 4.00 1800. 6.27 3.830 18.46 Wye Open
CKT / Branch Ohms/1000 ft per Conductor (Cable) or per Phase (Line) Impedance
------------ -------- ---- ------ --- ---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----- ------- ------- -----------
Cable2 5MCUS3 4/0 250. 1 0 0.0650 0.0446 0.00000 0.2048 0.1097 100.0 9.39 6.44 0.0000000
Cable11 15MCUS1 350 1350. 2 0 0.0386 0.0562 0.00000 0.1216 0.1382 100.0 1.37 1.99 0.0000000
Cable14 1MCUN3 250 100. 2 0 0.0552 0.0379 0.00000 0.1739 0.0932 100.0 119.79 82.25 0.0000000
If the branch is a transformer, then its tap setting, LTC information (if any), winding connection, and
grounding type are also reported.
CKT / Branch Transformer %Tap Setting XFRM Grounding Imped.
------------ ------- ------ ------ ------- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ------ ------
T2 10.000 34.500 13.800 6.900 23.0 -2.500 0.000 D-Y Solid 0.00
T3 1.000 4.160 0.480 6.500 18.0 0.000 0.000 D-Y Restr 10.0 0.00
T4 1.500 4.160 0.480 5.750 7.1 0.000 0.000 D-Y Solid 0.00
XFMR 3 1.000 4.160 0.480 7.200 28.0 0.000 0.000 D-Y Restr 20.0 0.00
Branch Connection
This section reports branch connection information for all branches in the system. It shows the branch
ID, from which bus and to which bus it is connected, and positive sequence impedance converted to the
system base.
CKT / Branch Connected Bus ID %Impedance (100 MVA Base)
ID Type From To R X Z
------------ ---------- ------------ ------------ ------- ------- -------
========================= =====================================================================================================
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
Manufacturer Model 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
------------ ------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Harmonic 12 Pulse1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.10 0.00 7.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30
4.00 0.00 0.00 3.90 2.70 0.00 0.00 2.10 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Harmonic 6 Pulse1 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 14.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.10 0.00 7.70 0.00 0.00 5.90 5.30 4.30
4.00 3.40 3.20 2.80 2.70 2.40 2.30 2.10 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
============= =====================================
ID Type Manufacturer Model
Bus Information & Nom kV Voltage Generation Motor Load Static Load Load Flow XFRM
ID Type kV % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar To Bus ID MW Mvar Amp %PF % Tap
------------ ---- ----- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------------ ----- ----- ---- ----- -----
Bus1 Load 0.48 97.77 -2.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bus2 0.65 0.38 928 86.7
Bus3 Load 13.80 101.45 28.8 0.00 0.00 3.24 1.35 0.00 0.00 Sub2A -3.24 -1.35 144 92.3
LVBus Load 0.48 96.89 -3.7 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.11 0.37 0.19 Sub3 Swgr -0.79 -0.31 1056 93.2
*Main Bus Swng 34.50 100.00 0.0 0.41 2.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub2A 3.25 1.44 59 91.4 -2.500
& Sub 3
MCC1 Load 0.48 97.73 -3.2 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.19 0.19 0.00 Sub3 Swgr -0.61 -0.19 788 95.5
Sub2A Load 13.80 101.52 28.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bus3 3.24 1.36 144 92.3
Sub 3 Load 4.16 99.61-30.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.45 Sub3 Swgr 1.81 0.78 274 91.9
Bus1 0.66 0.40 107 85.6
& Sub2B
Sub3 Swgr Load 4.16 99.39-30.7 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.19 0.00 0.00 Sub 3 -1.80 -0.77 274 91.9
ID kV Fund(%) RMS(%) ASUM(%) THD(%) TIF To Bus ID Fund.(A) RMS(A) ASUM(A) THD(%) TIF IT
------------ ------ ------- ------ ------- ------ ------- ------------ -------- -------- -------- ------ ------- --------
* # Bus1 0.48 97.77 98.12 130.36 8.51 571.16 Bus2 928.07 944.70 1425.02 19.01 480.44 0.45E+06
* # Bus2 0.48 96.65 97.10 133.21 9.69 633.31 Bus1 928.07 944.70 1425.02 19.01 480.44 0.45E+06
Bus3 13.80 101.46 101.46 101.75 0.10 5.21 Sub2A 144.68 144.68 144.68 0.00 0.50 0.72E+02
LVBus 0.48 96.89 96.89 99.96 1.07 53.85 Sub3 Swgr 1056.39 1056.43 1082.37 0.83 41.46 0.44E+05
Main Bus 34.50 100.00 100.00 100.35 0.11 6.19 Sub2A 59.37 59.37 59.37 0.00 0.50 0.30E+02
Sub 3
MCC1 0.48 97.73 97.74 101.42 1.26 67.08 Sub3 Swgr 788.25 788.26 800.39 0.51 23.82 0.19E+05
Sub2A 13.80 101.53 101.53 101.82 0.10 5.23 Bus3 144.68 144.68 144.68 0.00 0.50 0.72E+02
Sub2B 13.80 100.00 100.00 100.29 0.09 5.18 Main Bus 221.84 221.84 221.84 0.00 0.50 0.11E+03
Sub 3
Sub 3 4.16 99.61 99.62 104.28 1.54 83.61 Sub3 Swgr 274.13 274.13 279.28 0.63 30.12 0.83E+04
Bus1 107.09 109.00 164.43 19.01 480.44 0.52E+05
Sub2B
Sub3 Swgr 4.16 99.39 99.40 104.02 1.54 83.22 Sub 3 274.13 274.13 279.28 0.63 30.12 0.83E+04
Bus Tabulation
In the Bus Tabulation section, the bus ID, fundamental kV, and voltage harmonics up to the 73rd harmonic
in percent of fundamental voltage are reported. Note that only the buses that are selected for plotting in
the Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor are tabulated.
===================== =====================================================================================================
ID Fund. kV 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
------------ -------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Bus1 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 0.00 2.81 0.00 0.00 1.26 1.39 1.31
1.09 0.92 0.95 1.96 1.46 0.97 0.98 2.42 2.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bus2 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.40 0.00 3.23 0.00 0.00 1.42 1.54 1.45
1.23 1.04 1.06 2.16 1.60 1.06 1.06 2.61 2.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LVBus 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.28 0.35
0.16 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MCC1 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.36 0.49
0.24 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub 3 4.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.44 0.62
0.30 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
For your convenience, the bus voltage harmonics converted to the bus nominal voltage are also tabulated.
===================== =====================================================================================================
ID Nom. kV 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
------------ -------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Bus1 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.07 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.87 0.00 2.74 0.00 0.00 1.24 1.36 1.28
1.07 0.90 0.93 1.92 1.43 0.95 0.96 2.37 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bus2 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.29 0.00 3.12 0.00 0.00 1.38 1.49 1.40
1.19 1.00 1.02 2.09 1.55 1.02 1.03 2.52 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LVBus 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.27 0.34
0.16 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MCC1 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.35 0.48
0.23 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub 3 4.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.44 0.61
0.30 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Branch Tabulation
In this section, branch currents are tabulated on 1 MVA base for harmonics up to the 73rd harmonic. Note
that only the branches that are selected for plotting in the Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor are
tabulated.
Branch % Harmonic Current Contents in 1 MVA Base
============ =====================================================================================================
ID 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Cable2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.35 0.44
0.20 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cable11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cable14 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.90 0.00 3.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.60 0.00 4.37 0.00 0.00 1.32 1.12 1.25
1.03 0.68 0.62 1.06 0.72 0.41 0.38 0.81 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.22 0.28
0.13 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T4 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.90 0.00 3.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.60 0.00 4.37 0.00 0.00 1.32 1.12 1.25
1.03 0.68 0.62 1.06 0.72 0.41 0.38 0.81 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
XFMR 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.08 0.11
0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
For your convenience, the branch currents are also tabulated on the base of fundamental current.
==================== =====================================================================================================
ID Fund(A) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
------------ ------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Cable2 274. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.18 0.22
0.10 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cable11 145. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cable14 928. 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.35 0.00 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.26 0.00 5.67 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.46 1.62
1.33 0.88 0.81 1.37 0.94 0.53 0.49 1.05 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T2 59. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T3 122. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.26 0.31
0.15 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T4 107. 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.35 0.00 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.26 0.00 5.67 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.46 1.62
1.33 0.88 0.81 1.37 0.94 0.53 0.49 1.05 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
XFMR 3 91. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.13 0.17
0.08 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The harmonic frequency scan text report shares the same sections for Summary Page, Bus Input Data,
Machine Data, Branch Input Data, Branch Connection, and Fundamental Load Flow Report with the
harmonic load flow text report. It does not have Harmonic Library Data and Harmonic Source Data,
since the harmonic frequency scan does not actually use any harmonic source information.
Frequency Scan
This section reports the driving point impedance, and its magnitude and phase angle, at each frequency
specified in the Harmonic Analysis Study Case Editor. Note that only the buses that are selected for
plotting are tabulated.
Freq Mag. Angle Mag. Angle Mag. Angle Mag. Angle Mag. Angle
(Hz) (ohm) (rad) (ohm) (rad) (ohm) (rad) (ohm) (rad) (ohm) (rad)
------ --------- -------- --------- -------- --------- -------- --------- -------- --------- --------
60 0.01 1.43 0.01 1.23 0.02 1.45 0.02 1.49 0.09 1.54
120 0.02 1.45 0.02 1.33 0.03 1.41 0.03 1.50 0.18 1.54
180 0.03 1.43 0.04 1.35 0.05 1.35 0.04 1.49 0.27 1.53
240 0.04 1.40 0.05 1.34 0.06 1.30 0.06 1.48 0.36 1.52
300 0.05 1.37 0.06 1.32 0.08 1.24 0.07 1.46 0.46 1.51
360 0.06 1.34 0.07 1.30 0.09 1.18 0.09 1.45 0.57 1.50
420 0.07 1.31 0.08 1.28 0.10 1.12 0.10 1.43 0.68 1.49
480 0.08 1.28 0.09 1.25 0.11 1.07 0.12 1.41 0.81 1.48
540 0.09 1.25 0.11 1.23 0.12 1.02 0.13 1.39 0.95 1.47
600 0.10 1.21 0.12 1.20 0.13 0.97 0.15 1.37 1.10 1.45
660 0.11 1.18 0.13 1.17 0.14 0.92 0.16 1.35 1.29 1.43
720 0.13 1.15 0.14 1.14 0.15 0.87 0.18 1.33 1.50 1.41
780 0.14 1.12 0.16 1.11 0.16 0.83 0.20 1.31 1.76 1.39
840 0.15 1.09 0.17 1.08 0.17 0.79 0.21 1.29 2.08 1.36
900 0.16 1.05 0.18 1.05 0.18 0.74 0.23 1.27 2.49 1.32
960 0.18 1.02 0.20 1.02 0.18 0.70 0.24 1.24 3.03 1.27
1020 0.20 0.97 0.22 0.98 0.19 0.65 0.26 1.21 3.76 1.20
1080 0.22 0.92 0.24 0.93 0.20 0.60 0.28 1.17 4.83 1.10
1140 0.24 0.84 0.26 0.85 0.20 0.53 0.30 1.11 6.43 0.93
1200 0.27 0.71 0.29 0.72 0.20 0.44 0.31 1.01 8.74 0.63
1260 0.27 0.50 0.29 0.53 0.18 0.37 0.30 0.90 10.87 0.15
1320 0.23 0.36 0.24 0.42 0.16 0.43 0.27 0.89 10.30 -0.39
1380 0.20 0.42 0.21 0.49 0.17 0.52 0.26 1.00 8.10 -0.77
1440 0.19 0.52 0.21 0.59 0.18 0.55 0.27 1.06 6.27 -0.99
1500 0.20 0.59 0.22 0.64 0.18 0.54 0.29 1.09 5.04 -1.12
1560 0.21 0.62 0.24 0.66 0.19 0.53 0.31 1.09 4.19 -1.20
1620 0.23 0.63 0.25 0.67 0.20 0.51 0.32 1.08 3.59 -1.26
1680 0.24 0.63 0.26 0.67 0.20 0.50 0.34 1.08 3.14 -1.30
1740 0.25 0.62 0.28 0.66 0.20 0.48 0.35 1.06 2.80 -1.34
1800 0.26 0.61 0.29 0.65 0.21 0.46 0.36 1.05 2.52 -1.36
1860 0.27 0.60 0.30 0.63 0.21 0.45 0.38 1.04 2.30 -1.38
1920 0.28 0.59 0.31 0.62 0.21 0.43 0.39 1.03 2.12 -1.40
1980 0.29 0.58 0.32 0.60 0.21 0.42 0.40 1.01 1.97 -1.41
2040 0.30 0.56 0.33 0.59 0.22 0.40 0.41 1.00 1.84 -1.42
2100 0.31 0.55 0.34 0.57 0.22 0.39 0.42 0.99 1.72 -1.44
2160 0.32 0.54 0.35 0.56 0.22 0.38 0.43 0.97 1.63 -1.44
2220 0.33 0.52 0.36 0.54 0.22 0.37 0.44 0.96 1.54 -1.45
2280 0.34 0.51 0.37 0.53 0.22 0.36 0.45 0.95 1.46 -1.46
2340 0.35 0.50 0.38 0.51 0.22 0.34 0.46 0.93 1.39 -1.46
2400 0.36 0.48 0.39 0.50 0.23 0.33 0.47 0.92 1.33 -1.47
Total
At this position, harmonic information of buses and branches is displayed. The information displayed is:
1 (Fundamental Frequency)
At this position, the fundamental load flow results are displayed. The information displayed is:
At this position, the bus voltages and branch currents for the given harmonic order are displayed. The
information displayed is:
The following screen capture shows a one-line diagram display with the slide position at Total.
The Harmonic Frequency Scan Slider displays the magnitude and phase angle of the bus driving point
impedance for the selected frequency. Only those buses, which are selected in the Harmonic Study Case
Editor for plotting, are available to display. The following is a screen capture of a Harmonic Frequency
Scan one-line display.
21.8 Plots
Plots are available for both the harmonic load flow study and the harmonic frequency scan study.
Frequency Scan
Check this radio button for plots of the harmonic frequency scan study.
Device Type
Select a device type.
Device ID
Select the devices that you want to plot. This box lists all the devices, which are selected in the Harmonic
Study Case Editor, Plot page, for the selected device type. Multiple devices can be selected.
Plot Type
For Harmonic Load Flow plot, following curves are available.
Waveform
Plot voltage or current waveforms for the selected devices. Curves are plotted in the time domain for one
cycle duration. The scale for voltage waveform is in percent of the nominal bus voltage. The scale for
current waveform is in percent of the fundamental branch current.
Spectrum
Plot voltage or current harmonic spectrum. Both voltage and current harmonics in spectrum charts are in
percent of their fundamental values.
For harmonic frequency scan plots, the following curves are available.
Z Magnitude
Plot the driving point impedance magnitudes for buses in Ohms.
Z Angle
Plot the driving point impedance angles for buses in radians.