University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT)

Department of Utilities Engineering

Labs 1-2:
Direct Current Generators
Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Submitted By:
Rehan Sudama
Roll No: 66136

Submitted To :
Professor Adel Elgammal

Submission Date :
 20/10/2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page

1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................…3

2. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................4

2.1 DC Generators...................................................................................................................................4

2.2 Working Principle of DC Generator..................................................................................................4

3. Theoretical Background..........................................................................................................................4

3.1 Separately Excited DC Generator......................................................................................................4

3.2 Characteristics...................................................................................................................................4

3.3 Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator.......................................................................5

3.4 Open circuit Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator ....................................................5

3.5 External Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator...........................................................6

3.6 Armature Reaction ...........................................................................................................................7

4. Experimental procedure...........................................................................................................................7

4.1 List of Equipment..............................................................................................................................7

4.2 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 1 .........................................................................................................8

4.3 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 2 .........................................................................................................9

5 . Analysis..................................................................................................................................................9

5,1 Experimental Results of Lab 1..........................................................................................................9

5.2 Data Analysis of Lab 1...................................................................................................................10

5.3 Discussion of Lab 1 ........................................................................................................................10

5.4 Experimental Results of Lab 2.........................................................................................................11

5.5 Data Analysis of Lab 2....................................................................................................................11

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 5.6 Discussion of Lab 2 ........................................................................................................................12

6. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................13

7. References.............................................................................................................................................13

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 1. ABSTRACT

This lab covers the Separately Excited DC Generators . The DC generator converts
mechanical power into electrical power .In Separately Excited DC generator , Field loops
energized by some outside source. For examination, a self-energized dc generator is a dc
generator whose field magnet winding is provided by current from the output of the
generator itself.

I have examined the Open circuit or Magnetic Characteristics of a D.C. Separately

Excited Generator in this lab. To think about connection between field current and
induced voltages. The curve which gives the relation between field current (If) and the
voltage (E0) in the armature on no load is called open circuit. The curve which gives the
connection between field current (If) and the generated voltage (E0) in the armature on
no load is called magnetic or open characteristic of a DC generator. In this lab, I also
studied about the external characteristics of a DC Generator. The external
characteristic of the separately excited DC generator is found by subtracting the ohmic
loss drops in the armature from generated voltage (Eg).

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 2. INTRODUCTION :

2.1 DC generators:
A Direct current (dc) generator is another gadget that produces a potential difference. A
straightforward dc generator comprises of a loop of wire turning in an magnetic field.
Nonetheless, it utilizes a split ring commutator instead of the two slip rings found in AC
generators. There are three techniques for excitation, and three types of DC generators:

 Permanent Magnet DC Generators

 Separately Excited DC Generators
 Self Excited DC Generators

2.2.Working Principle of DC Generator

The DC generator working guideline depends on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic Induction.

At the point when a conductor is situated in a unstable magnetic field, an electromotive power
gets initiated inside the conductor. Induced e.m.f extent can be estimated from the condition of
the electromotive force of a generator.
On the off chance that the conductor is available with a closed path, the current which is induced
will stream in the path. In this generator, field coils will produce an electromagnetic field just as
the armature conductors are turned into the field. Subsequently, an electromagnetically incited
electromotive force (e.m.f) will be created inside the armature conductors. The way of induced
current will be given by Fleming's Right hand rule.
3. Theoretical Background

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR:

A DC generator whose field

winding or loop is stimulated by
a different or outer DC source is
known as separately excited DC
Generator. The Flux created by
the poles relies on the field
current with the unsaturated area
of magnetic material of the
poles. for example , flux is
directly proportional to the field
current. But in the saturated
region, the flux stays steady.
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3.2 CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics is the graph between the two dependent quantities. It shows the consistent state
Characteristics for DC generators. The trait of the DC generators clarifies the relations between
the loads excitation and terminals voltage through graph..

3.3 Characteristics Of Separately Excited DC Generator:

In the event, the voltage will remain constant If there is no armature reaction and armature
voltage drop, the voltage will stay consistent for any load current. Because of the demagnetizing
impact of armature reaction, the on-load produced emf is not exactly the no-load voltage.
The presentation of an separately Excited DC generator is examined with the assistance of three
distinct qualities: Magnetic or no-load or open circuit characteristics., internal characteristics
and external characteristics.

3.4 Open Circuit Characteristic a

separately excited generators:

The bend which gives the connection

between field current (If) and the generated
voltage (E0) in the armature on no load is
called open circuit characteristic for a DC
generator. The plot of this bend is
essentially same for a wide range of
generators, regardless of whether they are
separately excited or self-excited
independently . This curve is otherwise
called no load saturation characteristic
curve of DC generator.

Here in this figure, we can see the variety

of generated emf on no load with field current for various fixed speeds of the armature. For
higher estimation of consistent speed, the steepness of the curve is more. At the point when the
field current is zero, for the effect residual magnetism in the poles, there will be a little beginning
emf (OA) as show in figure. Let us consider a separately excited DC generator giving its no load
voltage E0 for a consistent field current. In the event that there is no armature reaction and
armature voltage drop in the machine then the voltage will stay consistent. In this way, in the
event that we plot the rated voltage on the Y pivot and load current on the x axis then the bend
will be a straight line and corresponding to x-axis as appeared in figure beneath. Here, AB line
demonstrating the no load voltage .
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The e.m.f of DC generator at no-load is given by using following relation :
Eo α NΦ

If the speed is constant, then Eo is directlty proportional to the flux Φ, but flux is directly
proportional to field current .The induced emf in the armature winding of a dc machine is
directly proportional to flux and speed of rotation. Now consider that the field winding have a
variable dc source that providing a field current. If armature terminals are left open and
armature is rotated at constant speed, then the induced emf in the armature is given by following
relation
E = K ,
Here, K is a constant. the induced emf becomes proportional to the airgap flux. Flux depends on
the magnetomotive force supplied by current in the field winding. That is,
 = Kf IF
Here, Kf depends on the operating flux density. Therefore induced emf is shown as following
E = K Kf If .
The magnetic circuit of a dc machine have both linear and non-linear parts. Hence, Kf decreases
as the magnetic circuit gets saturated with change in flux density in machine. It should be noted
that E does not start at zero when the field current is zero but at some value (of the order of 1-5
V). This is due to residual magnetism.

At the point when the generator is loaded then the voltage drops because of two fundamental
reasons-
1. Due to armature reaction
2. Due to ohmic drop .

3.5 External characteristics of a separately

excited generators.

Presently we will draw the external

characteristics of a separately excited DC
generators. For that, we run the DC generator with
rated speed and furthermore we energize the field
with rated field current. Here, DC generator is
kept at its no-load condition. At that point , the
no-load terminal voltage is measured with the
assistance of a voltmeter associated over the
terminals. We speak to this open circuit voltage at
rated excitation and evaluated speed as E0 on the

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Y-pivot of a chart. At that point we gradually increment the load current by associating load
resistance consistently in parallel way.

At each progression of expanding the load, we measure the voltage over the load terminals and
the armature current flows. At that point we plot on the graph Thus, we get a slanted line
starting from point E0. This slope line speaks to the external characteristics of a separately
excited generators.
The terminal voltage is less then E due to voltage drop in armature circuit .Therefore, this
external characteristics curve is lie below the internal characteristic. The formula of terminal
voltage for external characteristic is given by following relation

V = E- IaRa – armature reaction drop

3.6 Armature Reaction:

In no-load condition, field winding produced flux that is uniformly distributed over the pole
faces as indicated in Fig. (A). Now consider that two pole machine is driven by prime mover in
clockwise direction. The direction of the currents in the armature conductors under load is
indicated in Fig. (B). The armature flux distribution is indicated. When the armature is loaded,
both fluxes exist at the same time, the resultant flux gets distorted. The armature flux resists the
flux in one half of the pole and aids in the other half of pole . If the magnetic circuit is
unsaturated the decrease in flux in one-half of the pole is accompanied by an equal increase in
the flux in the other half. The net flux per pole is the same under load as at no load. If the
magnetic circuit is close to saturation point under no-load, then increase in flux is smaller than
the decrease in flux. So ,there is a net reduction in total flux.

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 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

4.1 List of Equipment

List of Equipment is given below:

 De Lorenzo 20089 DC motor
 Fluke Multimeter
 De Lorenzo 8044 Generator
 Connecting leads
 De Lorenzo DL 1013M3 Power Supply Module
 De Lorenzo DL 20250 Electronic Tachometer
 De Lorenzo DL 1017RHE Variable Resistor

4.2 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 1

Laboratory procedure of Lab 1 is given below:

 The appropriate theory of DC generators and its parts was read up prior to entering the
lab.
 The equipment was connected as shown circuit diagrams .
 Each circuit was set up separately.
 Power supply module is suitable for applying fixed and variable alternating current and
fixed and variable rectified direct current, in order to easily carry out all the tests on
electrical machines of the laboratory and in general in an electric measurement
laboratory.

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  Electronic Tachometer - Suitable to measure the revolving speed through tachometric or
optical transducer mounted on the machine. Digital readout and analogue output
proportional to the measured value.

4.3 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 2

Laboratory procedure of Lab 2 is given below:

 Connect the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
 DC Power Supply is turned on and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero to
full value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant.
 Record output voltage against each value of load current.
 Turn off power to the machine after completing the task.

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 5 ANALYSIS

5.1 Experimental Results of Lab 1 :

Measurements of field current and generated voltage is given below:

No # Field Current If Generated Voltage

(amps) in Amps Eg (volts) in Volts

1 0 5.06 (Residual)
2 0.01 27
3 0.02 54.6
4 0.03 69.4
5 0.04 91.4
6 0.05 111.8
7 0.06 125.2
8 0.07 137.8
9 0.08 147.4
10 0.09 156.3
11 0.1 161.8

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5.2 Data Analysis of Lab 1 :

Plot of field current and generated voltage of lab 1 is given below:

5.3 Discussion of Lab 1:

Theoretical Results of Lab 1 is given below: Open circuit characteristic is also called as

no-load saturation characteristic. This Open circuit  characteristic describes the
connection between generated emf at no load (E g) and the field current (I f) at a given
fixed speed.

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5.4 Experimental Results of Lab 2 :

Measurements of load current and terminal voltage is given below:

No # IL Load Current VT Terminal

(Amps) Voltage in Volts

1 0 161.3 (Residual)
2 0.162 153.8
3 0.201 151.9
4 0.346 145.2
5 0.463 140
6 0.621 132.6
7 0.817 123.6
8 0.939 117.7

5.5 Data Analysis of Lab 2 :

Plot of load current and terminal voltage of lab 2 is given below:

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5.6 Discussion of Lab 2 :

Theoretical Results of Lab 2 is given below: An external characteristic curve describes the
connection between terminal voltage (V) and the load current (I L). Terminal voltage V is less
than the generated emf Eg due to voltage drop in the armature circuit. If the field current is kept
constant and armature is moving at a constant speed, induced emf in an ideal generator does not
depend on the armature current, as indicated by the dotted line .When load current increases, the
terminal voltage decreases as shown by solid line. If the armature reaction is ignored, then
decrease in Va will be linear and equal to the voltage drop across Ra and carbon brushes. if the
generator is worked at the knee point in magnetization curve, the armature reaction introduces a
further drop in terminal voltage.

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 6. Conclusion :

In this lab , we observed the Open circuit or Magnetic Characteristics of a D.C. Separately
Excited Generator.and External Characteristics of a D.C. Separately Excited Generator .Open
circuit Characteristics shows relationship between field current and induced voltages. External
Characteristics shows the relation between the terminal voltage (V) and load current
(IL).Experimental and theoretical results are shown and plotted . Separately Excited DC
Generator can operate in stable condition with any field excitation and gives wide range of
output voltage. 
7. References:
A. A. Khan, “A Novel Apparatus to Study Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction,” IEEE
Transactions on Education, vol. E-29, no. 1, pp. 30–31, 1986.

R. Tricker, “The Logical Status of the Law of Electromagnetic Induction,” The Contributions of
Faraday and Maxwell to Electrical Science, pp. 41–73, 1966.

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Roll No: 66136