COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Draft Structural lay-out and details leading to

Technical Drafting NC II

Sector:

CONSTRUCTION

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

REGIONAL TRAINING CENTER
TESDA Complex Carig Norte,
Tuguegarao City
 COMPETENCY-BASED

LEARNING MATERIALS

Draft Structural lay-out and details

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MODULE

Welcome to the Module: Draft Structural Lay-Out And Details. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete

each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information
Sheets, Resource Sheets and Reference Materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the
self-check at the end of each learning outcome. Get the answer key from your
instructor and check your work honestly. If you have questions, please don’t hesitate to
ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this
module because you have:
 been working for someone
 already completed training in this area

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or
skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you won’t have to do
the same training again. If you have qualifications or Certificates of Competency from
previous trainings, show them to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still relevant
to this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL.
At the end of this learning material is a Learner’s Diary, use this diary to record
important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in
providing further details to your trainer or assessors. A Record of Achievement is also
provided for your trainer to complete once you completed the module.

This learning material was prepared to help you achieve the required
competency in Draft Structural Lay-out and Details. This will be source of information
for you to acquire the knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently and
your own pace with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.

In doing the activities to complete the requirements of this module, please be guided by
the following:
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training under this
module. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections that cover all
the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete

 Work through all information and complete the activities in each section. Read the
information sheets and complete the self-check provided in this module.

 Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/She is there
to support you and show you the correct way to do things. Ask for help.

 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you
are completing the activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.

 You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will
improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experienced work mates and ask for their guidance.

 Use self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress.

 When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in
this module.
 COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of competency
No Unit of competency Module title Code
Drafting Structural lay-out and
1. Draft Structural lay-out and details CON311303
details

Module Content

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Draft Structural Lay-Out and Details

MODULE TITLE : Drafting Structural lay-out and details
CODE : CON311303
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required to manually draft structural - foundation plan,
framing plans, and structural drawing details.

NOMINAL DURATION :16 hrs

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module the trainees/students should be able to:

LO1. Draft foundation plans

LO2. Draft structural floor and roof framing plans
 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Draft foundation plans

CONTENTS:
1. Definition of terms
2. Architectural and structural drawing standards
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Indicate locations of wall footings, footings and columns as shown in the floor
plan
2. Draw details of wall footings, footings and columns in larger scale
CONDITIONS:

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

Technical drafting tools, equipment and materials

Blueprint
Drafting paper
Drawing tools
 Drawing board
 T-square
 Triangles
 Scale
 Technical pens and pencils
 Erasers
 Drawing templates
 Sharpener
 Protractors
 Learning materials (print, video, audio)
 Workplace/ simulated environment
METHODOLOGIES:

 Lecture/discussion
 Modular/self-paced learning
 Practical drafting exercises
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
 Demonstration/observation
 Oral questioning
 Written test
 LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 1: Draft foundation plans
Learning Activities
Read Information sheet 3.1-1
Definition of terms
After reading, Answer self-
check 3.1-1 Definition of
terms
Read information Sheet 3.1-
2 Architectural and structural
drawing standards
After reading, Answer self-
check 3.1-2 Architectural and
structural drawing standards
Special Instructions
 If you have some problem on the content of the
information sheet don’t hesitate to approach
your facilitator
 If you feel that you are now knowledgeable on
the content of the information sheet you can
now answer self-check provided in the module
 Compare your answers to Answer key 3.1-1
Definition of terms
 If you have some problem on the content of the
information sheet don’t hesitate to approach
your facilitator
 If you feel that you are now knowledgeable
on the content of the information sheet you
can now answer self-check provided in the
module
 Compare your answers to Answer key 3.1-2
Architectural and structural drawing
standards
 Information sheet 3.1-1

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Introduction

Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to provide a

level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The foundation must be strong
enough to support and distribute the load of the structure. The foundation helps prevent
cold air and dampness from entering the house. It waterproofs the basement and forms
the supporting walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from cracking and the
doors and windows from sticking.

The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same, regardless
of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing foundation vary greatly
in different parts of the country and are continually changing.

The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of
the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the science of soil mechanics confirms
that rock beds are the most stable medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the
building stands, serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other construction
material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel and other
materials used, as foundation is needed to transmit these loads to the soil.

Skills Assessment

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in
order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected
of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A
little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you
checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to
determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
 This lesson is designed in order that student may recognize the most appropriate
design, proper locations in doing such foundation plans (wall footing and columns) and
to be familiar to the different materials needed in making a concrete House or Building
foundations.

Skills Assessment

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in
order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected
of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A
little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you
checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to
determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.

Technical Terms Encountered in Foundation Plans

Foundation - is the part of the building below the surface of the ground which is
sometimes called the substructure.

Footing - is an expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the
load into the ground.
Design of Foundation

The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is the result of

determining the soil surface and the condition of the soil. The topography of the surface
has to be considered prior to construction, as this might affect the construction
investigation.

A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive investigation as a

site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of determining soil condition.
Sample of soil extracted from the site is examined as to its consistency and relative
density. The area bored or drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring
methods and equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National
Building Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft. per ton or less than
twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use.

To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a foundation, without
overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the
soil also behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed for
the worst times.

Laying-Out and Staking

The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the

ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this process is done
which includes demolition, clearing and establishing building measurement on the
ground. Before a foundation for a construction begins, the perimeter of the house or
building should be laid out on the ground. Please refer to the given illustrations below.
The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:

1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.

2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.

3. Level transit - is for establishing reference point.

4. Plastic water hose - which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to
establish level of horizontal lines.

5. String or chord - for connecting established point.

Excavation and Backfilling

Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories namely, the shallow

excavation and the deep excavation.

1. Shallow excavation - includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they
are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil extends to 1.50 meters.
2. Deep excavation - is for large building projects as this requires almost total
extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring of the ground to
project adjoining properties. The process is defined as providing temporary support to
the structure or ground during excavation.

Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after the
foundation has been laid out.
The design of a foundation always includes the following:

1. The dead load plus the live load

2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts

As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation which

includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also includes piles, piers
and caissons.

The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of
nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of construction.
But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of construction like steel,
concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete, and wood is transmitted to the
ground, hence there is a foundation to transmit that collective load to the soil in such a
manner as the soil will not be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The
performance of a structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil
foundation provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be
considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may develop.

There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The movement of the
foundation may be due to the following causes. Refer to the sample pictures below.

1. Soil bearing capacity failure

 2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure

3. Shear distortion of the soil

 4. Compression of the soil

There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the foundation but
these are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the soil.

How did you find the given information? Which among the information matters to you
most? Well, you are just starting, move forward to enrich your understanding. Enjoy this
simple activity. Have fun!
 Self-Check 3.1-1

1. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.

__________ 2. They are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.

__________ 3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.

__________ 4. is the part of the building below the surface of the ground which is
sometimes called the substructure..

__________ 5. is an expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute

the load into the ground.
 Self-Check 3.1-1
1. Laying-Out and Staking
2. Stake
3. Batter Boards
4. Foundation
5. Footing
 Information Sheet 3.1-2

ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DRAWING STANDARDS

Types of foundations:

1. Spread Foundation - includes all those types where the load is distributed into
the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles.
 Sample Spread Foundation

2. Pier Foundation - is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender
vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles. It is in this foundation
where concrete piers are carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing
power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached.

3. lab Foundation - is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with
footings placed where extra support is needed.
 4. T- Foundation - consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a
concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in structures
with basement.

6. Mat Foundation - assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the
entire area of the building floor.

Foundation Members

The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size
of the foundation

1. Footing – is a portion of the foundation of a structure which directly distributes

the weight of a building over large area. Concrete is commonly used for footings
because it can be poured to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil.
 2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to support the load of
the building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to the
footing.

2. Piers and Columns Piers and columns - are vertical members usually made of
concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support the floor systems and
can be used as sole support of the structure.

Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.

Kinds of Footings
1. Wall footing - is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire
length of the wall.
 Wall Footing

2. Isolated footing - is one which supports a single column, post, pier or other
concentrated load.

Isolated Column Footing

3. Combined footing - is one which supports two column loads or

sometimes three column loads not in a row.
 Combined Column Footing

4. Cantilever footing - is one which supports two column loads and consists of
two footings connected together by a beam often called a strap.

Cantilever Footing
5. Continuous footing - is one which supports a row of three or more columns.

Continuous Footing

6. Raft or mat footing - is one which extends under the entire building area and
supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
 Raft or Mat Footing

1. Trapezoidal footing
Trapezoidal Footing
DETAIL OF WALL FOOTING
 Self-check 3.1-2
Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. A footing which supports a wall.

__________ 2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.

__________ 3. It is one which supports a row of three or more columns.

__________ 4. It is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length
of the wall.
__________ 5. Assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the entire area of
the building floor.
 Answer key 3.1-2

1. Wall footing
2. Foundation
3. Continuous footing
4. Wall footing -
5. Mat Foundation
 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Draft structural floor and roof framing plans

CONTENTS:
1. Definition of terms
2. Architectural and structural drawing standards
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Draft structural floor and roof framing plans based on floor and foundation
plans using timber, concrete or steel construction
2. Draft structural floor and roof beams showing the sizes and shapes and detailed
connections.
CONDITIONS:

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

Technical drafting tools, equipment and materials

Blueprint
Drafting paper
Drawing tools
 Drawing board
 T-square
 Triangles
 Scale
 Technical pens and pencils
 Erasers
 Drawing templates
 Sharpener
 Protractors
 Learning materials (print, video, audio)
 Workplace/ simulated environment
METHODOLOGIES:

 Lecture/discussion
 Modular/self-paced learning
 Practical drafting exercises
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
 Demonstration/observation
 Oral questioning
 Written test
 LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 1: Draft foundation plans
Learning Activities
Read Information sheet 3.1-1
Definition of terms
After reading, Answer self-
check 3.1-1 Definition of
terms
Read information Sheet 3.1-
2 Architectural and structural
drawing standards
After reading, Answer self-
check 3.1-2 Architectural and
structural drawing standards
Special Instructions
 If you have some problem on the content of the
information sheet don’t hesitate to approach
your facilitator
 If you feel that you are now knowledgeable on
the content of the information sheet you can
now answer self-check provided in the module
 Compare your answers to Answer key 3.1-1
Definition of terms
 If you have some problem on the content of the
information sheet don’t hesitate to approach
your facilitator
 If you feel that you are now knowledgeable
on the content of the information sheet you
can now answer self-check provided in the
module
 Compare your answers to Answer key 3.1-2
Architectural and structural drawing
standards
 Information sheet 3.2-1

DRAFT STRUCTURAL FLOOR AND ROOF FRAMING PLANS

This lesson is design so that students will become more knowledgeable on

how to draft a proper layout of structural floor and roof framing plans based on the
considerations of the shapes, sizes and detailed connections.

Skills Assessment

Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in
order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected
of you to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A
little” and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you
checked “Not Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to
determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
Compression Test - determines behavior of materials under crushing loads.

Concrete Slump Test - is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh
concrete. It measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test
is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

Dead Load - refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials.

Framing - is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.

Girder - is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.

Heel Plate - is the plate at the end of a truss.

Hip Roof - is a roof with four sloping sides.

Jack Rafter - is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.

Joist - is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling
system.
Lally Column - is a steel column used to support girders and beams.

Pier - is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.

Pilaster - is a decorative column attached to a wall.

Piles - are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.

Pillar - is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.

Purlins - are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.

Ridge - is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Slab - is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.

Span - is the distance between structural supports.

Valley - is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

Valley Jacks - is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.

Valley Rafters - is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs.
Concrete

The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete, which is an

artificial stone. It is a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water.
This is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that they
act together in resisting forces it is called a reinforced concrete.

Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard substance.
It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland cement. Joseph Aydin introduced
Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its type, whether for general
construction or where high early strength or resistance is required. Pozzolana cement is
amorphous silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water. The
name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.

Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the
other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before
or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is known as
workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency,
plasticity and mobility. Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity
refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to obtain a good
mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability
to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion:

The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for

economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.

Class of Cement Sand Gravel

Mixture 40 kg. Cu.Ft. Cu.M. Cu.Ft. Cu.M.

AA 1 1½ .043 3 .085

A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113

B 1 2½ .071 5 .142

C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170

Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:

1. On the job site – hand mixing

2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers

Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the concrete has
been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between
the cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained
above 10˚c temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early
strength concrete.
Reinforced Concrete

It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and the footings
are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The main purpose of a column is
to support a beam or girder, floor or roof. Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.

1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the

shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times.

Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:

1. Tied column reinforcement

2. Spiral reinforcement
3. Composite reinforcement

4. Combined reinforcement
5. Lally column reinforcement
 A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI code provides a
specific size of ties as follows:

1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar

2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel bars

Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:

1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the
main reinforcing bar.

2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the
lateral ties.

3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the
cross section of the column.

The Reinforced Concrete Floor

The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the floor slab. The
floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the human occupants and all
unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the beams then to the columns.

A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support while
girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams. Beams are classified as
simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam while cantilever beams are supported on
one end and the other projecting beyond the support.

A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load has to carry
its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational effect of its own weight will
cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other hand, a bending moment is the tendency
of a force to cause rotation at an axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending.

The Reinforced Concrete Slab

Reinforced concrete slab is classified as:

1. One way solid slab

2. Two way solid slab

3. Ribbed floor
4. Flat slab or Girder less floor.

The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these considerations:

1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported

3. The length of the span

4. Cost of construction
 A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.
This is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs no
web reinforcements. The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the
same quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.
 The American Concrete Institute code provides that the thickness of the slab
shall not be less than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of
reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.

The other most common type of slab used in building residential dwelling is the
two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by beams or girders, the
reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right angle to each other. The
reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the side support.
Reinforced Concrete Stairways

The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form of a
concrete stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a transverse one
bar per tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be short and no break in flight
between floors. If the stair is divided into two or more flights, intermediate beams should
be used to support the landing. The building code provides that all stairs shall be so
designed to give safety and convenience to climbing.
Here are standard dimensions provided for by the code:

1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of any landing
shall be 110 cm.

2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive of the
nosing is 25 cm.

3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.

Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the main structural
framework of the dwelling unit.
 Self-Check 3.2-1

LAY-OUT THE STAIRWAY

1. Directions: Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

__________1. Unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the

shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

__________2. Unsupported height is more than 10 times.

__________3. is a column used for supporting parts of a structure

__________4. is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

__________ 5. are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together

 Self-Check 3.2-1

1. Short column
2. Long column
3. Pillar
4. Ridge
5. Purlins
References:
https://www.slideshare.net/
https://www.academia.edu/35949585/HOW_TO_PREPARE_THE_STRUCTURAL_LAY
OUT_GENERAL_ARRANGEMENT_OF_BUILDINGS
https://bpmis.gov.rw/asset_data/form_201251/files/element_49_000273cc2e4d0205800
b8208c62e3166-707-180606%20-%20Structure%20data.pdf