Technical Drafting CBLM COMMON

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
Sector : CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (ELECTRICAL SECTOR)
Qualification Title : ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE NC II
Unit of Competency : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
Module Title : INTERPRETING TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
Date Developed: Document No.1

EIM NC II
June 2012 Issued by:
Developed by: KIT-TESDA Page 0
Interpreting Technical
Revision # 00 of 120
TESDA-KIT -QMS Drawings and Plans Romeo S. Tababa Jr
Technical Education & Skills Development Authority
KABASALAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in Interpreting technical drawings and plans. This

module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Interpret technical drawings and plans” contains

knowledge, skills and attitudes required for EIM NC II. It is one of the
specialized modules at National Certificate Level (NC II).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are
Information Sheets, job sheets and self-check. Follow these activities on your
own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning outcome. You may
remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module (or get one from your
facilitator/trainer) to write your answers for each self-check. If you have
questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in
this learner’s guide because you have:
 Have been working for some time.

 Already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized
so you don’t have to do the same training again.
If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous

trainings, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and
relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you
can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills,
discuss this with your trainer.
REMEMBER TO:
EIM NC II
At the end of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this dairy to record
important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist
you in providing further details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of
Achievement is also provided for your trainer to complete once you complete
the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve competency, in Interpreting

technical drawings and plans. This will be the source of information for you to
acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently and at your
own pace, with minimum supervision or help from your trainer.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training
of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into
sections, which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to successful
complete this module.
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in section.
Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
 Most probably your trainer will also by your supervisor or manager.
He/She is there to support you and show you the correct way to do
things.
 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and
take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on
the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work
shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also
your confidence.
 Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities
outline in this module.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/pre-assessment reports for this
reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask your
trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for institutional
assessment.
 When you have completed the institutional assessment, the results of
your assessment will be recorded in our competency Achievement Record
and Progress chart.

EIM NC II
EIM NC II
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
LIST OF COMMON COMPETENCIES
No. Unit of competency Module Title Code
Perform Mensuration And Performing mensuration and

1 CON311203
Calculations calculations
Observe Procedures, Observing Procedures,

2 Specifications And Manuals Of Specifications And Manuals Of CON311201
Instruction Instruction
Interpret Technical Drawings Interpreting Technical

3 CON311202
And Plans Drawings And Plans
Perform Mensuration’s And Performing Mensuration’s And

4 CON311203
Calculations Calculations
Maintaining Tools And

5 Maintain Tools And Equipment CON311204
Equipment

EIM NC II
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Interpret technical drawings and plans
MODULE TITLE : Interpreting Technical Drawings and Plans
MODULE DESCRIPTOR :
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on analyzing

and interpreting symbols, data and work plan based on the required
performance standard.
NOMINAL DURATION:
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data.
LO2. Interpret technical drawings and plans
LO3. Apply freehand sketching

EIM NC II
LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY
Learning Outcome 1 Analyze sign, symbols and data

CONTENTS:
 Drawing symbols and signs
 Trade mathematics
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Sign, symbols, and data are identified according to job

specifications.
 Sign, symbols and data are determined according to

classification or as appropriate in drawing.
CONDITIONS:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Classroom for discussion

 Workplace Location
 Measuring Instruments
 Blueprints of plan
 Electrical
 Mechanical
 Instructional materials
METHODOLOGIES
 Demonstration
 Classroom discussions
 Self-paced
ASSESSMENT METHODS
 Practical exam
 Direct observation

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 Written test/questioning
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LO1- Analyze signs, symbols and data

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
Read Information Sheet 3.1-1
Drawing Symbols Used In Answer Self-Check 3.1-1
Technical Drafting
Compare answers with the answer key.
If you got a perfect score, continue
Self-Check 3.1-1 reading on next information sheet. If
not, review by reading Information
sheet again and try to answer the self
check again.
Refer to Performance Criteria 3.1-1
Read Information Sheet 3.1-2 Answer self-check 3.1-2 on

On Classification Of Alphabet Of Classification of Alphabet of Lines used
Lines Used In Technical Drawing in Technical Drawing
Self-Check 3.1-2 Compare answers with the answer key.

reading on next task. If not, review by
reading Information sheet again and
try to answer the self-check again.

Answer self-check 3.1-3 on
On Orthographic Views Orthographic Views

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Do Job Sheet 3.1-3 On

Orthographic Views
Read Information Sheet 3.1-4 On

Schematic Diagram
Do Job Sheet 3.1-4 On

Interpreting Electrical Plan
Read Information Sheet 3.1-5 On Answer self-check 3.1-5 on

Interpreting Electrical Plan Interpreting Electrical Plan

Self-Check 3.1-5 reading on next task. If not, review by
Do Job Sheet 3.1-5

On Interpreting Electrical Plan

Structural Drawing
Do Job Sheet 3.1-6 On Structural

Drawing

Plumbing Drawing
Do Job Sheet 3.1-7 On Plumbing

Drawing

Welding Symbols

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Do Job Sheet 3.1-8 On Welding
Symbols
After doing all the activities of this
Learning Outcomes, you are
recommended to proceed to the next
Learning Outcomes activities on
Receive Lumps or any of the Learning
Outcomes you are ready to perform.
INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-1
Drawing Symbols used in Technical Drafting
Learning Objectives: At the end of this learning material you should be able
to:
 Determine the different kinds of drawing symbols.
 Discuss the different symbols in technical drawing.
INTRODUCTION:
Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well conversant

with drawings. Drawings represent reduced shape of structure and the owner
will be able to see what is going to happen. Drawings are prepared as per the
requirements of owner. In case of public buildings, the functional aspects are
studied and accordingly the drawings are prepared as per recommendations
laid down in National Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard
specifications. Any modifications like additions or omissions can be suggested
from a study of the drawings before actual construction of the structure is
started. Drawings provide a language with specific data to Architects, Engineers
and workmen at the site to construct the structure accordingly.
In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it is

essential to work out different items of construction with their quantities for
estimating the total cost of construction project. For this purpose, drawings of
different parts and different views are essential so that the approval of work
from the sanctioning authority can be obtained. Further, the detailed drawings
form an essential contract document, when the work is handed over to a
contractor. Hence it is necessary to prepare detailed drawings, which will
inform the contractor, the exact information, which he needs during the
construction of different items of work. Drawings, thus prepared should be
carefully even after the completion of work. Thus, it becomes asses the
possibility of further vertical expansion by referring to the foundation details
initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:

EIM NC II
1. Drawing should be clear, simple and clean.
2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn

scaled measurements.
3. Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at
site without scaling for missing measurements.
4. Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the
drawings.
5. Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark
the dimensions without crowding.
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS:
Conventional signs are used to represent the particular item like stone
masonry, brick masonry, concrete etc in the section of drawing. (i.e.) when the
materials are cut by any imaginary plane it shows the inner of an object.
Conventional symbols are provided to indicate doors, windows, their fixing, and
movement of shutters. When they are cloud or opened, various water supply
and sanitary fixtures like tap, wash basin, W.C., urinals, Kitchen sink, shower
etc, symbols are used to indicate the position of electrical fittings like lamp,
switch, power socket, fan etc. To indicate positions of furniture on drawing
room, bedroom, suitable symbols are used.
The Bureau of Indian standards (B.I.S) has recommended the conventional

signs and symbols for the following purposes.
1. Avoid confusion and to understand the drawings

2. Save the time in making out various details in the drawing
3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical fixtures, water supply
and sanitary fittings, Position of furniture’s etc.
4. To prevent any dispute between contractor and owner in the actual
construction of the structure.

EIM NC II
The conventional signs for Civil Engineering materials as shown;
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s
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EIM NC II
s
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EIM NC II
1. The illustration below shows a simple dwelling house. The walls, floors,
ceilings doors, windows and the roof of the house are built by masons
and carpenters. The sanitary installations, such as the water pipes. The
sanitary fixtures and the sewage pipes are installed by a plumber and the
electrical installation providing illumination and electrical power is
installed by a building electrician.
2. The shape and the construction

of the house are usually
designed by an architect. He
prepares the construction plans
which provide the technical
information required to build the
house.
3. For practical reasons, the layout plan is drawn as seen from above,
giving us two of the dimensions
required for the construction work.
The LENGH and the WIDTH.
EIM NC II June 2012 Issued by: Page 13
Developed by: KIT-TESDA of 120
Drawings and Plans Revision # 00
TESDA-KIT -QMS Romeo S. Tababa Jr
4. The layout plan also shows the place of each of the room in the house.
1. Bedrooms 5. Entrance
2. Bathroom 6. Toilet
3. Kitchen 7. Storeroom
4. Dining and Living Room 8. Corridor
5. To prepare and draw the construction layout, the architects use
SYMBOLS to show the various parts of the construction.
Walls
Pillars and Columns
Beam
Chimneys
Window
Window with double glazing
Door

EIM NC II
Door with a sill or
Stepping stone
6. Since it would be impossible for the architect to draw plans which are of
the same size as the house to be built, he draws these plans to a SCALE.
He may choose various scales for various purposes. The following scales
are commonly used:
1:200 1 mm on the drawing is 200 mm in reality
1:20 1 mm on the drawing is. 20 mm in reality
7. The detailed measurements of the building and its rooms, walls, doors
and windows are provided in the MEASUREMENT PLAN. Using the
Metric systems the measurements should be in centimeters (cm). If the
imperial system is used, the measurements should be in inches'(l inch =
2.54 cm).
8. The measurements in a
measurement plan may be
shown in different ways. The
most commonly used lays are
shown here.
9. The measurements of doors
and windows are shown in
this way, the figure above the
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line shows the width of the
door or the window and the
figure below the line shows
the height.
10. The illustration shows a simple workshop building.
11. The layout plan is prepared in the same way as that of the
dwelling house.
12. This is the layout plan of the workshop building. It is drawn to the
scale 1:100.

EIM NC II
13. This is the measurement plan of the building.

EIM NC II
SELF-CHECK SHEET 3.1-1
Drawing Symbols
Reading Construction Plans
Direction: Identify each of the items listed below and write the corresponding
numbers in the empty circle on the drawing.
(1) Window (2) Wall

(3) Chimney (4) Window with double
glazing
(5) Door with sill (6) Measurement plan
(7) Pillar (8) Door
(9) Beam (10) Layout Plan

EIM NC II
KEY ANSWER 3.1-1
Reading Construction Plans
(1) Window (2) Wall

(3) Chimney (4) Window with double glazing
(5) Door with sill (6) Measurement plan
(7) Pillar (8) Door
(9) Beam (10) Layout Plan

EIM NC II
Classification of Alphabet of Lines used in Technical Drawing
to:
 Identify the uses of lines and its weight, and symbols

 Discuss the functions of alphabet of line
The lines used in drafting are often referred to as the “alphabet of

lines,” The "Alphabet of Lines" is a list of line symbols that are used on
technical drawings to represent the shape and describe the size of an object.
Each of the following lines is drawn at different thickness or darkness for
contrast as well as according to the importance of the line.
There are three distinct thicknesses of line, as follows: (1) Thick (border
lines, visible lines, cutting-plane lines and short-break lines), (2) Medium
(hidden lines,) and Thin (long- break lines, section lines, center lines,
dimension lines, extension lines, and phantom lines).
If two lines fall on top of one another (coincide), the more important line
is shown. Visible lines take precedence over hidden lines and center lines; and
hidden lines take precedence over center lines. The list below gives the name of
the line; explains how the line is used; indicates the appropriate thickness or
darkness; and provides the recommended pencil weight for drawing the line.
Lines in technical drawings are part of a specialized graphic language that is

standardized throughout industry. Each type of line has a very precise
symbolic meaning. Correct usage of this "alphabet of lines" is essential whether
you use traditional drafting methods or CAD.
Kinds of alphabet of lines:
1. Visible lines or Outline of an object – This is a heavy solid line in ink,

medium weight in pencil. They are sometimes called object lines. The
thickness of the lines may vary to suit the size of the drawing.

EIM NC II
2. Hidden lines – this type of lines are represented by a series of medium
weight dashes about 1/8” long and spaced 1/16” apart. They show surfaces
or edges hidden from view by other parts of the object.
3. Cutting plane lines – These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through
an object along the line. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with
two small dashes.
4. Center lines – These lines are used to locate centers of object, arcs and
circles. They are drawn by a series of lightweight long and short dashes. The
short dashes are about 1/8” and the long dashes 3/4" in length and the
spaces between dashes are about 1/16”.
5. Dimension lines – They are light in weight and broken in the middle to
provide space for dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these
lines to show the points where the dimension end.
6. Extension lines – these are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.

EIM NC II
7. Break lines – These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut
off or broken out.
a) Long break lines – these lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
b) Short break lines – These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
8. Section lines – These are light lines used in making sectional views. They
are spaced evenly to make a shaded effect.
9. Symmetry lines- Are used when partial views of symmetrical parts are
drawn. It is a center line with two thick short parallel lines drawn at right
angles to it at both ends.
10. Leaders – Are used to indicate the part of the drawing to which note
refers. Arrowheads touch the object lines while the dot rests on a surface.

EIM NC II
11. Phantom lines – Are used to indicate alternate position of moving part,
adjacent position of moving parts, adjacent position or related parts, and
repetitive detail.

EIM NC II
SELF CHECK 3.1-2
DIRECTION; Multiple choices; Choose the correct answer and write only the
letter.
__________1. These are light lines used in making sectional views. They are
spaced evenly to make a shaded effect.
a. Section lines b. Long break lines
c. Break lines d. none of these
___________2. These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.
a. Section lines b. Center lines
c. Extension lines d. Cutting plane lines
___________3. Is a list of line symbols that are used on technical drawings to

represent the shape and describe the size of an object?
a. Visible lines b. Hidden lines
c. Alphabet of Lines d. Center lines
____________4. Visible lines or Outline of an object are sometimes called
a. Object lines b. Alphabet of Lines
c. Extension lines d. Section lines
____________ 5. They are light in weight and broken in the middle to provide
space for dimensions.
a. Extension lines b. Hidden lines
c. Visible lines d. Dimension lines

EIM NC II
KEY ANSWER 3.1-2
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D

EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-2
Performance Objectives: At the end of this activity, the learner/trainee

should be able to:
 Draw the kinds of alphabet of lines used in technical drawing.

 Identify the different kinds of alphabet of lines.
Introduction:
Lines in technical drawings are part of a specialized graphic language that is

standardized throughout industry. Each type of line has a very precise
symbolic meaning. Correct usage of this "alphabet of lines" is essential whether
you use traditional drafting methods or CAD.
Line weight is the thickness of the line. Construction lines and guide
lines are very light, easily erased lines used to block in the main layout. Visible
lines are the edges or "outlines" of an object. They are drawn as solid lines with
a thick/heavy weight. All other lines contrast with the visible lines by having
either a thinner weight and/or a combination of dashes.
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the different kinds of alphabet of lines.
JOB SHEET 3.1-2

EIM NC II
Trainee’s Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________________
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 A trainee identifies the different kinds of alphabet of
lines?
 Trainees make a design showing the alphabet of lines?
 A trainee defines the different kinds of alphabet of lines?
 Trainees apply the knowledge in drawing alphabet of lines?
 Trainees distinguish the alphabet of lines one from the others?
 Trainees create designed using the alphabet of lines?
 Trainees enumerate the different function of the alphabet of
lines?
Comments/Suggestions:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Trainer’s Signature: _________________________ Date: _____________________

Orthographic Views

EIM NC II
to:
 Interpret the orthographic views.

 Apply the alphabet of lines into orthographic views.
Orthographic – came from the Greek words orthos and graphos which mean
straight line drawing.
Orthographic (ortho) views are two-dimensional drawings used to represent

or describe a three-dimensional object. The ortho views represent the exact
shape of an object seen from one side at a time as you are looking
perpendicularly to it without showing any depth to the object.
Primarily, three ortho views (top, front, and right) adequately depict the
necessary information to illustrate the object. Sometimes, only two ortho views
are needed as in a cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder and its length are the
only dimension information needed to complete the drawing. A sphere only
needs the diameter. It is the same from all angles and remains a perfect circle
in the isometric drawing.
The "six" side method is a process of making six primary ortho views that
represent the entire image. This method gives you all the information to create
the object from different isometric views.

EIM NC II
Orthographic Views Isometric Views
Isometric means "equal measurement". The true dimension of the object is

used to construct the drawing. You get the true dimension from either
orthographic views or by measuring the object. Because of the convenience of
using actual measurements to create the isometric image, it has become the
industry standard for parts manuals, technical proposals, patent illustrations
and maintenance publications.
Isometric Drawing
The representation of the object seen

here is called an isometric drawing.
This is one of a family of three-
dimensional views called pictorial
drawings. In an isometric drawing, the
object's vertical lines are drawn
vertically, and the horizontal lines in the
width and depth planes are shown at 30
degrees to the horizontal. When drawn
under these guide lines, the lines parallel
to these three axes are at their true
(scale) lengths. Lines that are not parallel
to these axes will not be of their true
length.

EIM NC II
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
The height of the object is measured along vertical lines. The width and
depth of the object are measured along the 30 degree to the horizontal plane.
Pictorial projections are either;
a. Isometric
b. Oblique
c. Perspective
An Isometric sketch is constructed by using three

axes: one vertical and two at 300 of the horizontal.
Oblique projection use the front face in true shape

and one side at 450 or 300.
Perspective sketches are usually drawn by

architects. The lines to the vanishing point are not
parallel.

EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-3
Orthographic Views

should be able to:
 Apply the knowledge on how to illustrate the orthographic views.

 Identify the three kinds of orthographic views.
Introduction:
Orthographic views show the length, breadth, and thickness of an object by

means of a top view or plan, a front view and, if necessary, a view of one or
both sides. Although orthographic views disregard perspective, they are easily
dimensioned, are understandable, and are the basis for working drawings.
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the orthographic views based on the given

isometric views presented.
Given Isometric View

EIM NC II
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST
Orthographic Views
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 A trainee identifies the different kinds of views?
 Trainees plot the three orthographic views?
 A trainee applies the different kinds of alphabet of lines into the
orthographic views?
 Trainees interpret the kinds of pictorial drawing?
 Trainees discuss the three views of orthographic views?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Schematic Diagram

EIM NC II
to:
 Interpret the symbols in schematic diagram.

 Apply the knowledge in performing the schematic diagram.
Schematic diagram – A schematic is a diagram, drawing, or sketch that

represents the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather
than realistic pictures.
A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram, elementary diagram,

or electronic schematic) is a simplified conventional graphical representation of
an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of
components, while a schematic diagram shows the components of the circuit as
simplified standard symbols; both types show the connections between the
devices, including power and signal connections. Arrangement of the
components interconnections on the diagram does not correspond to their
physical locations in the finished device.
Unlike a block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the

actual wire connections being used. The diagram does not show the physical
arrangement of components. A drawing meant to depict what the physical
arrangement of the wires and the components they connect is called "artwork"
or "layout" or the "physical design."
Circuit diagrams are used for the design (circuit design), construction (such
as PCB layout), and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment.
In computer science, circuit diagrams are especially useful when visualizing

different expressions using Boolean algebra.

EIM NC II
Circuit diagrams show how electronic
components are connected together. Each
component is represented by a symbol and
a few are shown here, for other symbols
please see the Circuit Symbols page.
Circuit diagrams and component layouts
Circuit diagrams show the connections as

clearly as possible with all wires drawn
neatly as straight lines. The actual layout
of the components is usually quite
different from the circuit diagram and this
can be confusing for the beginner. The
secret is to concentrate on the connections,
not the actual positions of components.
The circuit diagram and strip board layout

for the Adjustable Timer project are shown
here so you can see the difference.
A circuit diagram is useful when testing a

circuit and for understanding how it
works. This is why the instructions for
projects include a circuit diagram as well
as the strip board or printed circuit board
layout which you need to build the circuit.

EIM NC II
Drawing circuit diagrams
Drawing circuit diagrams is not difficult but it takes a little practice to draw
neat, clear diagrams. This is a useful skill for science as well as for electronics.
You will certainly need to draw circuit diagrams if you design your own circuits.
Follow these tips for best results:
 Make sure you use the correct symbol for each

component.
 Draw connecting wires as straight lines (use a
ruler).
 Put a 'blob' ( ) at each junction between wires.
 Label components such as resistors and
capacitors with their values.
 The positive (+) supply should be at the top and
the negative (-) supply at the bottom. The
negative supply is usually labeled 0V, zero volts.
If you are drawing the circuit diagram for science
please see the section about drawing diagrams
the 'electronics way'.
If the circuit is complex:
 Try to arrange the diagram so that signals flow

from left to right: inputs and controls should be
on the left, outputs on the right.
 You may omit the battery or power supply
symbols, but you must include (and label) the
supply lines at the top and bottom.
Drawing circuit diagrams the 'electronics way'
Circuit diagrams for electronics are drawn with

the positive (+) supply at the top and the
negative (-) supply at the bottom. This can be
helpful in understanding the operation of the
circuit because the voltage decreases as you
move down the circuit diagram.

EIM NC II
Circuit diagrams for science are traditionally
drawn with the battery or power supply at the
top. This is not wrong, but there is usually no
advantage in drawing them this way and I think
it is less helpful for understanding the circuit.
I suggest that you always draw your circuit

diagrams the 'electronics way', even for science!
[I hope your science teacher won't mind too

much!]
Note that the negative supply is usually called

0V (zero volts). This is explained on the Voltage
and Current page.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM clearly shows LAMP

the path of current or actual
connection of the circuit. Emphasis on
the location of electrical component is
not necessary in this diagram. This
type of diagram is used when tracing L1
and analyzing electrical circuit. SOURCE
Converting the installation diagram in L2
number 2 into a schematic diagram
will look like this.

EIM NC II
Depressing the single pole switch (S) LAMP
will make the circuit complete (close)
allowing the current to flow from
source L1 to the lamp and then from
lamp to switch, from switch back to
the source L2 which make the lamp L1
light. SOURCE
L2
JOB SHEET 3.1-4

Schematic Diagram
Performance Objectives: At the end of this activity, the learner/trainee should

be able to:
 Draw the schematic diagram.

 Interpret the symbols used in schematic diagram.
Introduction:
Electronic circuits are presented in schematic form. A schematic is actually

a map showing the path the current takes through the various components.
Each component is represented by a symbol, usually with either a label or a
value (or both). There arrangement of the components on paper is chosen to
make the function of the circuit clear and usually only vaguely resembles the
actual construction of the device.
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

EIM NC II

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the

schematic diagram.

Schematic Diagram
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 A trainee identifies the different kinds of symbols drawn
in schematic diagram?
 Trainees apply the electronic symbols in making a design in
schematic diagram?
 A trainee interprets the different symbols drawn in schematic
diagram?
 Trainees finish within three days allocation in making the
schematic diagram?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

EIM NC II

Electrical drawing
to:
 Identify the different kinds of electrical symbols.
 Infer concept learn from electrical symbols.
Electricity, in one form or another, affects the daily lives of every living
being, yet no one understands clearly it as an invisible form of energy which
flows in waves and currents not unlike certain liquids. Lightning is an
uncontrollable manifestation of electricity; the aurora borealis is another. On
the other hand, we know that electrical energy can be directed and controlled
to perform countless useful tasks for our comfort and convenience. So,
although we may never discover its primary source, we enjoy its benefits
constantly.
History
Discovery of electricity is credited to Thales, the earliest noted Greek

philosopher, who found that rubbed amber and magnetic attraction. The Greek
word for amber is elektron, from which is derived our word electricity. In the
16th century Dr. William Gilbert discovered that many substances other than
amber had electrical attributes. Conductors and non-conductors of electricity
were demonstrated by Stephen Gray in 1729. Benjamin Franklin’s experiments
with key, string and Leyden jar are known to all. The study of atoms and their
electrical properties led to a formulation in 1891 of the theory that all material
bodies contain charges of electricity.
An electrical drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information

about power, lighting, and communication for an engineering or architectural
project. Any electrical working drawing consists of "lines, symbols, dimensions,
and notations to accurately convey engineering’s design to the workers, who
install the electrical system on the job".

EIM NC II
A complete set of working drawings for the average electrical system in large
projects usually consists of:
 A plot plan showing the building's location and outside electrical wiring
 Floor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor
 Power-riser diagrams showing panel boards
 Control wiring diagrams
 Schedules and other information in combination with construction
drawings.
Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who
erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication
centers, power plants, electrical distribution systems, and buildings.
Interpreting Electrical Plan
1. This is a floor plan layout, it show the location of the furniture,

equipment and other electrical appliances. This plan is used by electrical
designers as basis for the location of the convenience outlets, switch
outlets, lighting outlets and other special purpose outlet.
2. This is a lighting circuit layout. The lighting circuit in this plan is divided
into two circuit, circuit 1 and circuit 2 as represented by the symbol
circuit home run.
3. You will notice that the

circuit home run symbol is
pointing towards the power
PP
panel, to represent
that these circuits are
EIM NC II Date Developed: Document No.1
June 2012 Issued by: Page 40
Interpreting Technical Developed by: KIT-TESDA of 120
Drawings and Plans Revision # 00
connected to this power panel and each circuit is individually protected
by a circuit protection.
4. Circuit 1 is composed of two fluorescent lamps and four incandescent

lamps. This means that circuit 1 interconnects these lamps up to the
power panel board.
5. This is the location and site plan; it is included in the plan to show the
location of site of the proposed project. It shows public or well-known
streets, landmarks or structures.

EIM NC II
SELF-CHECK 3.1-5
Electrical Diagram
Test I: Electrical Plan Interpretation
Direction: Interpret the electrical plans below by answering the following

questions concisely.
1.How many fluorescent lamps are there in OFFICE 3?

2.Describe how the lamps are controlled in OFFICE 4.
3.How many fluorescent lamps are there in CIRCUIT 2?
4.Describe how the lamps are controlled in CIRCUIT 4.
5.How many fluorescent lamps are there in the pathway?. Describe how
these lamps are controlled.
6. Which of the circuits in the lighting lay out has incandescent lamps?
7. How many circuits are there in this lighting lay out?
8. How many incandescent lamps are there in the plan?
9. Describe how the lamps are controlled in OFFICE 1.
10. How many circuits are there in this power circuit lay out?
EIM NC II
11. How many duplex convenience outlets are there in CIRCUIT 9?
12. How many duplex convenience outlets are there in OFFICE 1?
13. How many duplex convenience outlets are there in the pathway?
14. How many duplex convenience outlets are there in OFFICE 2?
15. How many duplex convenience outlets are there in CIRCUIT 5?

EIM NC II
KEY ANSWER 3.1-5
Electrical Diagram
1. Six (6) fluorescent lamps

2. Lamps controlled using 1-2 gang switch ( controlled in one location )
3. 12 fluorescent lamp
4. Every lamp controlled by individual switch using 1 – gang
switch( controlled in one location)
5. 5 fluorescent. Lamps controlled in 3 locations using 2-3 way switches

and 1-4 way switch.
6. Circuit 4
7. 4 circuits
8. 8 incandescent lamps
9. Lamps controlled in 2 locations using 2- 3way switch. ( lamp sa and
lampsb )
10. 6 circuits
11. 5
12. 7
13. 4
14. 6
15. 4

EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-5
Electrical Diagram

should be able to:
 Draw the electrical drawing.

 Interpret the symbols used in electrical drawing.
Introduction:
Electricity, in one form or another, affects the daily lives of every living
being, yet no one understands clearly it as an invisible form of energy which
flows in waves and currents not unlike certain liquids. Lightning is an
uncontrollable manifestation of electricity; the aurora borealis is another. On
the other hand, we know that electrical energy can be directed and controlled
to perform countless useful tasks for our comfort and convenience. So,
although we may never discover its primary source, we enjoy its benefits
constantly.
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the electrical drawing of simple connection of

lighting system.

EIM NC II
Electrical Diagram
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 Identified electrical symbols used in the plan.
 Interpreted circuit diagrams in line with job requirement
 Identified circuit connections in line with the interpreted
diagram.
 Used stripping tools safely according to Occupational Health
and Safety procedures.
 Stripped electrical Conductors according to established
standards.
 Spliced and joined electrical conductors according to PEC
standard.
 Prepared and obtained tools / PPE’s, materials and equipment
needed in line with job requirement.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Structural Drawing

EIM NC II
to:
 Comprehend the different kind of symbols from structural drawing.
 Interpret symbols used in structural drawing.
A structural drawing, a type of technical drawing, shows information about

architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details.
Structural Drawings
Structural drawings include:
 Foundation plans
 Wall sections and framing details
 Structural steel framing and details
 Beam and column drawings and details
Materials Wood
 Steel
 Concrete
 Masonary
Approach
 Nearly all of the drawing principles that you have learned apply to
structural drawing
 AutoCAD has “tools” built-in to help you draw elements faster
Structural Steel
Two things to design/draw
 Structure
 Beams and columns

 Size, orientation, shape, length, placement
 Connections

EIM NC II
 Bolted, welded, or riveted (not really used)
Engineering design drawings
Show the overall dimensions of the structure including:
 Locations of columns, beams, angles and other shapes

 Sizes of structural members
 Detail in the form of cross sections, special connections required, and
notes
Structural Steel Shapes
Reinforced Concrete Drawings

EIM NC II
EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-6
Structural Drawing
EIM NC II
should be able to:
 Interpret the structural drawing in blue print.

 Analyzed the different kind of symbols presented from the
structural drawing.
Introduction:
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the electrical drawing of simple connection of

lighting system.

Structural Drawing
EIM NC II
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 A trainee identified structural symbols used in the plan?
 A trainee interpreted the structural designed in line with
job requirement?
 A trainee follows the structural designed base from the plan?
 A trainee analyzed the different kind of symbols presented from

the structural drawing?
 Trainees interpret the structural drawing in blue print.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Plumbing
to:
EIM NC II
 Identify the different kinds of plumbing symbols.
 Infer concept learn from plumbing symbols.
A plumbing drawing, a type of technical drawing, shows the system of piping

for fresh water going into the building and waste going out, both solid and
liquid.
Plumbing drawing symbols are the set of symbols used on architectural

design drawings to indicate specific plumbing fittings, fixtures and components
Rough-in Layout for Lavatory

EIM NC II
Rough-in Layout for Water Closet

EIM NC II
Rough-in Layout for Urinal

EIM NC II
Rough-in Layout for Bathtub
Sewage Disposal System

EIM NC II
Types of Sewage Disposal System
 Cesspool- is a hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks,

concrete hollow blocks, or other materials laid in such a manner to
allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil.
 Privy- is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed
for the collection of a raw sewage.
 Septic tank- is a device or receptacle used to expedite the
decomposition of the elements contained in a raw sewage waste.
 Public sewer- is a public sewer system, operated maintained by the
government consisting of a sewage treatment plant that conveys the
raw sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system.
Types of Public Sewer Line
 Sanitary sewer- is a public sewer facility that carries

regular sanitary wastes only. It terminates in a modern
sewage dispersal plant.
 Storm drain- is another kind of public sewer line that
carries storm water. It terminates in a natural drain such
as canals, lakes or rivers.
Two processes inside the Septic Tank
 Sedimentation - processes in the upper portion of the septic tank.

 Anaerobic decomposition- processes of the accumulated sludge at
the bottom.
Gases that are produced inside the septic tank

EIM NC II
 Methane gas
 Carbon dioxide
 Carbon monoxide
 Hydrogen
 Hydrogen Sulfide
 Sulfur Dioxide
Location of the Septic Tank
 The septic tank may be located closer to the building it will serve,
providing a minimum distance of 2.0 meters from the outside wall.
 As much as possible the septic tank should not be located closer to

the doors or windows.
 Septic tank should be at least 25.0 meters away from any source of
water supply.
The Drainage System
 Composed of the piping network within a structure which conveys

sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of origin to a point of
disposal, such as public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank)
but does not include the mains of a public sewer system or a public
sewage treatment or disposal plant.
 Soil Drainage System – the piping which conveys the discharge of

water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions (containing
fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures.
 Waste Drainage System – the piping which conveys only wastewater or
liquid waste, free of fecal matter.
 Storm Drainage System – the piping which conveys rain or storm
water to a suitable terminal like canals, rivers, lakes and the like.
 Ventilation System – the piping which installed to provide flow of air to
or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within
such system to protect traps seals from syphonage and backpressure.
Soil Drainage System
Soil pipe – is any pipe that receives and conveys discharges of water
closet, with or without the discharge coming from other fixtures to the
house drain.
Soil Stack Pipe – a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and
wastewater.

EIM NC II
General conditions in installing soil branch
 The soil being concealed in floors, partitions or lowered ceiling should

be accessibly provided with sufficient number of cleanout.
 Cleanout should be installed wherever changes of soil directions are
made.
 Cleanout should be the same in diameter as the soil branch.
 Cleanout should be located at the farthest end of the branch away
from the vertical soil pipe.
 The used of short radius fittings on soil branch when making a
change of direction such as short sanitary tee, ¼ bend and short turn
should be avoided.
 A long radius fitting shall be used for a horizontal to horizontal or
vertical to horizontal change of direction.
 The efficiency of a horizontal waste installation depends upon the
scouring or self-cleaning action for every discharge of waste.
Waste Drainage System
Waste pipe – is any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the

discharges of any fixture except water closet.
Waste Stack Pipe – a vertical waste pipe conveying wastewater, free from
fecal matter.
2 Types of Waste Pipe (depending upon the kind of fixtures it will serve)
1. Direct waste pipe- is one with terminal directly connected to the

plumbing system.
Example; Lavatory, Sink, Shower, Urinal

EIM NC II
2. Indirect waste- refers to a connection with terminal not directly
connected to the plumbing system.
Example; Bar waste, Refrigeration, Drinking Fountain
Storm Drainage System
Roof Leader – is a pipe of the storm drainage system which conveys

rainwater that extends between the storm drain and the roof terminal, it
is popularly known as water conductor or downspout either concealed or
exposed type.
Storm drain - is that unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain or
storm water to a suitable terminal.
Types of Storm Drain
 The inside storm drain - is sometimes located under the basement

floor or within the walls of the building.
 Outside storm drain - is installed outside the foundation wall of the
building.
 Overhead storm drain - is adapted when the street drainage is higher
than the basement floor of the building.

EIM NC II
Ventilation System
Vent pipe – is a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in
a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap
seals.
Types of ventilation in plumbing system
a. Main soil and Waste Vent- is that portion of the soil stack above the
highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof.
-it serves as the terminal for the main vent and other vents for the
system.
b. Main Vent- is that portion of the vent pipe system, serving as the
terminal for the smaller forms of individual and grouped fixture trap
ventilation.
c. Individual Vent- is that portion of the vent pipe system that serves as
a single trap. Sometimes referred to as Back Vent.
d. Unit Vent- is defined as that portion of a vent pipe system that
ventilates two fixture traps.
e. Circuit or Loop Vent- is employed where two or more fixture traps,
installed on a horizontal soil or waste branch.
f. Relief Vent- is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the
connecting branches rather than the fixture traps.
g. Yoke Vent- the same as Relief Vent on its function. Installed at 5 floor
intervals.
h. Wet Ventilation- is defined as that portion of the vent pipe system
where liquid waste regularly flows.

EIM NC II
Main Soil and Waste Vent / Main
vent

EIM NC II
Unit Vent
Unit Vent

EIM NC II
Circuit Vent

EIM NC II
Yoke Vent

EIM NC II
Wet Ventilation
House Drain- is that portion of the plumbing system that receives

discharges of all soil and waste stacks within the building. Sometimes is
referred to as Collection Line of a Plumbing System.
Types of House Drain
 Sanitary drain- this type of house drain receives the discharges of

sanitary and domestic waste only.
 Storm drain- conveys all storm clear water, or surface water waste
except sanitary waste.
House sewer- is defined as, that portion of the horizontal drainage

system, which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate at
the main sewer in the street or septic tank. It is also called Building
Sewer.

EIM NC II
Cold Water Supply
Domestic Cold Water Supply
 The domestic cold water supply of the plumbing system consists of the
piping and fittings which supply cold water from the building water
supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closet and
kitchen sinks
Sources of Water
 Rain water
 Natural surface water from streams and rivers
 Underground water
 Sea water
Types of Cold Water Distribution in Building
1. By normal pressure from the public main

2. By overhead feed system
3. By air pressure distribution system
By normal pressure from the public

main

EIM NC II
By overhead feed system

EIM NC II
By air pressure distribution system
Elements of Water Distribution System
 By Normal Pressure from the public main
 Water main line

 Corporation stop
 House service pipe
 Curb stop
 Meter riser
 Meter stop
 Water meter
 By Overhead Feed System
 Water supply
 Transfer pump
EIM NC II
 Riser or supply pipe
 Overhead tank
 House supply or down feed
 Isolation valve
 By Air Pressure Distribution System
 Water supply
 Pressure pump
 Pressure tank
 Riser or supply pipe

EIM NC II
EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-7
Plumbing

should be able to:
 Apply the actual performance based from the plumbing layout.

 Analyzed the different kind of symbols used in the presentation in
plumbing layout.
Introduction:
Defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in the buildings and to dispose and
discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of the
buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and
sanitation of life and property.
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the simple plumbing layout.

EIM NC II
Plumbing
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 Trainees interpret symbols used in plumbing layout.
 A trainee follows the given procedure in plumbing layout.
 A trainee performed according to the standard procedure base
from Philippine plumbing code.
 Prepared and obtained tools / PPE’s, materials and equipment
needed in line with job requirement.
 A trainee identifies the actual materials based from the symbols
used in plumbing layout.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Welding Symbols

EIM NC II
to:
 Identify the different kinds of welding symbols.
 Infer concept learn from welding symbols.
Like other aspects of drafting, weld to be performed in construction or parts

assembly are indicated in abbreviation form. A set of symbols and protocols
make the communication between designer and builder as easy as possible.
And the basic symbol for any welding instruction looks like one of these stick
figures:
As you can see, the symbol has an arrow, horizontal line (known as the
reference line) and a tail which forks off in two directions. The arrow always
points to the joint on the drawing. On the reference line, in the middle is a
geometric shape, which conveys the type of weld to be performed.
If the shape is on the bottom side of the trunk, the location of the will be on the
“arrow side”. For example:
If the weld shape appears on the reference line, then the weld should be
placed on the opposite side from where the arrow points.
And if the shape appears on both sides of the reference line, it indicates a
weld both sides of the joint where the arrow is pointed.

EIM NC II
The geometric shape used in the three diagrams above is triangle, which
represents a fillet weld. Here are the principle weld types and their symbols:
Dimensions and Angles
Dimensions for welds to be performed are indicated on one or both sides of

the weld shape:
In this example, below the reference line, the 1/16 inch width and 4 inch
length apply to the fillet weld on the arrow side. (The width of a weld is
measured along both legs of the weld). Occasionally, you'll see a different width
given for each leg. The dimensions above the reference line apply to the weld on
the opposite side from the arrow. When the length is not provided on the
drawing, that the weld should be laid down from the beginning to the end of the
joint length, or where there's an abrupt change in the joint.
Sometimes, a series of separate welds along a joint, rather than a single weld,
are specified. In the following diagram, 3 inch fillet welds are required along the
joint. The "pitch" indicates that these welds should be centered at 5-inch
intervals.

EIM NC II
You can also see that the fillet shapes on either side of the reference line are
staggered. This means the welds should not be located at the same spots on
either side of the base metal, as shown in the drawing.
The weld shape on the reference line may also state an angle for the beveled
sides of a groove weld:
Here, the groove weld has dimensions written inside the symbol. The first is
1/8 inch, which pertains to the root opening. The second is 45 degrees, which
covers the included angle between the plates. "Included" in this case means the
sum of the angles on both sides. So the bevel made on each plate prior to
welding must be 22 1/2 inches.
Other Symbols and Instructions
Moving to another part of the welding symbol, at the intersection of the

reference line and arrow line, there are two designations that may be provided:

EIM NC II
A flagpole indicates a “Field" weld, which tells the welder to perform the
work on site, rather than in the shop. The "weld-all-around" circle, located at
the same juncture, is common to pipe and tube welding. However, it can also
apply to joints in plates, as the drawing on the right illustrates.
Moving to the other end of the welding symbol, the forked tail is used to convey
special instructions. This might be identifying a specific welding process to use
on the metal, or a method of achieving a certain design feature, like a hole.
When no special instructions are needed, the tail is ommitted from the drawing.
Once you grasp these basics, you'll be ready to absorb the many other
particulars of weld symbols conveyed in shop drawings and blue prints. Among
the features that the symbol can communicate:
 Finish and contour instructions

 Reinforcement and backing on welds
 Multiple passes (weld beads along the joint)
 Countersink and chamfer specs
Here's the standard chart that explains each part of the welding symbol:

EIM NC II
EIM NC II
JOB SHEET 3.1-8
Welding Symbols

should be able to:
 Interpret the kinds of symbols from welding drawing base in blue

print.
 Perform the specified task according to the job requirement.
Introduction:
Supplies/Materials:
1. Drawing Paper
2. Scotch Tape
Equipment/Tools:
1. T-square
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. Drawing Table
5. Triangle

450 X 900

300 X 600
Illustration/Plan:
In a drawing paper, draw the different kinds of welding symbols

EIM NC II
Welding Symbols
Criteria
Can: YES NO
 Identified welding symbols used in the plan?
 Interpreted the different kinds of welding symbols in line
with job requirement?
 Perform the specified task according to the job requirement.
 Interpret the kinds of symbols from welding drawing base in

blue print?
 Apply the proper location of elements of a welding symbols.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Learning Outcome 2 Interpret Technical Drawings

and Plans
EIM NC II
CONTENTS:
 Basic Technical drawing
 Technical plans and Schematic Diagram
 Symbols and Abbreviations

 Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified

according to the plan.
 Components, assemblies or object are recognized as per job
requirement.
 Dimensions and specification are identified according to job

requirements.
CONDITIONS:

 Electrical
 Mechanical
METHODOLOGIES
 Demonstration
 Self-paced
ASSESSMENT METHODS
 Practical exam
LEARNING EXPERIENCES ACTIVITIES
LO2- Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans


EIM NC II
Read Information Sheet 3.2-1 On Answer self-check 3.2-1 on Linear
Linear Measurement Measurement

Self-Check 3.2-1 reading on next information sheet. If
not, review by reading Information
sheet again and try to answer the self-
check again.

Answer self-check 3.2-2 on Dimensions
On Dimensions

Self-Check 3.2-2 If you got a perfect score, continue

Answer self-check 3.2-3 on Unit
On Unit Conversion Conversion


Linear Measurement
to:
EIM NC II
 Read and understand the gradation in the Metric and English system.
 Analyze the use of linear measurement.
 REASONS FOR GOING METRIC
Every other major country in the world uses the metric system.
There are only three basic measurements. These are meter (m) for
length, liter (L) for volume, and gram (g) for weight. The system is
based on multiples of 10, just like our money system. Ten cents equals
one dime and ten dimes equals one dollar. In the same way, 10mm
equals 1centimeter (cm), 10 cm equals 1 decimeter (dm), and 10 dm
equals 1meter (m) (Fig. 5.3). One thousand meters equals 1 kilometer
(km), which is 0.62mile.

EIM NC II
The system works because prefixes like milli-, centi-, and kilo-
have special meaning. For examples,
Kilo- means 1000 (one thousand).
Deci-means 0.10 (one-tenth).
Centi- means 0.01 (one-hundredth).
Milli- means 0.001 (one- thousandth).
Compare this with our USC SYSTEM:
12 inches = 1 foot.
3 feet = 1 yard, or 36 inches.
1760 yards = 1mile, or 5280 feet, or 63.360 inches.
 5-4 USING THE USC SYSTEM
When making measurements in the USC system you deal with small
fractions of an inch (Fig.5-2). For example, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64.

EIM NC II
Sometimes these may not be small enough. Many automotive measurements
are in thousandths and sometimes ten-thousandths of an inch. For
example, 1/64 inch is 0.0156 inch. A bearing clearance may be 0.002 inch
(two thousandths of an inch). To convert fraction of an inch into decimal
fraction, you may need a table of decimal equivalents (Fig 5-4). In the metric
system, just move the decimal point (Fig. 5-3).
SELF CHECK 3.2-1

Linear Measurement
DIRECTION: Use your rulers to measure each of the following segments to the
nearest 1/16 of an inch. Make your measurements as accurately as you can.
EIM NC II
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____
6. _____
7. _____
8. _____
9. _____
10. _____
KEY ANSWER 3.1-2

Linear Measurement
1. 4 6/16 inches or 4 3/8 inches
2. 10/16 inch or 5/8 inch
3. 3 9/16 inches
4. 3/16 inch
EIM NC II
5. 2 1/16 inches
6. 2 13/16 inches
7. 1 10/16 inches or 1 5/8 inches
8. 4 13/16 inches
9. 3 ½ inches
10. 5 11/16 inches

Dimensions
to:
 Determine the dimension of the given figures.

EIM NC II
 Identify the size and shape of an object based from the dimension
given.
ANGLE
An angle is formed by two intersecting lines. A common symbol for angle is 0

(singular) 0(plural). There are 3600 in full circle, a degree is divided into 60
minute and a minute is divided into 30 seconds. Most angles used in technical
drawing can be drawn easily with square and triangles. To draw the angles use
the protractor.
360
0
Complete Circle
More than 1800 less than 3600
f. Reflex
Angle
DIAMETER
A straight drawn through the center of a circle meeting the circumference of

both ends.

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Diameter
Length is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance
between its ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end. This may be
distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which
is the distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to
the length. In the physical sciences and engineering, the word “length” is
typically used synonymously with “distance”, with symbol / or L.
Units of length
In the physical sciences and engineering, when one speaks of “units of length”,
the word “length” is synonymous with “distance”. There are several units that
are used to measure length. Units of length may be based on lengths of human
body parts, the distance travelled in a number of paces, the distance between
landmarks or places on the Earth, or arbitrarily on the length of some fixed
object.
In the International System of Units (SI), the basic unit of length is the metre
and is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The centimeter and kilometre,
derived from the metre, are also commonly used units. In U.S. customary
units, English or Imperial system of units, commonly used units of length are
the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile.
Units used to denote distances in the vastness of space, as in astronomy, are

much longer than those typically used on Earth and include the astronomical
unit, the light-year, and the parsec.
Units used to denote microscopically small distances, as in chemistry, include

the micron and the angstrom.
EIM NC II Date Developed: Document No.1

Interpreting Technical Developed by: KIT-TESDA Page 89
Drawings and Plans Revision # 00 of 120
DIAMETER
The diameter of a circle is the distance from a point on the circle to a point
Radians away, and is the maximum distance from one point on a circle to
another. The diameter of a sphere is the maximum distance between two
antipodal points on the surface of the sphere.
If r is the radius of a circle or sphere, then d = 2r. The ratio of the circumference
c
of a circle or great circle of a sphere to the diameter is pi.
The diameter of a circle is the length of the line through the center and
touching two points on its edge. In the figure above, drag the orange dots
around and see that the diameter never changes.
Sometimes the word ‘diameter’ is used to refer to the line itself. In that sense
you may see “draw a diameter of the circle”. In the more recent sense, it is the
length of the line, and so is referred to as “the diameter of the circle is 3.4
centimeters”.
The diameter is also a chord. A chord is a line that joins any two points on a
circle. A diameter is a chord that runs through the center point of the circle. If
the longest possible chord of any circle.
What is an Angle?
Two rays that share the same endpoint form an angle. The point where the rays
intersect is called the vertex of the angle. The two rays are called the sides of
the angle.

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Example: Here are some examples of angles.
We can specify an angle by using a point on each ray and the vertex. The angle
below may be specified as angle ABC or as angle CBA; you may also see this
written as <ABC or as <CBA. Note how the vertex point is always given in the
middle.

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A
C
B
Example: Many different names exist for the same angle. For the angle below,
<PBC, <PBW, <CBP, and <WBA are all names for the same angle.
P
A
B
W C
Degrees: Measuring Angles
We measure the size of an angle using degrees.
Example: Here are some examples of angles and their degree measurements.

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450
900
450
230 720
Acute Angles
An acute angle is an angle measuring between 0 and 90 degrees.
450
18 0 330
880
22.50 70
Obtuse Angles
An obtuse angle is an angle measuring between 90 and 180 degrees.
Example:
The following angles are all obtuse.

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1350 930 1740
1100 1570
117.80
Right Angles
A right angle is an angle measuring 90 degrees. Two lines or line segments that
meet at a right angle are said to be perpendicular. Nore that any two right
angles are supplementary angles (a right angle is its own angle supplement).
Example:
The following angles are both right angles.
900
900
900
900
900
900

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Complementary Angles
Two angles are called complementary angles if the sum of their degree
measurements equals 90 degrees. One of the complementary angles is said to
be the complement of the other.
Example:
These two angles are complementary.
580 320
Note: That those two angles can be “pasted” together to form a right angle.
580
320
Supplementary Angles
Two angles are called supplementary angles if the sum of their degree
measurements equals 180 degrees. One of the supplementary angles is said to
be the supplement of the other.
Example:
These two angles are supplementary.
1390 410
Note: that these two angles can be “pasted” together to form a straight line.

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1390 410
Vertical Angles
For any two lines that meet, such as in the diagram below, angle AEB and
angle DEC are called vertical angles. Vertical angles have the same degree
measurement. Angle BEC and angle AED are also vertical angles.
B
A
E
C
WIDTH
1. The extent or measurement of something from side to side.
2. The distance across a rectangular swimming bath, as opposed to
its length.
3. The horizontal measurement taken at right angles to the length:
breadth.
Height
Length Width
Principal Dimensions of an object
Length- the extent of something from end to end; the longest dimension.
Height- the topmost point the highest limit.
Width- breadth, measurement from side to side.
SELF CHECK 3.2-2

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DIMENSIONS
DIRECTION; Give the exact measurement of each angle using a protractor.
KEY ANSWER 2.2-2

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DIMENSIONS

Units Conversion
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to:
 Write the appropriate unit conversion.
 Convert from one unit to another unit of measurement.
Basic to the understanding of unit conversion is the understanding

equivalence, the understanding of the multiplicative identity of 1, and how the
two are related. For a review of these concepts, click on Review.
If you have forgotten how to manipulate fractions, visit Fractions for Adults on
SOSMath for an in-depth review.
Review the following table (Webster's New World Dictionary, Second Edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1982) of Standard Units of Conversion to see if you can
create fractions that have a value of 1. You can click to examples following each
table.
Linear Measure
Example 1. Convert 4.6 miles to feet.

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Solution.
 Write 4.6 miles as a fraction by dividing it by 1: .
 Multiply the fraction by 1:
 Note: We know that the fraction is equivalent to 1 because the

numerator and the denominator measure the same length.
 Convert the number 1 in the expression to the equivalent
fraction so that the expression can be written as
 Rewrite 4.6 miles as 4.6 x 1 mile and 5280 feet as 5280 x 1 foot, and
rewrite the two fractions as
 Multiply the two fractions:
 Rearrange the numerator:
 Write the above fraction as two fractions:
 Replace the fraction by 1:
 Simplify:
SELF CHECK 2.2-3
Units of Conversion: Linear Measure

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Developed by: KIT-TESDA
Interpreting Technical 100 of
Drawings and Plans Revision # 00 120
Memorize this: There are 12 inches in afoot.
There are 3 feet in a yard.
There are 36 inches in a yard.
Complete the table. Then, use the table to fill in the blank lines below.
1YARD 2YARDS 3YARDS YARDS 5 YARDS
3 FEET 12 FEET
36 INCHES 72 INCHES 108 INCHES
1. 4____ yards = 6 feet = ____ inches
2. Yards = ____ feet = ____ inches
3. 180 _______ = 5______ = _______ feet
4. 43 _______ = 1 _______ = 36 _______
5. 9 feet = 108 ______ = 3 _______
 6 yards = ____ feet = ____ inches

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KEY ANSWER 3.2-3
Units of Conversion: Linear Measure
Memorize this: There are 12 inches in afoot.

There are 3 feet in a yard.
There are 36 inches in a yard.
Complete the table. Then, use the table to fill in the blank lines below.
1YARD 2YARDS 3YARDS YARDS 5 YARDS
3 FEET 6 feet 9 feet 12 FEET 15 feet
36 INCHES 72 INCHES 108 INCHES 144 inches 180 inches
1. 42yards = 6 feet = 72 inches
2. Yards = 12 feet = 144 inches
3. 180 inches = 5 yards = 15 feet
4. 43 feet = 1 yard = 36 inches
5. 9 feet = 4108 inches = 3 yards
 6 yards = 18 feet = 216 inches

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Learning Outcome 3 Apply freehand sketching

CONTENTS:
 Freehand sketching fundamentals
 Basic freehand sketching
 Advanced freehand sketching

 Freehand sketching is applied in lines.

 Freehand sketching is applied in circles.
 Freehand sketching is applied on different projections, oblique 3

-D projections, isometric 3-D projections and orthographic multi
view projections.
CONDITIONS:

 Electrical
 Mechanical
METHODOLOGIES
 Demonstration
 Self-paced
ASSESSMENT METHODS
 Practical exam

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LO 3- Apply Freehand Sketching

drawing symbols used in
Technical Drafting
Answer Self-Check 3.3-1 Compare answers with the answer key

answer 3.3-1. If you got a perfect score,
continue reading on next information
sheet. If not, review by reading
Information sheet again and try to
answer the self-check again.

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Fundamentals and Basic on Freehand Sketching
Objective: At the end of this learning material, you should be able to

determine the fundamentals and basic on freehand sketching.
FREEHAND SKETCHING FUNDAMENTALS
Freehand sketching requires few tools: just a pencil and paper. It may be
tempting to use straight-edged triangles or rulers for drawing straight lines and
a compass to draw circles. But these instruments often slow down the process
and distract from the purpose of sketching, which is to create a quick, rough
graphical representation of the image in the mind’s eye. Generally sketching
has three steps, although the steps are usually subconscious. First, the sketch
is planned by visualizing it in the mind including the size of the sketch on the
paper, the orientation of the object, and the amount of detail to be included in
the sketch. Second, the sketch is outlined using very light lines to establish the
orientation, proportion, and major features of the sketch. Finally, sharpening
and darkening object lines and adding details develops the sketch.
Figure 3.1Helicopter inventor Igor Sikorsky’s sketch of an early

helicopter prototype demonstrates the visual impact of freehand sketching.
(Used with permission of the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, Stratford, CT.
[“Straight Up,” by Curt Wohleber, American Heritage of Invention and
Technology, Winter, 1993, pp. 26-39.])

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All sketches are made up of a series of arcs and lines, so the ability to draw
circles and straight lines is necessary. A straight line is sketched in the
following way. First, sketch the endpoints of the line as dots or small crosses.
Then place your pencil on the starting endpoint. Keeping your eyes on the
terminal point, use a smooth continuous stroke to draw the line between the
points as shown in Figure 3.2. Nearly horizontal or vertical lines are frequently
easier to draw than inclined lines, so it may be helpful to shift the paper to
draw the line horizontally or vertically. For long lines, it may be helpful to mark
two or three points along the line and use the procedure between consecutive
points or to make two or three shorter passes lightly with the pencil before a
final darker line.
Figure 3.2
A circle can be sketched using the following steps, illustrated in Figure

3.3. First, draw light horizontal and vertical lines crossing at the center of the
circle. Second, lightly mark the radius of the circle on each line. Finally,
connect the radius marks with a curved line to form a circle. Another technique
is to lightly draw a square box the same size as the circle diameter as shown in
Figure 3.3. Then lightly draw diagonals of the box and centerlines between
midpoints of the sides of the box. The diagonals and centerlines should
intersect at the center of the circle. Mark the radius on these lines, and sketch
the circle within the box. It is sometimes helpful to mark the radius on the
edge of a scrap paper and mark the radius at as many points as desired in
addition to the marks on the centerlines and diagonals. Arcs are sketched in
much the same way as circles, except that only a portion of the circle is
sketched. It is generally easier to sketch an arc with your hand and pencil on
the concave side of the arc.
BASIC FREEHAND SKETCHING

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Figure 3.3
Many times, particularly during the conceptual stage of design, it is

necessary to immediately communicate a graphical image to others. It has been
said that some of the best design engineers are the ones who can sketch an
idea clearly in a minute or so. The goal of the sketch in this case is not to show
the details of the part, but to provide another person with a clear concept of the
idea. For example, a design engineer may need to show a sketch to a
manufacturing engineer to get input on the manufacturability of a part. If the
concept is at an early phase, CAD drawings would not have been created yet.
So the design engineer needs to use a freehand sketch of the part.
The sketch of Sikorsky’s helicopter in Figure 3.1 exemplifies the power of

freehand sketching. A brief glance at this sketch provides immediate insight to
the concept that is being shown. One does not need to study the sketch to
know what is being sketched, even if the viewer has never seen the concept
before. These quick ideation sketches are not difficult to draw and require no
artistic talent, just some practice.
Two types of pictorial sketches are used frequently in freehand

sketching: oblique and isometric. The oblique projection places the principal
face of the object parallel to the plane of the paper. The isometric projection tilts
the part so that no surface of the part is in the plane of the paper. The
advantage of the oblique projection is that details in the front face of the object
retain their true shape. This often makes oblique freehand sketching easier
than isometric sketching, where no plane is parallel to the paper. The

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Disadvantage of the oblique projection is that it does not appear as
“photorealistic” as an isometric projection. In other words, an isometric
projection is similar to what a photograph of the object would look like.
Oblique Sketching
Often freehand sketching begins with light thin lines called construction
lines that define enclosing boxes for the shape that is being sketched.
Construction lines are used in several ways. First, the construction lines
become the path for the final straight lines of the sketch. Second, the
intersection of construction lines specify the length of the final lines. Third,
points marked by the intersection of construction lines guide the sketching of
circles and arcs. And finally, construction lines guide the proportions of the
sketch. This last item is of crucial importance if the sketch is to clearly
represent the object. For example, if an object is twice as wide as it is high, the
proportions in the sketch must reflect this. Proper proportions of the boxes
defined by the construction lines will result in proper proportions of the sketch.
An oblique freehand sketch is easy, since it begins with a two-

dimensional representation of the face of the object. Figure 3.4 shows the steps
in quickly sketching a part with a circular hole.
Figure 3.4
Step 1: Horizontal and vertical construction lines are lightly drawn to

outline the basic shape of the main face of the part. This is known as blocking-
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in the sketch. If you are using a pencil or felt-tip marker, press lightly when
drawing the construction lines to produce a thin or light line. If you are using a
ball-point pen, draw a single, light line.
Step 2: Sketch in the face of the part using the construction lines as a
guide. How you sketch the outline of the part depends on the type of pen or
pencil that you are using. The idea is to thicken the lines of the part compared
to the construction lines. If you are using a pencil or a felt-tip marker, pressing
hard for the outline of the part will result in heavy or dark lines. If you are
using a ball-point pen, the line width does not depend much on how hard you
press. In this case, the outline of the part is sketched with a back and forth
motion of the pen to thicken the lines of the part compared to the construction
lines as shown in Figure 3.4. The straight lines are usually sketched first,
followed by the arcs. The circle for the hole in the part is added last to complete
the face of the part.
Step 3: Sketch receding construction lines (lines into the plane of the
paper labeled a) at a convenient angle. All of the receding lines must be parallel
to each other and are usually at an angle of 30° to 45°. The receding lines end
at the appropriate depth for the object. Then vertical and horizontal lines at the
back plane of the part are added (lines labeled b). This block in the three-
dimensional box enclosing the object.
Step 4: Sketch in and darken the lines outlining the part. Again it is
usually easiest to sketch in the straight lines first, then the arcs, and finally
any details. Because the construction lines are light compared to the outline of
the part, they are not erased.
The final sketch, while rough and lacking detail, clearly shows the design
intent for the part.
Isometric Sketching
Isometric freehand sketches are somewhat more difficult to master than

oblique sketches because no face is in the plane of the paper in an isometric
view. The steps to construct a simple freehand isometric sketch are shown in
Figure 3.5.

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Figure 3.5
Step 1: Sketch a light horizontal line (a). From this line draw two
intersecting lines at an angle of approximately 30° to the horizontal (b and c).
Then draw a vertical line (d) through the intersection of the previous three
lines. The three lines labeled b, c, and d form the isometric axes of the sketch.
Next sketch the box to block in the front face of the part (e). These lines should
be parallel to axes b and d. Similarly, sketch the lines to block in the right face
(f) making sure that the lines are parallel to axes c and d. Finish this step by
sketching lines parallel to the axes to complete the box that encloses the part
(g).
Step 2: The outline for the front face is added by sketching in lines and
curves (h). Then outline the front face using heavy lines. In this case, a single
heavy line such as might be produced from pressing hard on a pencil or felt-tip
marker is used. Next, lines are sketched to indicate the depth of the features of
the front view (i). These lines should be parallel to axis c. They can be darkened
after they are drawn lightly.
Step 3: Finally, a line is added to complete the back corner of the part (k).
Lines and arcs are added to complete the back face of the part (m). Then the
hole detail is added. Circular holes appear as ellipses in isometric views, as
discussed in the next section.

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The choice of whether to use an oblique projection or an isometric
projection is often arbitrary. Because the oblique projection is easier to sketch,
it is sometimes preferred.
On the other hand, an isometric projection provides a more photorealistic
image of the object.
ADVANCED FREEHAND SKETCHING
The sketching methods described in the previous section were focused on

sketches in which the face of the object is in a single plane. Freehand
sketching is somewhat more difficult when the face of the object is not in a
single plane. The difficulty here is accurately depicting the depth of the object.
Oblique and isometric projections are still useful, though somewhat more
complicated than those in the previous section. In addition,
orthographic projections are also valuable.
Freehand Oblique Sketching
An example of the steps leading to an oblique freehand sketch of a

complicated object are shown in Figure 3.6. Because the face of the base of the
object and the face of the upper portion of the object are in different planes, it
is necessary to begin with a box that encloses the entire object before sketching
either face. Some of the construction lines are removed after they are used in
this example. This was done here to make the sketch more clear. However, this
is not necessary in practice, if the construction lines are drawn as light lines.
Step 1: To begin, construction lines to form a box that encloses the object
are drawn to block-in the sketch. Notice that the front and back faces of the
box are rectangular with horizontal and vertical sides. The receding
construction lines are parallel and at an angle of 30° to 45° to horizontal. The
easiest way to draw this box is to first draw the front rectangle (a). Then draw
an identical second rectangle above and to the right of the first rectangle (b).
Finally connect the corners with receding construction lines (c).
Step 2: Now the front face of the base of the object can be sketched in the
front rectangle. The lines are appropriately darkened.
Step 3: Certain features of the front face of the base extend backward
along or parallel to the receding construction lines. For example, the lines (d)
forming the chamfer (angled cut on the right side of the base) can be sketched
parallel to receding lines. Likewise the receding line for the upper left corner of
the base can be sketched (e). Then the base can be finished with a horizontal
line on the back face (f). Now it is possible to block in the upper rounded
portion of the object to create a box (g) that encloses the upper protrusion
within the larger box that encloses the entire object.
Step 4: The front face of the upper portion of the object can be sketched
in this box. Then receding lines corresponding to the chamfer and the left edge
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of the base can be darkened. In addition, the lines forming the back face can
be sketched. Note that the line forming the back edge of the chamfer is parallel
to the line forming the front edge of the chamfer. Construction lines (h) on the
front face of the upper portion are drawn to center of the circle for the hole.
Step 5: A receding construction line (i) extending from the peak of the
front face to the plane of the back face is sketched to aid in aligning the curved
outline of the back of the upper portion. The back face is identical to the front
face except that it is shifted upward and to the right. These results in the left
side of the back face being hidden. A darkened receding line (k) finishes the left
side of the upper portion of the object. Finally, four construction lines (m) are
sketched to block in the circle for the hole.
6: Now the hole can be sketched in and darkened. The back edge of the
hole is also added to complete the sketch. The construction lines may be
erased, but usually the construction lines are retained if they are made
properly as light lines.
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Oblique sketching is often aided by the use of graph paper with a light,
square grid. The process is identical to that shown in Figure 3.6, but it is easier
to keep the proportions correct by counting the number of boxes in the grid to
correspond to the approximate dimensions of the part. Graph paper further
improves the sketch by helping keep lines straight as well as more accurately
horizontal or vertical.
Isometric Sketching
Isometric freehand sketches of more complex objects start with an

isometric box to block in the sketch. Then faces are sketched and additional
features are blocked in.
Section 3.4 Advanced Freehand Sketching 31
Finally details are added. The steps to construct an isometric sketch are
shown in Figure 3.7 Some of the construction lines are removed after they are
used, to make the sketch more clear in this figure. Normally, removing
construction lines is not necessary.
Step 1: To begin, sketch a light horizontal line (a). From this line draw
two intersecting lines at an angle of approximately 30° to the horizontal (b and
c) and a vertical line (d) through the intersection of the previous three lines to
form the isometric axes of the sketch. Finish blocking in by sketching lines (e)
to complete the box so that it will completely enclose the object. Unlike the
oblique sketch, it is often better not to sketch hidden construction lines when
blocking in.
Step 2: Block in the front face of the part (f) so that the construction line
is parallel to the isometric axis. Similarly, sketch the line to block in the right
face (g).
Step 3: Sketch the left face and the right face and darken the lines. This
completes the faces that are in the front planes of the box. Now sketch in three
lines (h) parallel to the isometric axis (c). The left line (h) is the top edge of the
base. The middle line (h) finishes the chamfer. The right line (h) is used to aid
in sketching a construction line for the back edge of the base (i), which is
sketched next.
Step 4: Now the face of the chamfer can be darkened and the angled line
at the back edge of the chamfer can be added. This completes the angled face
of the chamfer. Next the protrusion above the base can be blocked in with
seven lines (k).
Step 5: The front face of the upper protrusion is sketched first using light
lines. Construction lines (m) are added to help identify the location of the
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endpoints of the arc of the front and back faces of the protrusion. The rounded
rear face (n) is sketched lightly to be identical to the front face, except that part
of it is not visible.
The line at the top left edge of protrusion (o) is added. Then all lines
forming the upper portion of the object are darkened In addition, the line
forming the top edge of the base on the back side is darkened.
Step 6: The details related to the hole are added next. Circles in isometric
projections are difficult to draw because they appear as ellipses with their
major axes at an angle to horizontal. The center of the hole is where two lines
(m) intersect on the front face of the upper portion of the object. The lines (p)
forming the parallelogram to enclose the ellipse for the hole are added. Each
side of the parallelogram should be parallel to one of the isometric axes. The
sides should be equal in length to one another.
Step 7: To help in sketching the ellipse, construction lines forming the

diagonals of the parallelogram (r) are added.
Step 8: Now the ellipse that represents the circular hole can be sketched.
A few simple points help in sketching ellipses more easily. The major axis and
minor axis of the ellipse are perpendicular to one another. The major and
minor axes also coincide with the diagonals of the parallelogram enclosing the
ellipse (r). The ellipse touches the parallelogram at the midpoints of the sides of
the parallelogram.
Start drawing the hole by sketching short elliptical arcs between the
midpoints of the parallelogram on either side of the minor axis. Finish the hole
by sketching sharply curved elliptical arcs between the midpoints of the
parallelogram on either side of the major axis of the hole. Finally, darken and
make heavy the lines outlining the hole and any remaining edges of the part.
Isometric sketching is made substantially easier by the use of isometric grid
paper. This paper has a grid of lines at horizontal and 30° to horizontal
(corresponding to lines

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Figure 3.7
b, c, and d in Figure 3.7). The procedure for using isometric grid paper is
the same as that described above, but using the isometric grid paper keeps
proportions of the part consistent. One simply counts grid boxes to
approximate the dimensions of the object.
The grid paper also aids in sketching straight lines parallel to the
isometric axes.
Orthographic Sketching
In some cases it is necessary to sketch orthographic projection views

rather than oblique or isometric pictorial views. Because orthographic views
are two-dimensional representations, they are not as difficult to sketch as
pictorial views. But there are several techniques that make freehand sketching
of orthographic views easier and more efficient.
The process for sketching three orthographic views of the object in the previous
two figures is shown in Figure 3.8.

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Figure 3.8
Step 1: Begin by blocking in the front, top, and side views of the object
using the overall width, height, and depth. The construction lines extend
between views to properly align the views and maintain the same dimension in
different views. For instance, line (a) represents the bottom edge and line (b)
represents the top edge in both the front view and the right-side view. The
distance between lines (a) and (b) is the height dimension in both views. The
space between the views should be large enough so that the drawing does not
look crowded and should be the same between all views.
Step 2: In the second step the upper protrusion is blocked in. Note that
line (c) extends across the top and front views, to assure that the width of the
protrusion is consistent in both views. Likewise, line (d) extends across the
front and right-side views.
Step 3: The outline of the object is darkened to clearly show the shape of
the object in all three views. Care must be taken in darkening lines. For
instance, the right corner of the front view should not be darkened, because
the detail of the chamfer has not yet been added.
Step 4: Construction lines for the holes and other details are added next.
The center of the hole is positioned with construction lines ( e). Then
construction lines that block in the hole ( f ) are drawn. These construction
lines extend between views to project the hole to the top view and to the right-

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side view. Construction lines extending between views ( g ) are also added for
the chamfer.
Step 5: Now the hole and chamfer are sketched and darkened to show
the completed object.
Step 6: Finally, centerlines (long-dash, short-dash) that indicate the

center of the hole are added. Hidden lines (dashed lines) that indicate lines
hidden behind a surface are also added. Construction lines may be erased as
was done in this figure, but this is not usually necessary.

EIM NC II
Page
SELF-CHECK 3.3-1
Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer among the choices given.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1) Tools required in freehand sketching

a) Ball pen & notebook
b) Pencil and paper
c) Book and notebook
d) Ball pen & paper
2) Arrangement of steps in freehand sketching
a) The sketch is outlined using very light lines to establish the
orientation, proportion and major features of the sketch.
b) The sketch is planned by visualizing it in the mind including the
size of the sketch on the paper.
c) Sharpening and darkening object lines and adding details develops
the sketch.
a. bac
b. abc
c. cba
d. cab
3) the best design engineers are the ones who

a) can sketch an idea clearly for a longer time
b) can sketch an idea clearly without tools
c) can sketch an idea clearly in a minute or so.
d) Can sketch an idea clearly verbally.
4) Isometric freehand sketches are somewhat more difficult to master than

oblique sketches because
a) No place is in the plane of the paper in an isometric view
b) No face is in the plane of the paper in an oblique sketches
c) Oblique sketches are easy to the done
d) Oblique sketches are complicated

EIM NC II
Page
ANSWER KEY 3.3-1
1) B
2) A
3) C
4) A

EIM NC II
Page
REFERENCES

EIM NC II
Page

Technical Drafting CBLM COMMON

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Technical Drafting CBLM COMMON

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Sector : CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (ELECTRICAL SECTOR)

Qualification Title : ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE NC II

Unit of Competency : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS

Module Title : INTERPRETING TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS

Date Developed: Document No.1

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module in Interpreting technical drawings and plans. This

The unit of competency “Interpret technical drawings and plans” contains

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

 Have been working for some time.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous

This module was prepared to help you achieve competency, in Interpreting

Date Developed: Document No.1

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

LIST OF COMMON COMPETENCIES

No. Unit of competency Module Title Code

Perform Mensuration And Performing mensuration and

Observe Procedures, Observing Procedures,

Interpret Technical Drawings Interpreting Technical

Perform Mensuration’s And Performing Mensuration’s And

Maintaining Tools And

Date Developed: Document No.1

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Interpret technical drawings and plans

MODULE TITLE : Interpreting Technical Drawings and Plans

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on analyzing

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:

LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data.

LO2. Interpret technical drawings and plans

LO3. Apply freehand sketching

Date Developed: Document No.1

Learning Outcome 1 Analyze sign, symbols and data

 Sign, symbols, and data are identified according to job

 Sign, symbols and data are determined according to

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Classroom for discussion

Date Developed: Document No.1

LO1- Analyze signs, symbols and data

Refer to Performance Criteria 3.1-1

Read Information Sheet 3.1-2 Answer self-check 3.1-2 on

Self-Check 3.1-2 Compare answers with the answer key.

Refer to Performance Criteria 3.1-2

Read Information Sheet 3.1-3

Date Developed: Document No.1

Do Job Sheet 3.1-3 On

Read Information Sheet 3.1-4 On

Do Job Sheet 3.1-4 On

Read Information Sheet 3.1-5 On Answer self-check 3.1-5 on

Compare answers with the answer key.

Do Job Sheet 3.1-5

Read Information Sheet 3.1-6 On

Do Job Sheet 3.1-6 On Structural

Read Information Sheet 3.1-7 On

Do Job Sheet 3.1-7 On Plumbing

Read Information Sheet 3.1-8 On

Date Developed: Document No.1

 Determine the different kinds of drawing symbols.

 Discuss the different symbols in technical drawing.

Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well conversant

In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it is

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:

2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn

Trainee’s Name: ________ Date: _

Trainer’s Signature: _____ Date: _