Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Shaheena Bashir
FALL, 2019
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Outline
Introduction
Data
Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Numeric Data
Numeric Presentation
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Introduction
Data
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Data
Data
Data, data, everywhere and we are forced to look at it.
I 63% of the people polled support the president’s decision
to· · ·
I scientists at a major research university report that treatment
of Parkinsons disease with a combination of drugs A and B
has the potential to extend remission of the disease by an
average of 2 years· · ·
I the nations trade deficit narrowed last month, for the first
time in· · ·
I the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose again today to a new
record high, marking the seventh consecutive day of record
highs, but the broader market· · ·
I despite the claims of robust economy, the % of families living
below the poverty line has not dropped substantially over the
past six months· · · o
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Data
Data Presentation
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Data
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Data
Data Presentation
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Contingency Tables
BS MS PhD Total
M 3990 971 378 5339
F 9913 1955 472 12340
Total 13903 2926 850 17679
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Contingency Tables
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Bar graphs and pie charts that can be used to provide visual
summarization of categorical data.
I Bar graphs can be used to display either the actual frequency
counts or the relative frequencies (sample percentages) in a
sample.
I Pie charts, on the other hand, are designed solely to visualize
relative frequencies (sample percentages). It is most
commonly used when we wish to pictorially display the sample
relative frequencies, or percentages, rather than the raw
frequencies for the various classes of the partition. It is
particularly effective for displaying differences between two
populations with respect to the same categories.
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Bar Chart
Car Distribution
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3 4 5
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Number of Gears
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
s
14
v
12
10
Counts
8
6
4
2
0
3 4 5
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Number of Gears
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Graphic Presentation
Categorical Data
Pie Chart
Car Distribution
3 gears 47%
5 gears 16%
4 gears 38%
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
Dot Plot
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
Dot Chart
Collection A
4 6 8 10 12
Collection B
4 6 8 10 12
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
I To produce the stem plot for a given choice of stem and leaf,
the stems are listed in a column from smallest (at the top) to
the largest (at the bottom).
I Then the leaf for each observation is recorded to the right in
the row of the display containing the observation’s stem.
I For ease of interpretation, the leaves are also usually sorted
from smallest to largest within a given stem.
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
Example
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
Histogram
A histogram is a graph of numerical data for different categories of
events, individuals, or objects.
Step 1: Divide the range for the observed data values into a
reasonable number of interval classes of equal width.
Step 2: Record the number of observations in each class,
either as a straight count or as a percentage of the
total number of observations in the data collection.
Thus, this step creates either a frequency or relative
frequency table for the data collection and our
particular choice of interval classes.
Step 3: Graphically display the histogram. The horizontal
axis for this display corresponds to the units of
measurement for our observations, divided into the
interval classes specified in Step 1. Either frequency
or relative frequency is plotted on the vertical axis. o
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Graphic Presentation
Numeric Data
Histogram
Distribution of Female Weights
60
50
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
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Weight in Kg
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Numeric Presentation
I Frequency Distribution
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Numeric Presentation
Frequency Distribution
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Numeric Presentation
Example
Sam’s team has scored the following numbers of goals in recent
games
2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 2, 2, 3
Put the number in order
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5
Score Frequency
1 2
2 5
3 4
4 2
5 1
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https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/frequency-distribution.html
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Numeric Presentation
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Numeric Presentation
Weight Frequency
40-45 4
45-50 24
50-55 77
55-60 61
60-65 26
65-70 7
70-75 1