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GE Oil & Gas

Document Control Number 007


Document Type PT
Document Revision Status 81
Revision Effective Date 02/05/2004

Document Type Description:


PERFORMANCE TESTING INSTRUCTION

Document Title:
SETTING AND TESTING ALL 1900, 1900/P, 1900UM, AND 1982

NOTE:

This document or documents referenced herein may contain technology that is controlled for U.S. export or re-export
purposes. Transferring, disclosing or sharing of any technology to a non-U.S. person requires GE Oil & gas Global
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those shown are considered logos only.

APPROVALS:
PRODUCT ENGINEER: DARREN COKER DATE: 01/27/2014

QUALITY: PHILIP WATZ DATE: 02/05/2014

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Document Control Number 007
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WARNING: THE GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SPECIFIED IN PT068 SHALL BE OBSERVED WHEN
INSTALLING, TESTING, ADJUSTING OR REMOVING SAFETY OR SAFETY RELIEF VALVES.

1.0 SCOPE:

1.1 This instruction defines procedures and minimum standards of operation to be observed in setting
and testing all type 1900 and 1982 Safety Relief Valves.

2.0 TEST MEDIA:

2.1 Valves for air, gas or vapor service shall be set using air or nitrogen as the test medium.

2.2 Valves for liquid service shall be set using water as the test medium.

2.3 Valves for steam service shall be set using saturated steam as the test medium.

2.4 A calibrated auxiliary lifting device shall be used when set pressure must be established and tested at
a point beyond the capabilities of the test facility. Follow the latest revision of the EVT training
manual for testing instructions.

2.5 Test media shall be free from solid particles or entrained fluids which could cause damage to valve
parts or affect operation of the valve being tested.

2.5.1 Steam used for testing shall have a quality of at least 98% and not more than 5 degrees
superheat when measured at the valve set pressure.

2.5.2 Air used for testing shall have a dewpoint not to exceed -40 degrees Fahrenheit.

3.0 TEST EQUIPMENT:

3.1 Test stands shall consist of a pressure source, a supply line with a throttle valve, and a receiver
having the following features:

3.1.1 Outlet for attaching valve to be tested.

3.1.2 Pressure gauge with a shut-off valve.

3.1.3 Drain line with a shut-off valve.

3.1.4 A volume in receiver adequate for the valve to be tested to


achieve adequate operation. Questions regarding adequacy
of volume should be referred to the engineering department.

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3.2 Test adaptors - the valve shall be mounted on one of the steam test drums or on the high
pressure accumulator using suitable adaptor fittings having inlet cross-sectional area equal
to the valve inlet area except on 6" and 8" valves, or where valve size exceeds the size of
opening in the test vessel. In such instances, the design of the adaptor fitting shall be subject
to engineering approval.

3.3 Dial gauges used in setting valves shall have a range such that the required set pressure will
be in the middle third of the dial scale. Test gauges shall have minimum divisions of 0.5% full
scale trading.

4.0 SETTING AND TESTING PROCEDURE:

4.1 SET PRESSURE

4.1.1 Set pressure, as applied to safety relief valves, is defined in the ASME code as follows: When
the valve is set with liquid it is "the pressure, measured at the valve inlet, at which there is
discharge at the outlet which becomes continuous as determined by visual detection at
outlet. In the pop type safety valves, it is the pressure at which the valve disc moves in the
opening direction a larger amount, as compared with the corresponding movements at
higher or lower pressures."

Set pressure is dependent upon spring compression which is controlled by an adjusting


screw located on top of the valve. To prevent damage to spindle head and discholder
bearing surfaces, keep spindle from turning by holding top of spindle when turning adjusting
screw. Tighten adjusting screw locknut after adjusting set pressure.

4.1.2 The computed set pressure will be the average of at least the last three measured set
pressures once established and stabilized. A set pressure is considered stable when the
measured set pressures show no consistent upward or downward trend and all are within
1% or 0.5 psi, whichever is greater, of the computed set pressure.

4.1.3 Set pressure tolerance as prescribed in ASME Section I code shall be as follows:

SET PRESSURE TOLERANCE


70 PSIG OR LESS ± 2 PSIG
71 TO 300 PSIG ± 3%
301 TO 1000 PSIG ± 10 PSIG
OVER 1000 PSIG ± 1%

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4.1.4 Set pressure tolerance as prescribed in section ASME VIII code shall be as follows:

SET PRESSURE TOLERANCE

70 PSIG OR LESS ± 2 PSIG

OVER 70 PSIG ± 3%
ASME DOES NOT GOVERN VALVES WITH SET PRESSURES BELOW 15 PSIG.

4.1.5 In order to accurately determine set pressure of a valve, pressure increase must be at a slow
and uniform rate, (starting from 90% of the anticipated set pressure, not to exceed 2 psi per
second) but rapid enough to cause the valve to open.

4.1.6 For all V & W orifice valves, the valve should be set with setting device #9876801 and then
verify set pressure on the test stand in the following way:

4.1.6.1 Place the setting device adaptor on the valve over the spindle top.

4.1.6.2 Insert the setting device studs into the bonnet snug down using the flats
on the side of each stud (3 studs in all).

4.1.6.3 Thread one nut onto the top of each stud. Thread down far enough so that
the setting plate along with another nut above it will fit onto the studs.
Make sure that each nut is approximately at the same level so that the
setting plate is level with the top of the valve.

4.1.6.4 Place the setting plate on top of the nuts making sure that it is parallel with
the top of the valve.

4.1.6.5 Place the hydraulic ram (rci54) onto the setting plate and secure the ram
using the tapped holes in the setting plate and the bolts provided. Make
sure that the bottom of the ram fits squarely into the setting device adaptor.
If it doesn't touch, thread the bottom nuts underneath the setting plate
down until it does touch.

4.1.6.6 Thread the top nuts on above the setting plate, making sure that each nut
is fully engaged with some stud extending from the top of the nut. snug the
top nuts using the force that can be exerted with typical foot-long box-end
wrench. Measured torquing is not necessary if the assembler exerts an
average force using the box-end wrench (Approximately 50 - 76 FT-LBF of
torque).

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4.1.6.7 Attach the hydraulic hose (HC-927) to the ram (RC154) and to the pump
(P-392). Reference the table on the following page for setting device
gauge pressures which correspond to the various set pressures. Choose
the set pressure wanted, reference the gauge pressure that should be read
from the hydraulic pump gauge, and then pump up the hydraulic ram until
the gauge reaches the referenced pressure. The set pressure and the
gauge pressure will not be the same. the gauge pressure should be taken
from table 1 (V orifice) or table 2 (W orifice) for the corresponding set
pressure. Test the set pressure to make sure it is within customer
specifications.

4.1.6.8 If the set pressure is not exactly what is required then pump the ram down
until the compression screw becomes loose. Turn to the right to increase
set pressure and to the left to decrease. Then release the pressure in the
ram and test again.

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TABLE 1
1900 “V” ORIFICE
GAUGE READINGS FOR SETTING DEVICE (Rc-154 CYLINDER)

1905, 1906V 1910, 1920V

SET PRESSURE RANGE G GAUGE READING


SET SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING

15-17 185 147-151 2400

18-21 240 152-156 2490

22-25 310 157-161 2570

26-29 380 162-167 2665

30-34 465 168-173 2770

35-40 550 174-179 2875

41-45 645 180-185 2980

46-50 730 186-190 3075

51-56 820 191-196 3175

57-59 900 197-201 3270

60-63 960 202-206 3355

64-67 1030 207-210 3430

68-70 1090 211-216 3510

71-75 1155 217-221 3605

76-79 1230 222-226 3690

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TABLE 1
1900 “V” ORIFICE
GAUGE READINGS FOR SETTING DEVICE (Rc-154 CYLINDER)

1905, 1906V 1910, 1920V


SET PRESSURE RANGE G GAUGE READING
SET SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING

80-85 1320 227-230 3770

86-89 1410 231-235 3850

90-95 1490 236-240 3940

96-99 1580 241-245 4025


100-105 1665 246-250 4110
100-105 1665 246-250 4110
106-111 1770 251-255 4200
112-117 1870 256-260 4290

118-124 1985 261-265 4375

125-130 2095 266-269 4450

131-135 2190 270-275 4540

136-139 2270 276-280 4640

140-145 2355 281-285 4720

146-150 2450 286-290 4810

151-155 2540 291-295 4890

296-300 4975

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TABLE 2

1900 “W” ORIFICE


GAUGE READINGS FOR SETTING DEVICE (Rc-154 CYLINDER)

SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING

15-17 250 156-160 4010

18-20 330 161-165 4150

21-25 440 166-170 4280

26-30 570 171-175 4430

31-35 695 176-180 4550

36-40 785 181-185 4675

41-45 970 186-190 4815

46-50 1100 191-195 4950

51-55 1225 196-200 5085

56-60 1360 201-205 5225

61-65 1500 206-210 5360

66-70 1625 211-215 5500

71-75 1765 216-220 5635

76-80 1900 221-225 5775

81-85 2035 226-230 5900

86-90 2170 231-235 6035

91-95 2300 236-240 6165

96-100 2440 241-245 6300

101-105 2575 246-250 6440

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TABLE 2

1900 “W” ORIFICE


GAUGE READINGS FOR SETTING DEVICE (Rc-154 CYLINDER)

SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING SET PRESSURE RANGE GAUGE READING

106-110 2700 6575


251-255
111-115 2840 256-260 6710

116-120 2970 261-265 6840

121-125 3310 266-270 6970

126-130 3250 271-275 7110

131-135 3380 276-280 7250

136-140 3520 281-285 7380

141-145 3650 286-290 7515


146-150 3790 291-295 7600
151-155 3925 296-300 7785

4.2 SET PRESSURE COMPENSATION

4.2.1 The set pressure, as set on a test stand, is called the cold differential test pressure (CDTP).
this may be either actual set pressure or may be set pressure with a compensation applied

4.2.2 If a conventional type 1900, 1982 valve is to operate with a constant backpressure, the
cold differential test pressure is to be the set pressure minus the constant backpressure.
(NOTE: the maximum backpressure allowed for the 1982 valve is 50 psig).

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4.2.3 When a type 1900, 1982 valve is to be used in high temperature service and is
to be set at ambient temperature, the set pressure shall be increased by the appropriate
multiplier as follows:

SET PRESSURE MULTIPLIERS FOR CDTP

OPERATING MULTIPLIER OPERATING MULTIPLIER


TEMP(F) TEMP (F)
250 1.003 900 1.044
300 1.006 950 1.047
350 1.009 1000 1.050
400 1.013 1050 1.053
450 1.016 1100 1.056
500 1.019 1150 1.059
550 1.022 1200 1.063
600 1.025 1250 1.066
650 1.028 1300 1.069
700 1.031 1350 1.072
750 1.034 1400 1.075
800 1.038 1450 1.078
850 1.041 1500 1.081

4.2.4 Valves to be used in saturated steam service are tested on saturated steam; and
therefore, no CDTP is required. However, valves in superheated steam service are
tested on saturated steam; and therefore, require a CDTP.

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The following multipliers should be used for CDTP based on the temperature above the
saturated temperature (degrees of superheat).

SET PRESSURE MULTIPLIERS FOR CDTP


(SUPERHEAT TEMPERATURE)
DEGREES OF SUPERHEAT (F) MULTIPLIER
100 1.006
200 1.013
300 1.019
400 1.025
500 1.031
600 1.038
700 1.044
800 1.050

4.2.5 Temperature compensation shall be applied after backpressure compensation is applied.

4.3 BLOWDOWN - 1900 VALVES

4.3.1 Blowdown is the difference between opening and closing pressure. Do not attempt to
adjust blowdown on valves where stand capacity is not sufficiently large enough to do so.

4.3.2 Blowdown is controlled by the adjusting ring. Raising the ring increases the blowdown
and lowering the ring reduces the blowdown.

4.3.3 Liquid valve adjusting ring position shall not be changed during water test.

4.3.4 The adjusting ring may be set to improve action during air and steam tests as the valve
must operate smoothly, without hang-up and close tightly. After testing, the 1900 ring
shall be set according to the following tables on the valves in which stand capacity is
insufficient to hold the valve open and control its closing. Ring setting of liquid trim O-Ring
valves (DALA) not including universal media soft-seat (UM DAL) valves, orifice sizes d-2,
E-2, F, G, H & J to be done with no pressure on the valve and no compression on the spring.

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ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR STANDARD DESIGN 1900

INVESTMENT CAST ADJUSTING RING

(NUMBER OF NOTCHES BELOW DISC HOLDER)


ORIFICE NO. ON NOTCHES
SET PRESSURE SET PRESSURE
100 PSIG & BELOW ABOVE 100 PSIG

D-2/D-4 24 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

E-2/E-4 24 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

F 24 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

G/G-3 30 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

H 30 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

J/J-4 30 2 NOTCHES 8 NOTCHES

K 32 2 NOTCHES 7 NOTCHES

L 40 4 NOTCHES 11 NOTCHES

M 40 4 NOTCHES 12 NOTCHES

N 40 4 NOTCHES 13 NOTCHES

P 40 5 NOTCHES 16 NOTCHES

Q 48 8 NOTCHES 25 NOTCHES

R 48 10 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES

T 24 6 NOTCHES 19 NOTCHES

V* 24 10 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES

W* 24 10 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES
*ALL V AND W ADJUSTING RINGS ARE SAND CASTINGS.

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ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR STEAM INTERNAL 1900/P SERIES

TABLE 2

TOTAL SET PRESS. 100 SET PRESS.


ORIFICE NOTCHES PSIG & ABOVE 100
BELOW** PSIG**

D,E,F 24 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

G 30 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

H 30 2 NOTCHES 6 NOTCHES

J 30 2 NOTCHES 8 NOTCHES

K 32 8 NOTCHES 19 NOTCHES

L 40 10 NOTCHES 31 NOTCHES

M 40 10 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES

N 40 10 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES

P 40 14 NOTCHES 42 NOTCHES

Q 48 17 NOTCHES 47 NOTCHES

R 48 42 NOTCHES 64 NOTCHES

T 24 30 NOTCHES 38 NOTCHES

** NOTCHES BELOW DISC HOLDER.

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1900 LIQUID

ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART LIQUID DESIGNS

ORIFICE LS RING POSITION MS LA RING POSITION DA LA RING POSITION


NOTCHES NOTCHES NOTCHES

D–1 10 5 5

E–1 10 *3 5

D-2 10 5 15-100 - IN**

E-2 10 5 100+ -3N**

F 10 5

G 14 5 15-100 1**
100+ 5**

H 5 7**

J 20 5 15-80 - 1**
80+ - 5**

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

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1900 LIQUID

ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART LIQUID DESIGNS

ORIFICE LS RING POSITION MS LA RING POSITION DA LA RING POSITION


NOTCHES NOTCHES NOTCHES

K 24 5 5

L 24 5 5

M 24 5 5

N 24 5 5

P 36 5 5

Q 42 5 5

R 48 5 5

5 5
T 36

*CAUTION: THIS ADJUSTING RING CAN BE NO LOWER THAN THREE (3) NOTCHES.
**RING SETTING TO BE MADE WITH NO PRESSURE ACTING ON THE VALVE AND NO COMPRESSION OF THE
SPRING.

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ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR UNIVERSAL MEDIA DESIGN 1900

SET PRESSURE PSIG


NO. OF
ORIFICE
NOTCHES 3 5 10 40
15 NOTCHES 20 NOTCHES 25 NOTCHES 30 NOTCHES 35 NOTCHES
NOTCHES NOTCHES NOTCHES NOTCHES
D 24 0 100 101 200 201 400 401 800 801 1600 1601 3200 3201 6250 - - - -
E 24 0 100 101 200 201 400 401 800 801 1600 1601 3200 3201 6250 - - - -
F 24 0 300 301 600 601 1200 1201 2400 2401 4800 4801 6250 - - - - - -
G 30 0 200 201 400 401 800 801 1600 1601 3200 3201 5000 - - - - - -
H 30 0 100 101 200 201 400 401 800 801 1600 1601 3200 3201 3300 - - - -
J 30 - - 0 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 2000 2001 3100 - - - -
K 32 - - 0 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 2000 2001 3000 - - - -
L 40 - - 0 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 2000 2001 2900 - - - -
M 40 - - 0 25 26 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 1000 1001 1600 - -
N 40 - - 0 25 26 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 1000 1001 1600 - -
P 40 - - 0 25 26 50 51 125 126 250 251 500 501 1000 1001 1700 - -
Q 48 - - - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 400 401 900 - -
R 48 - - - - - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 400 401 650
T 24 - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 360 - - - - - -
U 24 - - - - - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 360 - -
V 24 - - - - - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 300 - -
W 24 - - - - - - 0 25 26 50 51 100 101 200 201 300 - -

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4.3.5 Blowdown of 1900 type valves shall be capable of being adjusted within the following limits
when installed on actual facility unless specified otherwise.

4.3.6 ASME SECTION I STEAM INTERNAL VALVES (1900/P)

4.3.6.1 Blowdown is not required to be demonstrated for production test valves in


accordance with the latest section I code edition.

4.3.6.2 For P-series valves 751 PSI and above that use the Hydroset/EVT for set pressure,
for customer accepted live pop setting of the valve, and for restricted lift, final ring
positions shall be in accordance with the P-series adjusting ring position chart in
the PT instruction. Record the ring position on the test record.

4.3.7 ASME SECTION VIII AIR & STEAM VALVES (1900)

SET PRESSURE

ALL 3 PSI OR 5%-10% OF SET PRESSURE,


WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

4.4 1982 & 820000 BLOWDOWN

4.4.1 LIQUID SERVICE:

4.4.1.1 The 1982 valves (Reference AS134) and the valves (Reference AS194) are present at
5 notches. No adjustment is necessary during functional testing, other than the set
point adjustment.

4.4.2 STEAM, AIR, & GAS SERVICE:

4.4.2.1 The 1982 valves are present at 5 notches per AS134. The adjusting ring should only
be adjusted to eliminate chatter or flutter. If adjustment is required, the ring should
be moved downward until the chatter or flutter is eliminated and no further.

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4.5 SIMMER - 1900 VALVES

4.5.1 Valve simmer is the difference between set pressure and the pressure at which there is an
audible discharge with only minute valve lift during air or steam tests.

4.5.2 Maximum simmer for 1900 type valves shall be as follows:

SET PRESSURE SIMMER

UNDER 20 PSIG 1.5 PSIG

21 TO 99 PSIG 2 PSIG

100 PSIG & OVER 2% OF SET PRESSURE

4.6 LEAKAGE

4.6.1 Leakage is the escape of test fluid with no valve lift.

4.6.2 The cap which covers the adjusting screw must be installed. An initial leakage test of the
valve shall be made using a piece of wet paper placed over the outlet of the valve. If no leak
is detected using the wet paper test, it will not be necessary to use the standard test fixture,
unless so specified on the customer's order.

4.6.3 If any air leakage is detected - as indicated by a "bulging" of the wet paper, the standard
test fixture (as described in 4.6.4) shall be installed on the outlet flange to determine the
extent of the leakage. The test fixture is to be connected to the valve outlet in such a
manner that no leakage may occur in the connection.

4.6.4 Per API standard 527 (ANSI B147.1-72), a standard test fixture consists of a piece of tubing
5/16" od x .035" wall, where one end is joined to an adaptor on the valve outlet and the
other end is immersed 1/2" below the surface of a reservoir of water.

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4.6.5 Per API standard 527 (July, 1991), the leakage rate for a valve with metal to metal seats
shall be determined with the valve mounted vertically and using a standard test fixture as
described in 4.6.4. The leakage rate in bubbles per minute shall be determined with
pressure at the safety relief valve inlet held at 90 percent of the set pressure immediately
after popping, except for valves set at 50 PSIG or below, in which case the pressure shall be
held per the table below. The test pressure shall be applied for 1 minute for valves of inlet
sizes through 2 in.; 2 minutes for sizes 2-1/2, 3, and 4 in.; 5 minutes for sizes 6 in. Thru 10 in.
air at approximately atmospheric temperature shall be used as the pressure medium.

TEST PRESSURES FOR SEAT TIGHTNESS METAL SEATS, GAS SERVICE

SET PRESSURE PSIG TEST PRESSURE, PSIG1

3 1.5
4 2.0
5 2.5
6 3.0
7 TO 14 3.0 PSIG BELOW SET
15 TO 50 5.0 PSIG BELOW SET

FOOT NOTE: 1. SET PRESSURES BELOW 15 PSIG IS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF API
527.

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4.6.6 The leakage rate in bubbles per minute shall not exceed the following:

SET PRESSURE ORIFICE SIZE D AND E ORIFICE SIZES F AND LARGER

APPROXIMATE LEAKAGE PER 24 HOURS APPROXIMATE LEAKAGE PER 24 HOURS

POUNDS PER LEAKAGE RATE STANDARD LEAKAGE RATE


SQUARE INCH (BUBBLES PER CUBIC FEET (BUBBLES PER STANDARD CUBIC FEET
GAUGE MINUTE) MINUTE)

15-1000 40 0.60 20 0.30

1500 60 0.90 30 0.45

2000 80 1.20 40 0.60

2500 100 1.50 50 0.75

3000 100 1.50 60 0.90

4000 100 1.50 80 1.20

5000 100 1.50 100 1.50

6000 100 1.50 100 1.50

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4.6.7 A valve with a seat of resilient material (o-ring seated valve) shall show no leakage at
pressures less than indicated below when test medium is either air, water or steam.

NOTE: The following table exceeds the requirements of API 527-1991.

SET PRESSURE PSIG TEST PRESSURE, PSIG 1

3 1.5

4 2.0

5 2.5

6 3.0

7 TO 14 3.0 PSIG BELOW SET

15 TO 30 90% OF SET

31 TO 50 92% OF SET

51 TO 100 94% OF SET

101 PSIG AND GREATER 95% OF SET

FOOT NOTE: 1. SET PRESSURES BELOW 15 PSIG IS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF API 527.

NOTE: When a teflon o-ring, non universal media, is specified for high temperature
applications, but will be tested at ambient conditions, it may be necessary to heat the
valve with either steam or some other means for proper seating of the o-ring. for
universal media valves refer to AS229.

4.6.7.1 Paragraph 4.6.7.2 refers to testing valves with teflon o-rings specified for
elevated operating temperatures equal to or above 212°f.

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4.6.7.2 Check the unit ticket for the temperature and verify that the operating
temperature is equal to or above 212°f.

HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS SERVICE OR LIQUID SERVICE VALVES WITH PTFE


(TEFLON) SEALS - Valves with operating temperatures greater than or equal
to 212°F may be placed on a saturated steam test stand or a pressure of 90%
of set point or 250 PSIG, whichever is lower, for a period of 10 minutes
maximum to add pliability to the o-ring. Following the heat cycle, the valve
shall be immediately placed on the appropriate test stand for completion of
the functional test and final leakage checks.

4.6.8 When a metal-to-metal seat valve is tested using water as the test medium, no
leakage shall be detected by sight or feel for one minute, when pressure is held at 10%
is below set pressure, except for valves with set pressures below 15 PSIG. In these
cases, the metal seat table for gas service shall be followed for test pressures. This
pressure shall be applied immediately after popping or opening for 1 minute. For soft
seated valves, there shall be no leakage for one minute.

NOTE: Due to the limited volume of the water test stand, a valve
may not have a "pop" action on opening. Without a "pop" action, disc may
not have a positive shut off. It may be necessary to allow the valve to go
into overpressure by holding outside force on the spindle to get a "pop"
action and positive shut off before checking for leakage.

4.6.9 When a 1900, 1982 series valve is checked for tightness using saturated steam as the
test medium, the test pressure shall be held for at least 3 minutes and then the tightness
shall be checked visually using a black background. There shall be no visual leakage
after the interior of the valve is allowed to dry after popping. The leak test pressure shall
be 10% below set pressure, except for valves with set pressures below 15 PSIG. In these
cases, the metal seat table for gas service shall be followed for test pressures.

4.6.10. According to ASME Section 1, paragraph pg-73.4.3, “a seat tightness test shall be
conducted at maximum expected operating pressure, but at a pressure not exceeding
the reseating pressure of the valve. When being tested, a valve exhibiting no visible
signs of leakage shall be considered adequately tight.”

4.6.10.1 The unit ticket shall specify the maximum expected operating pressure or
leak tightness pressure for the order. This information is to be obtained
from inside sales department.
4.6.10.2
In the absence of information in paragraph 4.6.10.1, the leak tightness
pressure shall be of the set pressure in accordance with paragraph 4.6.9.

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Note: The previous steps were performed with the valve in the upright position with the inlet bolted
down. The steps in 4.7 below are performed in the upright position with the inlet bolted down.

4.7 BACKPRESSURE TESTING FOR LEAKAGE

4.7.1 Backpressure is the pressure measured at the valve outlet, in pounds per square inch gage
(PSIG).

4.7.2 Backpressure tests are to be performed after adjustment of set pressure and blowdown.
this applies to all valves, except conventional (non-bellows) valves with slotted bonnets
and/or open caps (I.E. plain levers).

4.7.3 The backpressure test shall be performed with all connections and openings in the base
and bonnet wrench tight. the following valves are to be backpressure tested:

4.7.3.1 Valves which are subject to backpressure in service as indicated by the


order.

4.7.3.2 Valves having bellows (type 1900-30).

4.7.3.3 When specified on the order.

4.7.3.4 The inspection department is required to periodically backpressure test


valves selected at random to verify quality of parts and proper assembly.

4.7.4 The pressure at which the valve is to be backpressure tested shall be 30 PSIG (minimum) unless
the unit ticket specifies a higher pressure. The total back pressure on the unit ticket shall be
used for the back pressure test pressure if it is higher than 30 PSIG. Air or gas shall be used as
the test medium for applying backpressure.

For valves that are to be exported to the People’s Republic of China as designated by any one
of the following:

a. Model code is suffixed with “CLS”


b. Model code is suffixed with “CLSXXX”: where xxx is a numeric number
c. Order is edited with SR code “SR61”

Hold time for back pressure shall be 3 minutes minimum. Tester shall add a comment to the
test report that the backpressure hold time was held for duration of 3 minutes minimum.

4.7.5 NON-BELLOWS VALVES

Backpressure tests are to be performed by applying pressure with air or nitrogen to the valve
outlet. Leakage. pressure is to be held constant at the test pressure while the valve is being
examined for leakage. Leakage may be necessary by application of a Soap Solution, or
equivalent, at points of possible leakage.

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BELLOWS VALVES

If the backpressure equals to or exceeds 50% of the set pressure, then the backpressure test
are to be performed by applying pressure with air or nitrogen to the valve inlet and valve
outlet. The pressure being applied to the valve inlet should be equal to the pressure being
applied to the valve outlet. Leakage may be detected by application of soap solution, or
equivalent, at points of possible leakage, pressure is to be held constant at the test pressure
while the valve is being examined for leakage.

If the backpressure is less than 50% of set pressure, then perform the backpressure test as the
standard non-bellows valve.

NOTE: THE PURPOSE OF APPLYING PRESSURE TO THE VALVE INLET AND OUTLET IS TO
PREVENT THE DISC AND DISC HOLDER FROM SEPARATING DURING THE
BACKPRESSURE TEST.

4.7.5.1 The following points of a 1900 flanged valve shall be


examined for leakage during backpressure testing:

4.7.5.1.1 THE NOZZLE TO BASE JOINT.


-
4.7.5.1.2 THE ADJUSTING RING PIN SEAL.

4.7.5.1.3 THE BONNET TO BASE JOINT.

4.7.5.1.4 THE CAP TO BONNET JOINT OF SCREWED & BOLTED CAPS.

4.7.5.1..5 THE PACKING NUT SEAT OF PACKED LEVERS.

4.7.5.1.6 BASE DRAIN PLUG.

4.7.5.2 The following points of a 1982 portable valve shall be examined for
leakage during backpressure testing.

4.7.5.2.1 THE BONNET TO BASE JOINT.

4.7.5.2.2 THE CAP TO BONNET JOINT OF SCREWED & PACKED CAPS.

4.7.5.2.3 THE PACKING NUT SEAL OF PACKED LEVERS.

4.7.5.2.4 ADJUSTING RING PIN SEAL

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4.7.6 Repair of valves which show leaks in backpressure testing may be attempted by
tightening the joint involved to normal tightness, while the valve is in the testing area If
such procedure does not correct the leak, the valve is to be returned to the assembly
department with a notation as to cause for rejection. The valve is to be examined for
cause of failure, the cause corrected, and the test repeated.
5.0 STAMPING :

5.1 Stamp tester number on passable valves on top left side of outlet flange (facing outlet).

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REVISION SHEET

REVISIONS MADE TO THIS INSTRUCTION ARE LISTED IN DETAIL AND CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

RELEASE NO. REV. DESCRIPTION


& DATE NO.

GC275 33 PAGE 18--DELETE PARA. 5.0 ALSO DELETE THE DRAWING THAT FOLLOWED.
09/18/96

GB895 34 PAGE 3, PAR. 4.1.6: REWORDED TO READ, “ FOR ALL W ORIFICE VALVES,
04/16/97 THE VALVES SHOULD BE SET WITH SETTING DEVICE
MLC #9876801 AND THEN VERIFY SET PRESSURE ON THE
TEST STAND IN THE FOLLOWING WAY.”
PAR. 4.1.6.5: IN LINE ONE, INSERTED “RC154.”
PAR. 4.1.6.7: LINE ONE WAS REWORDED TO READ, “ATTACH THE
HYDRAULIC HOSE (hc-927) TO THE RAM (RC154) AND TO
THE PUMP (P-392).
DELETED WORD AND FIGURE “TABLE 6,” AND INSERTED
“1900 W GAUGE READINGS FOR SETTING DEVICE.”
PAGE 5: ADDED TABLE 6 THAT WAS LEFT OUT OF REVISION 33.

GB954 35 ADDED ATTACHMENT 2.4 & RENUMBERED EXISTING 2.4.


LMW CHANGED 3.1/A B C D--TO NOW READ-- 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3., 3.1.4
07/18/97 4.1.1-- DELETED --SEEING-- INSERTED-- VISUAL DECTION AT OUTLET.
DELETED-- HOLD SPINDLE TO PREVENT ROTATION WHEN TURNING ADJUSTING SCREW --
INSERTED NEW PARAGRAPH--TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO SPINDLE HEAD--ETC. 4.6.7--
CHANGED CHART FROM TEST PRESSURE TO MIN. LEAK POINT
4.7.5.--INSERTED WITH AIR OR NITROGEN --AFTER -- APPLYING PRESSURE.
GC624 INSERTED SUB. PARAGRAPHS-- 2.5.1 & 2.5.2
07/15/98 36 REPLACED ALL REFERENCES TO “COLD DIFFERENTIAL SET PRESSURE (CDS)
LMW WITH COLD DIFFERENTIAL TEST PRESSURE (CDTP)

PAGE 12: ON PARAGRAPH 4.4.2, ON SET PRESSURE COLUMN, 15-30 PSIG WAS 15-19
FL431A 37 PSIG. 30 PSIG OR GREATER WAS 20 PSIG OR GREATER. ON BLOWDOWN
10/13/99
MAXIMUM COLUMN, 3PSI WAS 2 PSI. DELETED
diw
BLOWDOWN MINIMUM COLUMN.

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& DATE NO.

FL454 PAGE 3: ON PARA. 4.1.6 ADDED V ORIFICE.


05/30/00 PAGE 4: ON PARA. 4.1.6.7, ADDED TABLE 1 V ORIFICE OR TABLE 3 (W ORIFICE)
38
diw PAGE 5: DELETED TABLE 6, ADDED TABLE 1, 1900 V ORIFICE & TABLE 2 1900
W ORIFICE.
PAGE 8: DELETED CHART FOR ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR
STANDARD DESIGN 1900 ON OLD PAGE 8. RENUMBERED FOLLOWING PAGES.
PAGE 11: ADDED V ORIFICE.
PAGE 14: ON PARA. 4.3.5, REVISED ASME SECTION I STEAM INTERNAL VALVES
CHART. ON ASME SECTION VIII AIR & STEAM VALVES, 7% WAS 10%.
ON PARA. 4.4.2, ON BLOWDOWN MAXIMUM COLUMN, 7% WAS 10%.

FM068 39 REVISED & RETYPED IN I TS ENTIRETY ON MICROSOFT WORD.


09/27/00 PAGE 15: ON PARA. 4.4.1, (4) NOTCHES WAS 5 NOTCHES.
Diw

FM128 40 PAGE 14: ADDED D-1 & E-1. ADDED –2 TO D & E. ADDED *CAUTION: NOTE.
10/12/00
diw

FM427 41 PAGE 15: REVISED PARA. 4.4.1 COMPLETELY.


12/19/00
diw

FM559 42 PAGE 19: ADDED NEW PAGE FOR SHELL MOLDING ADJUSTING RING**
02/05/01 PAGE 13: RENAMED SHELL MOLDING ADJUSTING RING TO INVESTMENT CAST ADJUSTING
diw RING**.

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& DATE NO.
PAGE 19: ON PARA. 4.3.5, ON ASME SECTION VIII AIR & GAS STEAM VALVES, REVISED
TABLE FOR SET PRESSURE, TO SET PRESSURE & BLOWDOWN. 3PSI OR 5% - 10% OF SET
FM838 PRESSURE, WHICHEVER IS GREATER, WAS 3PSI OR 7% OF SET PRESSURE, WHICHEVER IS
43
04/02/01 GREATER.
diw ON PAR. 4.4.2, ON 1982 & 820000 BLOWDOWN, REVISED TABLE FOR SET PRESSURE &
BLOWDOWN MAXIMUM, TO SET PRESSURE & BLOWDOWN.
ON SET PRESSURE COLUMN, WAS 15-30 PSIG & 30 PSIG OR GREATER. REVISED TO ALL.
REVISED TO 3PSI OR 5% - 10% OF SET PRESSURE, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.
FN582
08/17/01 44 PAGE 19: ADDED PARAGRAPHS, 4.6.7.1 & 4.6.7.2.
diw

FP395 45 PAGE 1: ON PARA. 2.3, ADDED SATURATED STEAM.


02/05/02 PAGE 20: ON PARA. 4.6.9, ADDED SATURATED STEAM. DELETED OR AUDIBLE.
Diw

FP891 46 ADDED 1900/P TO TITLE.


05/28/02 PAGE 16: ADDED NEW PARAGRAPHS 4.3.6 THRU 4.3.7.2.
Diw

FQ420 47 PAGE 12: DELETED (ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR STANDARDDESIGN 1900).
08/20/02 PAGE 13: ON HEADER, INVESTMENT CAST WAS SHELL MOLDING.
Diw

FQ801 48 PAGE 16: ON PARA . 4.3.7.1 , ADDED ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS OF 2001, EDITION,
10/25/02 2002 ADDENDA. DELETED BLOWDOWN REQUIREMENTS PER CODE CASE 2368.
Diw ON PARA. 4.3.7.2, ADDED ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS OF 2001, EDITION, 2002
ADDENDA. DELETED BLOWDOWN REQUIREMENTS PER CODE CASE 2368.

FS090 49 PAGE 15: ON CAUTION, (3) NOTCHES WAS (3) MINUTES.


06/26/03
Diw

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FS169 50 PAGE 15: ORIFICE SIZE, E-1 WAS E-2.


07/15/03
Diw

FS270 51 PAGE 22: REVISED PARA. 4.6.9. ADDED 1900, 1982 OR 820000 SERIES
07/29/03 ADDED NEW PARA 4.6.10 , 4.6.10.1. & 4.6.10.2.
Diw

FT171 52 PAGE 19: ON PARA. 4.6.2, DELETED, THE AIR LEAKAGE TEST SHALL BE PERFORMED WITH
02/04/04 ALL CONNECTIONS AND OPENINGS IN THE BASE AND BONNET PRESSURE TIGHT.
diw
ON PARA. 4.6.4, TUBING 5/16” OD X .035” WAS TUBING 5/16” OD X .032”.

FT863 53 PAGE 23: REVISED PARA. 4.7.3, TO READ THE BACKPRESSURE TEST SHALL BE
06/04/04 PERFORMED WITH ALL CONNECTIONS AND OPENINGS IN THE BASE AND BONNET
diw WRENCH TIGHT, WAS IN ADDITION TO PARAGRAPH 4.6.2.

FT939 54 PAGE 1: ADDED NEW PARA. 2.5.


06/22/04 PAGE 2: RENUMBERED OLD PARA. 2.5 TO 2.6.
Diw

FW262 55 PAGE 18: ON PARA. 4.4.2, DELETED (SEE PARAGRAPH 5.0)


09/13/04 ADDED RING SHALL BE ADJUSTED TO GET BLOWDOWN WITHIN THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
diw WAS BLOWDOWN SHALL BE ADJUSTED WITHIN THE FOLLOWING LIMITS.

FW685 56 PAGE 1: REVISED PARA. 2.5. ADDED IS 751 PSIG OR HIGHER FOR STEAM TESTING.
12/17/04 ADDED NOTE: HIGH PRESSURE STEAM BLOCK TESTING IS CAUSING PARTS DAMAGE.
diw

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FW734 57 PAGE 1: ON PARA. 2.5, DELETED (NOTE: HIGH PRESSURE STEAM BLOCK TESTING IS
01/05/05 CAUSING PARTS DAMAGE FOR THIS VALVE TYPE).
diw

FX269 58 PAGE 19: ADDED NEW TABLE TO PARA. 4.6.5.


05/18/05
diw PAGE 21: ON PARA. 4.6.7. REVISED TABLE IN ITS ENTIRETY.

PAGE 22: ON PARA. 4.6.8 & 4.6.9, ADDED EXCEPT FOR VALVES WITH SET PRESSURES 15
PSIG. IN THESE CASES, THE METAL SEAT TABLE FOR GAS SERVICE SHALL BE FOLLOWED
FOR TEST PRESSURES.

ON PARA. 4.6.8 DELETED OR 5 PSI (WHICHEVER IS GREATER).


ON PARA; 4.6.9, DELETED OR 5 PSIG (WHICHEVER IS GREATER).
ON PARA. 4.6.10, DELETED SHALL BE 90% OF THE SET PRESSURE.

FX685 59 PAGE 15: LS RING POSITION NOTCHES WAS XLS RING POSITION NOTCHES.
08/08/05 LA RING POSITION NOTCHES WAS XLA RING POSITION NOTCHES.
Diw PAGE 25: ADDED NEW PARA. 5.0.
MB

FX870 60
09/22/05 PAGE 4: ON PARA. 4.1.4, ASME SECTION VIII WAS ASME SECTION III AND VIII.
Diw
DKS

FY602B 61 PAGE 16: NUMBERED ASME SECTION I STEAM INTERNAL VALVES (1900/P) TO 4.3.6.
02/27/06 RENUMBERED THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS UNDER PARA. 4.3.6.
DIW/DS NUMBERED ASME SECTION I STEAM INTERNAL VALVES (1900) TO PARA. 4.3.7.

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FZ094 62 PAGE 1: ADDED ECCN # 2E002. ADDED NOTE – FOR LEGAL COMPLIANCE STATEMENT.
06/29/06
Diw/dn PAGE 17: ON PARA. 4.6.3, AS DESCRIBED IN PARA. 4.6.4 WAS AS DESCRIBED IN PARA.
4.5.4.

PAGE 18: ON PARA. 4.6.5, 6 IN. THRU 10 IN. WAS 6 IN. AND 8 IN.

PAGE 22: ON PARA. 4.7.4, ADDED (MINIMUM) TO 30 PSIG.


ADDED A HIGHER PRESSURE DELETED OTHERWISE.

FZ801 63 PAGE 19: ON PARA. 4.6.6, ORIFICE SIZE D AND E WAS EFFECTIVE ORIFICE SIZES F
11/02/06 (0.307 INCH) AND SMALLER
Diw/bs ORIFICE SIZES F AND LARGER, WAS EFFECTIVE ORIFICE SIZES LARGER THAN 0.307 INCH
(F).

PAGE 23: ADDED NEW PARA. 4.7.5.1.6 FOR BASE DRAIN PLUG.

HA206
01/08/07 PAGE 1: ECCN # EAR99/NLR WAS ECCN #2E002.
64
Diw/ce

HA922 65 PAGE 20: IN SECTION 4.6.7 TABLE, CHANGE "101 PSIG AND GREATER" TO READ "95% OF
04/18/07 SET" INSTEAD OF "97% OF SET"
LMW/AW

HD019 66 PAGE 2: REVISED 2.4 & DELETED 2.5 & RE-NUMBERED THE EXISTING
02/12/08 PARAGRAPHS
LMW/DN PAGE 23: DELETED PARA. 4.7.5 & INSERTED NEW 4.7.5

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HB462A 67 PAGE 11: 4.3.4, ADDED AND NO COMPRESSION ON THE SPRING


02/14/08 PAGE 15: MS LA RING POSITION NOTCHES COL WAS: LA RING POSITION COL. ADDED
LMW/MR NEW: DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES COLUMN TO 1900 LIQUID CHART.

PAGE 11: ON PARA. 4.3.4. DELETED RING SETTING OF O-RING VALVES SHALL BE MADE
HC991 68 WITH NO PRESSURE ON THE VALVE AND NO COMPRESSION ON THE SPRING.
04/15/08
Diw/rk ADDED RING SETTING OF LIQUID TRIM O-RING VALVES (DALA) ORIFICE SIZES
D-2. E-2, F, G, H & J TO BE DONE WITH NO PRESSURE ON THE VALVE AND NO
COMPRESSION ON THE SPRING.

PAGE 15: ON ORIFICE D-2, ON DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES ADDED


15-100 - IN** 100+ -3N**.
ON E-2, ON DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES, ADDED 100+ - 3N**
ON ORIFICE G, ON DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES, ADD ** TO 1. ADDED **TO 5.
ON ORIFICE H, ON DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES ADDED 7**.
ON ORIFICE J, ON DA LA RING POSITION NOTCHES ADDED 15-80 – 1**.
ADDED 80+ - 5**.

ADDED ** RING SETTING TO BE MADE WITH NO PRESSURE ACTING ON THE VALVE AND
NO COMPRESSION OF THE SPRING.
HD604L
05/08/08 69 DELETED ECCN#.
LMW
REVISED PT007 AS FOLLOWS: PAGE 22, PAR 4.7.2: DELETED ON EACH VALVE DESIGNED
HE316 70 FOR USE IN A CLOSED SYSTEM HAVING AN INLET SIZE GREATER THAN 1" NPS. PAGE 22:
4.7.2, DELETED: THOSE HAVING PLAIN LEVERS. ADDED ON-BELLOWS STATEMENT &
03/19/09
DELETED 4.7.3.2 & RENUMBERED THE EXISTING PARAGRAPHS.
LMW/MB

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DELETED PAGE 12: DELETED SHELL MOLDING ADJUSTING RING CHART. RENUMBERED THE
FOLLOWING PAGES.

PAGE 12: DELETED ORIFICE D-1 & E-2.


HE296 71 ON ORIFICE COLUMN, D-2/D- 4 WAS D-2. ON ORIFICE E-2/E- 4 WAS E-2. ON ORIFICE, G/G-3
04/21/09 WAS G. ON ORIFICE J/J- 4 WAS J.
Diw/mb DELETED NOTE **.

PAGE 13: DELETED ADJUSTING RING NO. 1 COLUMNS.


ON ORIFICE T, TOTAL NOTCHES 24 WAS 48 NOTCHES.
ON SET PRESS. 100 PSIG & BELOW** ON ORIFICE T 30 NOTCHES WAS 60 NOTCHES. ON SET
PRESS. ABOVE 100 PSIG** ORIFICE T 38 NOTCHES WAS 76 NOTCHES.
DELETED NOTE *.

HE368
PAGE 21: ADDED TO PARA. 4.7.4 – THE TOTAL PRESSURE ON THE UNIT TICKET SHALL BE USED
04/29/09 72
FOR THE BACK PRESSURE TEST PRESSURE IF IT IS HIGHER THAN 30 PSIG.
Diw/mb

HH112 REVISED PARA. 4.6.7.1.


REVISED PARA. 4.6.7.2 IN ITS ENTIRETY.
08/28/09 73
Diw/mb

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NO. & DATE NO
DESCRIPTION

HF886 74 REVISED PARA. 4.3.4. – ADDED NOT INCLUDING UNIVERSAL MEDIA SOFT SEAT
(DA UM) VALVES.
03/16/2010
ADDED NEW CHART FOR ADJUSTING RING POSITION CHART FOR UNIVERSAL MEDIA DESIGN
Diw/jm 1900
ON PARA. 4.6.7 REVISED NOTE. ADDED NON UNIVERSAL MEDIA.
ADDED FOR UNIVERSAL MEDIA VALVES REFER TO AS229.
HK639
02/04/2011 75 REVISED PARA. 4.4.1 & 4.4.2 – IDENTIFIED SECTIONS BY SERVICE MEDIA AND ADDED SECTION
TO CHANGE 1982 SAG BLOWDOWN REQUIREMENTS AND ADJUSTING RING SETTINGS.
JB/diw

HL381
06/09/2011 76 ON PARA. 4.6.9 - - ADDED THE TEST PRESSURE SHALL BE HELD FOR AT LEAST 3 MINUTES AND
THEN.
Diw/ls

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GE Oil & Gas
Document Control Number 007
Document Type PT
Document Revision Status 81
Revision Effective Date 02/05/2004

HISTORY REVISION

Change
Originator of
Rev Release Date By General Description of Change
Revision
Number
REVISED & RETYPED ON NEW STD. FORMAT.
DONNA COLTON
77 HP262 04/18/2013 ON PARA. 4.7.4 ADDED HOLD TIME FOR BACK
WELCH CARPENTER
PRESSURE SHALL BE 3 MINUTES MINIMUM
REVISED PARAGRAPH 4.7.4 IN ITS ENTIRETY.
4.7.4 The pressure at which the valve is to be
backpressure tested shall be 30 PSIG
(minimum) unless the unit ticket specifies a
higher pressure. The total back pressure
on the unit ticket shall be used for the back
pressure test pressure if it is higher than 30
PSIG. Air or gas shall be used as the test
medium for applying backpressure.

For valves that are to be exported to the


People’s Republic of China as designated by
any one of the following:
DONNA LARRY
78 HP453 05/29/2013 a. Model code is suffixed with “CLS”
WELCH SMART
b. Model code is suffixed with “CLSXXX”;
where xxx is a numeric number
c. Order c. Order is edited with SR code “SR61”

Hold time for back pressure shall be 3


minutes minimum. Tester shall add a
comment to the test report that the
backpressure hold time was held for
duration of 3 minutes minimum.

Deleted 820000 series from Document Title:


Deleted 820000 from paragraphs 4.2.2,
4.2.3, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.2.2, 4.6.9 & 4.7.5.2 thru out
text.
On 1900 UM Adjusting RIng position chart (7) in
DONNA PT007 updated to the correct Adjusting Ring MYCHAL
79 HP775 10/23/2013
WELCH position values. SPENCER
Deleted paragraph 4.4.2.2.

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GE Oil & Gas
Document Control Number 007
Document Type PT
Document Revision Status 81
Revision Effective Date 02/05/2004

REVISION HISTORY

Change
Originator of
Rev Release Date By General Description of Change
Revision
Number
REVISED PARA. 4.1.2 IN ITS ENTIRETY.

ON PARA. 4.1.3, 70 PSIG OR LESS WAS 15 TO


DONNA VINCENT
80 HQ591 01/07/2014 70 PSIG.
CHICOLA
WELCH
ON PARA. 4.1.4, 70 PSIG OR LESS WAS 15 TO
70 PSIG.
ADDED NOTE ABOVE SECTION 4.7 STATING
DONNA DARREN
81 HQ141 02/05/2014 THAT VALVE CONDITIONS WAS UPRIGHT AND
COKER
WELCH BOLTED DOWN.

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