University of Duhok

College of Art
Department of
English

Student's Name: Yusra Abdulla Rasheed

Stage:4th

Transformation grammar

Supervised by: Mohammed Saleh

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 The definition

Transformative syntactic grammar: is towards a

generative of natural languages developed by the pioneer
of modern linguistics Noam Chomsky. This grammar is
in contrast to the traditional grammar based on giving
examples of steady grammar, with anomalies.

Structure

noun
1. Structure is a constructed building or a specific arrangement of things or
people, especially things that have multiple parts.
a. An example of structure is a newly built home.
b. An example of structure is the arrangement of DNA elements.
verb
1. Structure means to purposefully arrange something in a specific way.
An example of structure is when you arrange furniture deliberately so that everyone
sits facing each other.

1. manner of building, constructing, or organizing

2. something built or constructed, as a building or dam
noun of all the parts of a whole; manner
3. the arrangement or interrelation
of organization or construction: the structure of the atom,
the structure of society 1. Something made up of a number of parts that are held
4. something composed of interrelatedor put together
parts forminginan
a particular
organism way: hierarchical
or social
an organization structure.

2. The way in which parts are arranged or put together to

form a whole; makeup: triangular in structure.

3. The interrelation or arrangement of parts in a complex

entity: political structure; plot structure.

4. Something constructed, such as a building.

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5. Biology
 Noun

(plural structures)

1. A cohesive whole built up of distinct parts.

The birds had built an amazing structure out of sticks and various discarded items.

2. The underlying shape of a solid.

He studied the structure of her face.

3. The overall form or organization of something.

The structure of a sentence.

The structure of the society was still a mystery.

4. A set of rules defining behavior.

For some, the structure of school life was oppressive.

5. (computing)  Several pieces of data treated as a unit.

This structure contains both date and time zone information.

6. (fishing, uncountable)  Underwater terrain or objects (such as a dead tree or a submerged

car) that tend to attract fish

There's lots of structure to be fished along the west shore of the lake; the impoundment
submerged a town there when it was built.

7. A body, such as a political party, with a cohesive purpose or outlook.

The South African leader went off to consult with the structures.
Verb 8. (logic)  A set along with a collection of finitary functions and relations.
(third-person singular simple present structures, present participle structuring, simple past and
past participle structured)

1. To give structure to; to arrange.

I'm trying to structure my time better so I'm not always late.

I've structured the deal to limit the amount of money we can lose.

Origin

From French structure, from Latin structura (“a fitting together, adjustment, building, erection,

a building, edifice, structure"), from struere, past participle strūctus (“pile up, arrange,
assemble, build"). Compare construct, instruct, destroy, etc.
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 Syntactic and semantic comment

Although there is some potential for agreement as to the semantic development of pragmatic
markers, there is relatively little exploration of their syntactic development. Brinton aims to
see “whether we find syntactic clines in the development of pragmatic markers comparable to
the semantic-pragmatic clines that have been postulated” (24). The semantic development of
pragmatic markers is supposed, after Taught 1991 etc., to follow a path leading “from
propositional meaning, to textual meaning, to expressive or interpersonal meaning” (24). This
has since been complexified to yield various possible semantic and pragmatic paths:

 truth-conditional > non-truth-conditional

 content > content / procedural > procedural

 non-subjective > subjective > intersubjective

 intrapropositional scope > extra propositional scope > discourse scope

Brinton proposes to reformulate the second of these tendencies as

 referential (propositional) > non-referential (pragmatic, metalinguistic, procedural)

(27).

11Syntactically, work has often focused on the development of adverbial markers, such
as then, which are seen to follow two paths of syntactic development:

 adverb > conjunction > pragmatic marker or

 clause-internal adverb > sentential adverb > pragmatic marker.

12The first of these paths is exemplified by the markers why, like, so, now, what and then.
The second path may be exemplified by indeed (Taught 2003), only and while and, in former
periods of English, by anon and soþlice. The path of syntactic development often proposed
for comment clauses is

 matrix clause > parenthetical disjunct > pragmatic marker

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* Transformational rules
(transformations) :applied to the deep structure and the
intermediate structures, ultimately generating
the surface structure of the sentence

Transformational Rules
* Examples:
— First, particle-movement transformation
* blocked with pronoun
— Second, passive transformation

Deep and Surface structure

* Deep structure:
— the underlying structure of a sentence that
conveys the meaning of a sentence
* Surface structure:
— the superficial arrangement of constituents
and reflects the order in which the words are
pronounced