Vi

rt
ual
i
zat
ion-
Def
ini
ti
on

1.Vir
tual
izat
ionall
owsthecreati
onofasecur
e, cust
omizabl
e,andisol
ated
executi
onenvir
onmentforrunni
ngappl
icat
ions,wit
houtaf
fecti
ngotheruser
s’
appli
cati
ons.

2.I
tistheabi
l
ityofacomput
erprogram—oracombinat
ionofsof
twar
eand
har
dware—toemulat
eanexecuti
ngenvi
ronment

3.Forexampl
e,wecanrunWi
ndowsOSont
opofav
irt
ualmachi
ne,
whi
chi
tsel
fis
runni
ngonLinuxOS.

4.Virt
uali
zat
ionprovi
desagreatopport
unit
ytobui
l
del
astical
lyscal
abl
esyst
ems
thatcanprovi
sionaddi
ti
onalcapabi
l
itywit
hmini
mum costsduri
ngPEAKLOAD.

Adv
ant
agesofVi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion

• I
ncr
easedper
for
manceandcomput
ingcapaci
ty

• Gr
eeni
ngi
nit
iat
ivesReduceofadmi
nist
rat
ivecost
s

• Lackofspace

• Reduceadmi
nist
rat
ivecost

• Out
comeofchal
l
enges

I
ncr
easedper
for
manceandcomput
ingcapaci
ty

Todayanav
erageend-
userdeskt
opPCi
spower
ful

• I
thasext
racapaci
tyt
hati
srar
elyused.

• incr
easedperf
ormanceandcomput
ingcapaci
ty,
andmanyPC’
sar
enotused
complet
elyi
nanITorgani
zat
ion

• Almostal
lthesePCshav
eresour
cesenoughtohostavi
rtual
machinemanager
andexecut
eav ir
tual
machi
newit
hbyfaraccept
ableper
formance.

Gr
eeni
ngi
nit
iat
ivesReduceofadmi
nist
rat
ivecost
s

1.Now,companiesarei
ncr
easi
nglylooki
ngforwaystoreducet
heamountof
ener
gytheyconsumeandtoreducethei
rcarbonf
ootpri
nt.

2.Dat
acent
ersar
eoneoft
hemaj
orpowerconsumer
s-i
mpactont
hecar
bon
 f
oot
pri
nt

3.theycont
ri
buteconsi
stent
lyt
othei
mpactt
hatacompanyhasont
he
envir
onment.

4.Hence,
reduci
ngthenumberofser
ver
sthr
oughser
verconsol
i
dat
ionwi
l
lreduce
car
bonfootpri
nt.

5.Vi
rt
ual
i
zat
iont
echnol
ogi
escanpr
ovi
deanef
fi
cientwayofconsol
i
dat
ingser
ver
s

Lackofspace

1.Thecont
inuousneedf
oraddi
ti
onalcapaci
ty,
whet
herst
orageorcomput
epower
,
makesdatacent
ersgr
owquickl
y.

2.CompaniessuchasGoogleandMicrosof
tcanaffor
ddatacent
ersasbi
gas
foot
bal
lfi
eldsthatar
eabl
etohostthousandsofnodes.

3. Butsmal
lent
erpr
isescannotaf
for
dtobuil
danot
herdat
acent
ert
o
accommodateadditi
onalr
esour
cecapaci
ty.

4.Thi
scondi
ti
on,
alongwi
thhar
dwar
eunder
uti
l
izat
ion,
hasl
edt
othedi
ff
usi
onofa
t
echni
quecal
l
edser
verconsol
i
dat
iof
orwhi
chv
irt
ual
i
zat
iont
echnol
ogi
esar
e
f
undament
al.

Reduceadmi
nist
rat
ivecost
s
1.Theincr
easeddemandforaddit
ional
capaci
ty-whi
chtr
ansl
atesi
ntomor
e
ser
versinadat
acenter–i
ncreasesadmini
str
ati
vecost
s.

2.Computers—inpart
icular
,serv
ers—donotoperateal
lont
hei
rown,
butt
hey
requi
recareandfeedingfrom sy
stem admi
nist
rator
s.

3.Commonsy stem admi

nist
rat
iont
asksi
ncl
udehar
dwaremoni
toring,
def
ecti
ve
har
dwarerepl
acement,ser
verset
upandupdat
es,
ser
verr
esourcesmonit
ori
ng,
andbackups.

4.Thesear el
abor-
int
ensi
veoperati
onsincr
easetheadministr
ati
vecost
s.
Vir
tuali
zati
oncanhelpreducethenumberofrequir
edserversforagi
ven
workload,t
husreduci
ngthecostoftheadminist
rat
ivepersonnel
.

Out
comeoft
hechal
lenges

1.
Thesecanbeconsi
der
edt
hemaj
orcausesf
ort
hedi
ff
usi
onofhar
dwar
evi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion
sol
uti
onsaswel
last
heot
herki
ndsofv
irt
ual
i
zat
ion.

2.Thef
ir
ststept
owardconsist
entadopti
onofvi
rtual
i
zat
iont
echnol
ogieswasmade
wit
hthewidespr
eadofvi
rtualmachi
ne-basedpr
ogrammingl
anguages:

3.
JAVA,
.Net
,Py
thonsl
owl
yfol
l
owedv
irt
ual
Machi
neModel
.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofv
irt
ual
izedenv
ironment
s

1.
incr
easedsecur
it
y

2.
Managedexecut
ion

3.
por
tabi
l
ity

I
ncr
easedsecur
it
y
1.Thev i
rtual
machi
ner
epr
esent
sanemul
atedenv
ironmenti
nwhi
cht
heguesti
s
executed.

 TheVM pr
ovi
desanemul
atedenv
ironmenti
nwhi
cht
heguesti
sexecut
ed.

 Al
ltheoperat
ionsoft
heguestar
egener
all
yper
for
medagai
nstt
hev
irt
ual
machine.

 VMM t
ransl
atesal
ltheoper
ati
onsofguestt
othehost

 VMM f
il
ter
sanddi
sal
l
owsanyhar
mful
act
ivi
tyf
rom t
heguest

 secur
e,cont
rol
l
edexecut
ionenv
ironment
.

 Har
dwar ev
irt
uali
zati
onsolut
ionssuchasVMwar eDeskt op,Vir
tual
Box,and
Par
all
elspr
ovidetheabil
i
tytocreat
eav ir
tual
comput erwithcustomizedvi
rt
ual
har
dwareontopofwhi chanewoper at
ingsystem canbeinstall
ed

Managedexecut
ion

I
tsuppor
tsf
eat
uresl
i
ke

Shar
ing:Vir
tual
i
zational
lowst
hecreat
ionofasepar
atecomput
ing
envi
ronmentswit
hinthesamehost
.

I
tispossi
blet
oful
lyexpl
oitt
hecapabili
ti
esofapower
ful
machi
ne,
whichwoul
dother
wisebeunderut
il
ized.
shari
ngi
susedi nvi
rtual
i
zeddatacent
ers,wher
ethisbasi
cfeat
urei
s
usedtoreducethenumberofacti
veser
v er
sandli
mitpower
consumption.

Aggr
egat
ion:
Theopposi
teofshar
ingi
saggr
egat
ion

Thecapabi
l
t yofmorethanonemachi
neiscombi
nedt
ofor
ma
powerf
ulsinglesour
ceofcomput
ingfaci
l
ity

Themanymachi
nesappearasasi
ngl
ehostt
otheguest

CLUSTERSar
eexampl
es

Theunuseddeskt
opscanbepul
l
edi
ntof
orm asi
ngl
eresour
ce.

Emul
ati
on:Guestpr
ogramsareexecut
edwi
thi
nanenv
ironmentt
hat
i
scont
roll
edbythevi
rt
uali
zat
ionl
ayer

I
tispossi
blet
ocr
eat
eacompl
etel
ydi
ff
erentenv
ironment
.

Ver
yusefuli
ntest
ingenvi
ronment
s–t estt
hesoft
war
eunder
di
ff
erentpl
atf
orms,anemulat
edenvi
ronmentcanbeused.

Emul
atedhar
dwar
edoesnotneedt
hechangeofcode.

Iti
spossi
bletoemul
atether
equiredhar
dwarear
chi
tect
ureora
speci
fi
coperati
ngsy
stemsWi ndows95/98.

Isol
ati
on:
Virt
ual
izati
onprovi
destheguestswi
thcompl
etel
ysepar
ate
envi
ronmentinwhichtheyar
eexecuted.

Guestperf
ormsactivi
tybyi
nter
acti
ngwiththeabst
ract
ionl
ayer
,
whichprovi
desaccesstounder
lyi
ngresour
ces.

I
sol
ati
onbr
ingssev
eral
benef
it
s;

I
tal
lowsmult
ipl
eguest
stor
unont
hesamehostwi
thouti
nter
fer
ing
wi
theachot
her.

i
tpr
ovi
desasepar
ati
onbet
weent
hehostandt
heguest
.
 Thevi
rt
ualmachinecanfil
tert
heacti
vi
tyoft
heguestandpr
event
har
mfuloper
ati
onsagainstthehost
.

PORTABI
LITY

Theconceptofpor
tabi
li
tyappl
i
esindi
ffer
entway
saccor
dingt
othe
speci
fi
ctypeofvi
rt
uali
zati
onconsi
der
ed.

InHardwarev
irt
ual
i
zati
onsol
uti
on,t
heguestcanbesafel
ymovedand
executedont
opofdif
fer
entv
irt
ual
machinesasavir
tualI
mage.

I
npr
ogr
ammi
ng-
lev
elv
irt
ual
i
zat
ion,

eg.JVM ort
he.
NETr
unt
ime,

t
hebi
nar
ycoder
epr
esent
ingappl
i
cat
ioncomponent
s(j
arsor assembl
i
es)

canber
unont
heVM ,Nor
ecompi
l
ati
ononanyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sneeded

Taxonomyofv
irt
ual
izat
iont
echni
ques
 Thef
ir
stcl
assi
fi
cat
iondi
scr
imi
nat
esagai
nstt
heser
viceorent
it
ythati
sbei
ngemul
ated.
Vi
rt
ual
i
zat
i sma
oni i
nlyusedt
oemul
ateexecut
ionenv
ironment
s,st
orage,
and
net
wor
ks.

1.Thef
ir
stclassi
fi
cat
iondi
scr
imi
nat
esagai
nstt
heser
viceorent
it
ythati
sbei
ng
emul
ated.

2.Vir
tual
i
zat
ioni
smai
nlyusedt
oemul
ateex
ecut
ionenv
ironment
s,st
orage,
and
networ
ks.

3. Amongthesecat
egor
ies,executi
onvi
rt
ual
i
zat
ionconst
it
utest
heol
dest
,most
popul
ar,
andmostdevelopedar ea.

4.wecanfurt
herdi
videtheseexecuti
onvir
tuali
zat
iontechni
quesi
ntot
womaj
or
cat
egor
iesbyconsider
ingthetypeofhosttheyrequi
re.

i
)Pr
ocessLev
eli
i
)sy
stem l
evel

Execut
ionv
irt
ual
izat
ion:

1. Pr
ocess-
leveltechni
quesar
eimpl
ementedont
opofanexi
sti
ngoper
ati
ngsy
stem,
whichhasfull
cont r
oloft
hehar
dware.

2.System-l
eveltechni
quesarei
mplementeddir
ect
lyonhardwareanddonot
requir
e—orrequir
eami ni
mum ofsupportf
rom—anexist
ingoperat
ingsy
stem.

3.Var
ioustechni
quescanbeli
stedwiththeabov
etwothatof
fert
heguesta
di
ff
erenttypeofvi
rt
ualcomputat
ionenvi
ronmentv
iz

• bar
ehar
dwar
e,

• oper
ati
ngsy
stem r
esour
ces,

• l
ow-
lev
elpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage,

• Appl
i
cat
ionl
i
brar
ies

STORAGEVI
RTUALI
ZATI
ON

1.Stor
agevir
tual
izat
ionisasystem admini
str
ati
onpract
icet
hatall
owsdecoupl
i
ng
thephy
sicalor
ganizat
ionofthehardwarefr
om it
slogi
calr
epresent
ati
on.

2.Usi
ngthi
stechni
que,user
sdonothav etobeworri
edaboutt
hespeci
fi
clocat
ion
oft
hei
rdata,whi
chcanbei dent
if
iedusi
ngalogi
calpat
h.

3.Stor
agev i
rtual
i
zati
onall
owsustoharnessawider
angeofst
oragef
aci
l
iti
esand
repr
esentthem underasi
ngl
elogi
cal
f i
l
esyst
em.
 4.Ther
earedif
ferentt
echniquesf
orstor
agevi
rt
uali
zati
on,
oneofthemostpopul
ar
bei
ngnetwork-
basedvir
tuali
zat
ionbymeansofstor
ageareanet
wor
ks(SANs).

5.SANsuseanet
wor k-
accessi
bledev
icet
hroughal
argebandwi
dthconnect
iont
o
pr
ovi
destor
agefacil
i
ties.

NETWORKVI
RTUALI
ZATI
ON:

1.Net
workv i
rt
ual
i
zat
ioncombi
neshar
dwareappl
iancesandspeci
fi
csof
twar
efor
t
hecreat
ionandmanagementofav
irt
ual
network.

2.Net
workv
irt
ual
izat
ioncanaggr
egat
edi
ff
erentphy
sical
net
wor
ksi
ntoasi
ngl
e
l
ogi
cal
network

3.Ther
esul
tofext
ernal
net
wor
kvi
rt
ual
i
zat
ioni
sgener
all
yav
irt
ual
LAN(
VLAN)
.

4. AVLANisanaggr
egati
onofhost
sthatcommunicat
ewitheachot
herast
hough
theywer
elocat
edundert
hesamebroadcast
ingdomain.

5.I
nter
nalnetworkv
irt
ualizati
onisgener
all
yappl
i
edtoget
herwit
hhar
dwareand
oper
ati
ngsy st
em-l
evelv i
rt
uali
zati
on,i
nwhicht
heguest
sobtai
navi
rtual
networ
k
i
nter
facetocommuni catewith.

Machi
neRef
erencemodel

• Vir
tual
izi
nganexecut
ionenv
ironmentatdi
ff
erentl
evel
soft
hecomput
ingst
ack
r
equir
es

• ar
efer
encemodel
thatdef
inest
hei
nter
facesbet
weent
hel
evel
sofabst
ract
ions,

• Thei
mpl
ement
ati
ondet
ail
stobehi
dden.
 • Moderncomput
ingsyst
emscanbeexpr
essedi
nter
msoft
her
efer
encemodel
descr
ibedi
nFi
gure.

• Att
hebottom l
ayer,
themodelforthehar
dwar
eisexpr
essedi
nter
msoft
he
I
nst
ruct
ionSetArchi
tect
ure(
ISA),

• ISAist
heinterf
acebet
weenhardwar
eandsof
twar
e,andi
tisi
mpor
tantt
othe
oper
ati
ngsystem (
OS)dev
eloper

• Theappli
cat
ionbi
nar
yinterf
ace(ABI
)separ
atest
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem l
ayerf
rom
theappl
i
cati
onsandli
brari
es,whi
charemanagedbyt
heOS.

• APIi
nter
facesAppl
i
cat
ionst
oLi
brar
iesandunder
lyi
ngOS

• ForANYOPERATIONtobeperfor
medi
ntheAppl
i
cat
ionLev
el,
all
thr
eear
e
responsi
blet
omakei
thappen

1.
ISA-I
nst
ruct
ionSetAr
chi
tect
ure

• Har
dwar
eisexpr
essedi
nter
msoft
heI
SA.

• I
SAdef
inest
hei
nst
ruct
ionsetf
ort
hepr
ocessor
,regi
ster
s,memor
y

• I
SAi
sthei
nter
facebet
weenhar
dwar
eandsof
twar
e

2.
ABI
-Theappl
i
cat
ionbi
nar
yint
erf
ace

TheABIsepar
atest
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem l
ayerf
rom t
heappl
i
cat
ionsandl
i
brar
iesABI
cover
s detai
lssuchaslow-
lev
eldat
aty
pes,
ali
gnment
,andcal
lconv
ent
ionsanddef
inesa
for
matforexecutabl
epr ogr
ams.

Sy
stem cal
l
sar
edef
inedatt
hisl
evel
.

Thi
sint
erf
aceal
l
owspor
tabi
l
ityofappl
i
cat
ionsandl
i
brar
iesacr
ossoper
ati
ngsy
stems
3.API
-Theappl
i
cat
ionpr
ogr
ammi
ngi
nter
face

Thehighestl
evel
ofabst
ract
ioni
srepr
esent
edbyt
heappl
i
cat
ionpr
ogr
ammi
ng
i
nter
face(API)

Adv
ant
agesofl
ayer
edappr
oach

1.t
hisl
ayer
edapproachsi
mplif
iesthedev
elopmentand
i
mplementat
ionofcomput
ingsystems

2.i
tsi
mpli
fi
estheimplementati
onofmul
ti
taski
ngandt
hecoexi
stence
ofmul
ti
pleexecut
ingenv
ironment
s.

3.infact
,suchamodelnotonl
yrequi
resl
i
mit
edknowl
edgeoft
he
ent
irecomput
ingst
ack,

buti
tal
soprov
ideswaystoi
mpl
ementami
nimal
secur
it
ymodel
for
managi
ngandaccessi
ng
Secur
it
y-I
mpl
ement
ati
on

1.theinst
ructi
onsetexposedbyt
hehardwarehasbeendi
videdi
ntodi
ff
erent
securi
tyclassest
hatdefi
newhocanoperatewi
ththem.

2.Thefi
rstdist
inct
ioncanbemadebet
weenpr
ivi
legedandnonpr
ivi
leged
i
nstr
uctions.

3.Nonpri
vil
egedinstructionsarethoseinstr
ucti
onsthatcanbeusedwit
hout
i
nter
fer
ingwithothert asksbecauset heydonotaccesssharedr
esour
ces.f
or
exampl
e,all
thefloating,fi
xed-poi
nt,andarit
hmeti
cinstr
ucti
ons

4.Pri
vi
legedi
nstr
ucti
ons-aret hosethatareexecut
edunderspecif
icr
estr
ict
ions
andaremostl
yusedf orsensiti
veoperat
ions,whi
chexpose(behavi
or-
sensit
ive)
ormodify(
contr
ol-
sensit
ive)thepri
vil
egedstate.

Behav
ior
-sensi
ti
vei
nst
ruct
ions-ar
ethoset
hatoper
ateont
heI
/O

cont
rol
-sensi
ti
vei
nst
ruct
ionsal
tert
hest
ateoft
heCPUr
egi
ster
s

Hi
erar
chyofpr
ivi
leges

1.Somet
ypesofar
chi
tect
uref
eat
uremanyt
ypesofpr
ivi
l
egedi
nst
ruct
ions.

2.Hier
archyofpr
ivi
l
egesi
nthef
orm ofr
ing-
basedsecur
it
y:Ri
ng0,
Ring1,
Ring2,
andRing3;
 3.Ri
ng0i
susedbyt
heker
nel
oft
heOS

4.Ri
ngs1and2ar
eusedbyt
heOS-
lev
elser
vices,
andRi
ng3i
susedbyt
heuser
.

Execut
ionModes

1.All
thecur r
entsy
stemssuppor
tatl
eastt
wodi
ff
erentexecut
ionmodes:
i
)super
visormodeandii
)usermode.

Super
visorMode

1.anexecut
ionmodei
nwhichal
ltheinstr
uct
ions(
pri
vi
legedandnonpr
ivi
l
eged)
canbeexecut
edwit
houtanyr
estr
ict
ion.

2.Thi
smode, alsocalledmastermodeorkernelmode,i
sgeneral
lyusedbyt
he
operat
ingsy stem (orthehyper
visor
)toper
for
m sensi
ti
veoperati
onson
hardwarel
evel resources.

3.Cal
l
edmast
ermodeorker
nel
mode,
usedbyt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem

.UserMode

1.I
nusermode,
ther
ear
erest
ri
cti
onst
ocont
rol
themachi
ne-
lev
elr
esour
ces.

2.usermodecannoti
nvokepr
ivi
l
egedi
nst
ruct
ions–r
esul
tsi
nhar
dwar
eint
err
upt
s
totr
apthei
nstr
ucti
on.

3.I
fcoderunni
nginusermodei
nvokesthepr
ivi
l
egedinst
ruct
ions,hardwar
e
i
nter
rupt
soccurandtrapt
hepot
enti
all
yhar
mf ul
execut
ionoftheinstr
uct
ion.

4.Despi
tethi
s,t
her
emi
ghtbesomei
nst
ruct
ionst
hatcanbei
nvokedaspr
ivi
l
eged
i
nstr
ucti
ons
 5. undersomecondi
ti
onsandasnonpr
ivi
l
egedi
nst
ruct
ionsunderot
hercondi
ti
ons.

Hy
per
visorMode
1.Thedist
incti
onbetweenuserandsupervi
sormodeal
l
owsust
ounder
standt
her
oleof
thehy
per v
isorandwhyiti
scall
edthat.

2.Concept
ual
l
y,thehyper
visorr
unsabov
ethesuper
visormode,
andf
rom her
ethe
pr
efi
xhyper
-isused.

3.I
nreal
i
ty,
hyper
visor
sar
eruni
nsuper
visormode,

4.andthedi
vi
sionbet
weenpri
vi
legedandnonpr
ivi
l
egedi
nst
ruct
ionshasposed
chal
l
engesindesi
gni
ngvi
rt
ualmachinemanagers.

5.All
thesensi
ti
veinst
ructi
onswil
lbeexecut
edi
npr
ivi
l
egedmode,
whi
chr
equi
res
Super
visormodeinordertoav
oidtr
aps

6.Wit
houtt
hisassumptioni
tisimpossi
blet
oful
l
yemul
ateandmanaget
hest
atus
oft
heCPUf orguestoper
ati
ngsystems.

Har
dwar
e-l
evelv
irt
ual
izat
ion

1.Hardwar e-
lev
elv i
rt
ual
i
zati
onisav
irt
ual
i
zat
iontechni
quethatpr
ovi
desanabstract
executi
onenv ir
onmentinter
msofcomput
erhardwareontopofwhichaguestoperat
ing
system canber un.

2.Har
dwar e-l
evel
vir
tuali
zati
onisalsocall
edsystem v
irt
uali
zati
on,si
ncei
tprov
ides
I
SAt ovir
tualmachines,whichi
st her
epresent
ati
onoft hehardwar
eint
erf
aceof
asystem.

3.Thi
sistodi
ff
erent
iat
eitf
rom pr
ocessv
irt
ual
machi
nes,
whi
chexposeABIt
o
vi
rt
ualmachi
nes.
 1.I
nthi
smodel
,theguesti
srepr
esent
edbyt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem,

2.t
hehostbyt
hephy
sical
comput
erhar
dwar
e,

3.t
hev
irt
ual
machi
nebyi
tsemul
ati
on,

4.andt
hev
irt
ual
machi
nemanagerbyt
hehy
per
visor(
seeFi
gur
e).

5.Thehy
perv
isori
sgeneral
l
yapr ogr
am oracombinat
ionofsoft
wareand
har
dwaret
hatal
lowstheabst
racti
onoftheunder
lyi
ngphysi
calhar
dware.

Hy
per
visor
s
1.Afundament
alelementofhar
dwar
evi
rt
ual
i
zat
ioni
sthehy
per
visor
,orv
irt
ual
machinemanager(VMM).

2. Itr
ecreat
esahar
dwar
eenv
ironmenti
nwhi
chguestoper
ati
ngsy
stemsar
e
instal
l
ed.

3.Thehy
perv
isori
sgeneral
l
yapr ogr
am oracombinat
ionofsoft
wareand
har
dwaret
hatal
lowstheabst
racti
onoftheunder
lyi
ngphysi
calhar
dware

4.Hy
per
visor
sar
esomet
imecal
l
edVMM orVi
rt
ual
Machi
neManager
s

5.Hy
per
visor
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edbasedont
het
ypeofser
vicet
heypr
ovi
de.

Ther
ear
etwomaj
ort
ypesofhy
per
visor
:Ty
peIandTy
peI
I

Ty
peI
-Sy
stem Lev
el

1.Ty
peIhy
per
visor
srundi
rect
lyont
opoft
hehar
dwar
e.
 2.Ther
efor
e,theytaket
heplaceoftheoperat
ingsy
stemsandi
nter
actdi
rect
lywi
th
theI
SAinterf
aceexposedbytheunderl
yi
nghardware.

3.Theyemul
atet
hisi
nter
facei
nor
dert
oal
l
owt
hemanagementofguestoper
ati
ng
syst
ems.

4.Thi
st y
peofhy
per
visori
sal
socal
l
edanat
ivev
irt
ual
machi
nesi
ncei
truns
nat
ivel
yonhar
dware.

Ty
peI
I-Pr
ocessLev
el

1.TypeIIhyperv
isor
sr equi
ret
hesuppor
tofanoper
ati
ngsy
stem t
opr
ovi
de
vi
rtual
izat
ionserv
ices.

2.Thismeansthatt
heyar
eprogr
amsmanagedbyt
heoper
ati
ngsy
stem,
whi
ch
i
nteractwi
thi
tthr
oughtheABI

3.Thi
sty
peofpr
ocessv
irt
ual
machi
nes,
exposeABIt
ovi
rt
ual
machi
nes.

4.Theyemul
atet
heI
SAofv
irt
ual
har
dwar
eforguestoper
ati
ngsy
stems.

5.Thi
stypeofhypervi
sori
salsocal
l
edahost
edv
irt
ual
machi
nesi
ncei
tishost
ed
wit
hinanoper
atingsyst
em

Vi
rt
ualMachi
neManagerAr
chi
tect
ure

1. Av
irt
ual
machi
nemanageri
sint
ernal
l
yor
gani
zedasdescr
ibedi
nFi
gur
e.

2.Thr
eemai
nmodul
es,
dispat
cher
,al
l
ocat
or,
andi
nter
pret
er

3.Theset
hreecoor
dinat
einor
dert
oemul
atet
heunder
lyi
nghar
dwar
e.
 Thr
eeModul
esofaVMM /
Hyper
visor

1.Thedi
spatcherconst
it
utestheent
rypointoft
hemonit
orand
rer
out
estheinstr
ucti
onsissuedbythev
irt
ualmachi
nei
nstancet
o
oneofthetwoothermodules.

2.Theall
ocatori
sresponsi
blef
ordeci
dingt
hesy
stem r
esour
cest
obe
prov
idedtotheVM:

3.Dispat
cheri
nvokestheal
l
ocat
orwhenev
ert
her
eisamachi
ne
resour
cesareneeded.

Thei nter
pret
ermoduleconsist
sofinter
pret
err
out
ines.Theseare
executedwheneveravir
tualmachineexecut
esapr
ivil
egedinst
ruct
ion:
a
tr
apist ri
gger
edandthecorrespondi
ngrouti
nei
sexecuted

Thr
eepr
oper
ti
esofVMM

Thr
eepr
oper
ti
eshav
etobesat
isf
ied:

•Equi
val
ence:Aguestrunni
ngundert
hecontr
olofavi
rt
ualmachi
ne
managershoul
dexhibi
tthesamebehavi
oraswheniti
sexecut
eddir
ect
ly
onthephysi
calhost
.

•Resourcecontr
ol:Thev i
rt
ual machi
nemanagershoul
dbei
ncompl
ete
cont
rolofvi
rtual
izedresources.

• Ef
fi
ciency:Astati
sti
cal
l
ydominantf
ract
ionofthemachi
ne
i
nstr
uctionsshoul
dbeexecut
edwi t
houtint
erv
enti
onfr
om t
hev
irt
ual
machinemanger

Vi
rt
ual
izat
ion–Theor
ems-PopekandGol
dber
g
1.Theor
em I:
Foranyconvent
ionalt
hir
d-generat
ioncomputer
,aVMM
maybeconstr
uctedift
hesetofsensiti
veinst
ructi
onsfort
hat
computeri
sasubsetofthesetofpri
vil
egedinstr
ucti
ons.

2.Thi
stheor
em est
abl
i
shest
hatal
lthei
nst
ruct
ionst
hatchanget
he
 conf
igur
ati
onoft
hesyst
em resour
cesshoul
dgenerat
eatr
apinuser
modeandbeexecut
edunderthecont
roloft
hevi
rtual
machi
ne
manager.

3.Thetheorem al
waysguarant
eestheresourcecontr
olpropert
ywhen
thehypervi
sorisi
nthemostpri
vil
egedmode( Ring0).The
nonpri
vil
egedinst
ruct
ionsmustbeexecutedwithoutt
heintervent
ion
ofthehypervi
sor

Theor
em I
IA

1.conventi
onalthi
rd-gener
ati
oncomputerisr
ecursi
vel
yvir
tual
izabl
eif:•
Iti
svir
tuali
zableand•AVMM wi thoutanyt
imingdependenciescan
beconstruct
edf orit
.

2.Recur
siv
evirt
uali
zati
oni
stheabi
li
tyt
orunavi
rt
ual
machi
nemanager
ontopofanothervi
rt
ual
machinemanager
.

3.Thisal
lowsnesti
nghyper
visor
sasl
ongasthecapaci
tyoft
he
underl
yingr
esour
cescanaccommodatet
hat.

4.Vi
rt
ual
i
zabl
ehar
dwar
eisapr
erequi
sit
etor
ecur
siv
evi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion.

Theor
em I
II

1.Ahy bri
dVMM maybeconst r
uct
edforanyconv ent
ionalthi
rd-
generati
onmachinei
nwhichthesetofuser-
sensit
iveinstr
uct
ionsi
s
asubsetofthesetofpr
ivi
l
egedinst
ruct
ions.

2.hy
bri
dvi
rt
ual
machi
ne(
HVM)
,-Lessef
fi
cient

3.Heremorei
nst
ruct
ionsar
eint
erpr
etedr
athert
hanbei
ngexecut
ed
di
rect
ly.

4.HVM cont
rol
stheexecut
iondi
rect
lyorgai
nst
hecont
rol
viaat
rap.

Har
dwar
eVi
rt
ual
izat
ion
 1.Har
dwarevi
rt
ual
izat
ionisavi
rt
ual
i
zat
iont
echniquethatprov
idesa
Vi
rt
ual
i
zati
onlay
erisprovi
dedbyt
hecomputerhardware.

2.Theguesti
sal
l
owedt
orunont
opoft
hev
irt
ual
i
zat
ionl
ayer
.

3.Har
dwar
e-l
evel
vir
tual
i
zat
ioni
sal
socal
l
edsy
stem v
irt
ual
i
zat
ion.

4.I
tprov
idesISAtov i
rt
ual
machines,
whi
chi
sther
epr
esent
ati
onoft
he
har
dwareinter
faceofasyst
em.

5.Thi
sist
odiff
erent
iateitf
rom pr
ocessv
irt
ual
machi
nes,
whi
chex
pose
ABIt
ovi
rtual
machi nes

6.Ty
peI–Hy
per
visor

Har
dwar
eVi
rt
ual
izat
iont
echni
ques

• Har
dwar
e-assi
stedv
irt
ual
i
zat
ion

• Ful
lvi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion

• Par
avi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion

• Par
ti
alv
irt
ual
i
zat
ion

Har
dwar
e-assi
stedv
irt
ual
izat
ion

1.Thehardwarepr
ovi
desarchit
ectural
suppor
tforbui
ldi
nga
vi
rtualmachi
nemanagerabletorunaguestoperat
ing
system i
ncompl
etei
solat
ion.

2.soft
wareemulati
onofx86har
dwarewassi
gni
fi
cant
lycost
ly
fr
om theper
formancepoi
ntofvi
ew.

3.Hardwar evendor
sarerapi
dlyembraci
ngvi
rtuali
zat
ionand
developingnewfeat
urestosimpl
if
yv i
rt
ual
i
zation
techniques
 4.Fi
rstgener
ati
onenhancement
sincl
udeI
ntel
Vir
tual
i
zat
ion
Technol
ogy(VT-
x)andAMD’sAMD- V

VMM r
unsi
nanewr
ootmodebel
owr
ing0.

Asdepi
ctedinFigure,pr
ivi
l
egedandsensi
ti
vecal
l
sar
esett
o
aut
omat
ical
lytr
apt othehyper
visor
,

Thi
sremovest
heneedf
orei
therbi
nar
ytr
ansl
ati
onor
par
avi
rt
ual
i
zati
on

Ful
lvi
rt
ual
izat
ion

Ful
lvi
rt
ualizat
ionreferstotheabili
tytor
unapr ogr
am, mostl
ikel
y
anoperati
ngsy st
em, dir
ectl
yont opofav i
rt
ualmachineand
wit
houtanymodi fi
cation,asthoughitwererunontheraw
har
dwar e.

Tomakethi
spossi
ble,
vir
tual
machi
nemanager
sarerequi
redto
pr
ovi
deacompl
eteemulati
onoft
heent
ir
eunder
lyi
nghardware.

Adv
ant
agesoff
ull
vir
tual
i
zat
ioni
s

• compl
etei
sol
ati
on

•t
oenhancedsecur
it
y

• easeofemul
ati
onofdi
ff
erentar
chi
tect
ures

• andcoexi
stenceofdi
ff
erentsy
stemsont
hVMWARE-
Ful
l

v
irt
ual
izat
ionesamepl
atf
orm

Ful
lVi
rt
ual
i
zat
ioni
sdoneusi
ngBi
nar
yTr
ansl
ati
on

t
hatal
l
owt
heVMM t
oruni
nRi
ng0f
ori
sol
ati
onand
 per
for
mance,

Theoperati
ngsyst
em t
oauserlev
elr
ingwi
thgr
eat
er
pri
vi
legethanappl
i
cat
ionsi
nRing3

butl
esspr
ivi
l
eget
hant
hev
irt
ual
machi
nemoni
tori
nRi
ng0.

1.EachVMM prov
ideseachVir
tual
Machi
newi
thal
lthe
serv
icesoft
hephysi
calsy
stem,

I
ncl
udi
ngav
irt
ual
BIOS

Vi
rt
ual
dev
ices

Vi
rt
ual
i
zedmemor
ymanagement

2.TheguestOSi
snotawarei
tisbei
ngv
irt
ual
i
zedand
requi
resnomodi
fi
cat
ion.

Examples:
VMwar
e’sv
irt
ual
i
zat
ionpr
oduct
s,Mi
crosof
t
Vi
rt
ual Ser
ver

PARA-
Vir
tual
izat
ion

1.“
Para-“i
sanEngl i
shaffi
xofGreekori
gint
hatmeans
"
beside,
""wit
h,"or"
alongsi
de.
”Givent
hemeaning“al
ongsi
de
v
irt
uali
zati
on,”

2.Par
avi
rt
ual
i
zat
iont
echni
quesmodi
fi
est
heguestOS

3.Theaim ofparavi
rt
uali
zat
ionistoprovi
dethecapabili
tyt
o
demandt heexecuti
onofperformance-
cri
ti
caloper
ations
di
rectl
yont hehost,
thuspreventi
ngperf
ormancelossesthat
wouldotherwisebeexper
iencedinmanagedexecution.

4.I
tisal
socal
l
edOSAssi
stedVi
rt
ual
i
zat
ion
Par
ti
alVi
rt
ual
izat
ion

1.Part
ialvi
rt
ual
i
zati
onprov
idesapar
ti
alemul
ati
onoft
he
underl
yi
nghardware

2.Part
ial
vir
tuali
zat
iondoesnotal
lowallt
hefeatur
esofthe
oper
ati
ngsy st
em tobesupport
ed,ashappenswithf
ull
vi
rt
uali
zati
on.

3.Anexampleofpart
ial
virt
ual
izat
ioni
saddr
essspace
vi
rt
ual
izat
ionusedi
nt i
me-shari
ngsyst
ems;

t
hisal
lowsmulti
pleappli
cati
onsanduser storunconcur
rent
ly
i
naseparatememoryspace, buttheysti
ll
sharethesame
har
dwareresour
ces(disk,
processor,andnet
wor k)
.

Ty
pesofVi
rt
ual
izat
ion

Oper
ati
ngsy
stem-
lev
elv
irt
ual
i
zat
ion

1.Operati
ngsyst
em- l
evelvi
rtual
i
zati
oncreat
esdif
fer
entand
separat
eexecuti
onenv i
ronmentsforappl
i
cat
ionsthatar
e
managedconcurrentl
y.

2.Unl
i
kehardwarev
irt
ual
izat
ion,
ther
eisnov
irt
ual
machi
ne
managerorhy
per
visor
.

3.Thevirt
ual
izat
ionisdonewi
thi
nasi
ngleoperat
ingsyst
em,
wheretheOSker nel
all
owsf
ormult
ipl
eisol
ateduserspace
i
nstances.

4.Thekerneli
sal
soresponsibl
eforshar
ingthesystem
resour
cesamonginstancesandforl
imit
ingtheimpactof
i
nstancesoneachother.
5.Auserspaceinst
anceiscomplet
elyi
solat
ed,hassepar
ate
I
Paddr esses,
sof
twar
econfigur
ati
ons,andaccesst
o
dev
ices.

6.6.operat
ingsy st
em-lev
elvir
tual
i
zati
onisnotasf
lexibl
eas
hardwarev i
rt
uali
zat
ion,si
nceallt
heuserspacei
nstances
mustshar ethesameoper at
ingsyst
em.

7.7.Thistechni
quei
sanef f
ici
entsol
uti
onf
orser
ver
consoli
dati
onscenar
ios.

8.8.Heremul tipl
eappli
cati
onser
verssharethesame
technology:operat
ingsyst
em,appl
icat
ionserverf
ramewor
k,
andot hercomponent s.

9.9.Examplesofoper ati
ngsy stem-levelvirt
uali
zati
onsare
FreeBSDJails,I
BM LogicalPar t
iti
on( LPAR) ,
Solari
sZones
andContainers,Par
allel
sVirtuozzoCont ai
ners,OpenVZ,
i
Cor eVi
rt
ual Accounts,FreeVi r
tualPrivateServer(Fr
eeVPS)
,
andothers

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage-
lev
elv
irt
ual
izat
ion

1.Programmi ngl
anguage-l
evel
vir
tual
i
zationismost
lyusedt
o
achieveeaseofdeploy
mentofapplicat
ions,

2.italsohelpsinmanagedexecut
ion,
andportabi
l
ityacr
oss
dif
ferentplat
for
msandoperati
ngsystems.

3.I
tconsi
stsofavi
rtual
machineexecut
ingtheby
tecodeofa
pr
ogram,whichi
stheresul
toft
hecompi l
ati
onprocess.

4.Compi
l
ersi
mpl
ement
edandusedt
hist
echnol
ogyt
opr
oduce
 abi
nar
yfor
matr
epr
esent
ingt
hemachi
necode.

5.TheseVir
tual
machinesuseasimpli
fi
edv
ersi
onoft
he
under
lyi
nghardwar
e’si
nstr
uct
ionset.

6.Atrunt
ime,t
hebytecodecanbeei t
herint
erpr
etedor
compil
edonthefly—orj
i
tted5—againstt
heunderl
y i
ng
har
dwareinst
ruct
ionset
.(JIT-
JustI
nTi mecompilati
on)

7.BCPL-
Basi
cCombi
nedPr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguage-
1966

8.JAVA-
1996.

9.TheJav av
irt
ualmachi
newasori
ginal
l
ydesi
gnedforthe
execut
ionofprogr
amswri
tt
enintheJaval
anguage.

10. Butot herl

anguagessuchasPy
thon,
Pascal
,Gr
oov
y,
andRubyweremadeav ai
l
able.

11. Theabi l
it
ytosupportmulti
plepr
ogramminglanguages
hasbeenoneoft hekeyelement
softheCommonLanguage
I
nf r
ast
ruct
ure(CLI)
,whichist
hespecif
icat
ionbehi
nd.NET
Framework.

12. Cur rent

ly,
theJavaplat
form and.
NETFr
amewor k
repr
esentthemostpopulartechnol
ogi
esf
orent
erpr
ise
appl
icat
iondevelopment
.

Adv
ant
agesofPr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguagel
evel
Vir
tual
i
zat
ion

1.Themainadvantageofprogramming-l
evelvi
rt
ual machines,
al
socal
ledprocessvir
tualmachi
nes,istheabili
tytoprovi
de
auni
for
m executionenvi
ronmentacrossdif
ferentplat
forms.

2.Pr
ogr
amscompi
l
edi
ntoby
tecodecanbeexecut
edonany
 oper
ati
ngsy
stem andpl
atf
orm.

Appl
icat
ion-
lev
elv
irt
ual
izat
ion

1.Appli
cat
ion-l
evelv
irtual
izat
ionisatechni
queall
owi
ng
appl
icat
ionstober uninrunti
meenv i
ronment
sthatdonot
nati
vel
ysupportallthefeat
uresrequi
redbysuch
appl
icat
ions.

2.Inthi
sscenar
io,
appl
icati
onsar
enotinstal
ledi
nthe
expectedr
unt
imeenvir
onmentbutar
er unasthought
hey
were.

3.Unl
ikeprogrammi nglevelvi
rt
uali
zati
on,appl
icat
ion-
lev
el
vi
rt
uali
zati
onwor ksf oraspecif
icenvi
ronment:I
tsupport
s
al
ltheappli
cati
onst hatrunontopofaspecific
envi
ronment.

4.Exampl e-Wine,
whichisasoft
wareappl
icati
onal
lowing
Unix-l
ikeoperat
ingsystemst
oexecut
epr ogr
amswr i
tten
fortheMi cr
osoftWindowspl
atfor
m.

Deskt
opv
irt
ual
izat
ion

1.Desktopvi
rt
ual
izati
onabst r
actsthedesktopenvi
ronment
avai
labl
eonaper sonalcomputerinordertopr
ovide
accesstoi
tusi
ngacl ient/
serv
erapproach.

2.Deskt
opvir
tual
izat
ionpr
ovidesthesameoutcomeof
har
dwarev
irt
ual
izati
onbutservesadif
fer
entpur
pose.

3.t
heter
m deskt
opvir
tual
izat
ionst
ri
ctlyr
efer
stot
heabi
l
ity
t
oremotel
yaccessadesktopenvi
ronment.
4.Generall
ythedesktopenvi
ronmentisst
oredinaremote
ser
v eroradatacentert
hatprov
idesahigh-
avai
labi
li
ty
i
nfrastr
uctur
e,

5.I
tal
soensur
est
heaccessi
bil
it
yandper
sist
enceoft
hedat
a.

6.aspecifi
cdesktopenvi
ronmentisstor
edinavi
rt
ual
machineimage(VMI)t
hatisloadedondemandfr
om t
he
cl
ientconnect
stothedesktopenvir
onment.

7.Thisisatypi
calcl
oudcomput i
ngscenar
ioinwhicht
he
userlever
agesthevi
rt
ualinf
rastr
uct
ureforper
formi
ngthe
dail
ytasksonhiscomputer.

8.Examplesofr
emotedeskt
opWi
ndowsRemot
eSer
vices,
VNC,andXServer
.

9.cloudcomput ingsoluti
onsincl
udeSunVi r
tualDeskt
op
Infr
astructur
e( VDI
),Paral
lel
sVirt
ualDesktopInf
rast
ruct
ure
(VDI),
Ci t
ri
xXenDeskt op,andother
s.

Technol
ogyExampl
es:
Xen:Par
avi
rt
ual
izat
ion
Xeni sanopen-
sour
cei nit
iat
iveimplementingavi
rtuali
zat
ionplat
for
m
basedonparavi
rt
ual
ization.I
nit
ial
lydevelopedbyagr oupof
resear
cher
sattheUniversit
yofCambr idgeintheUnit
edKi ngdom,Xen
nowhasal ar
geopen-sourcecommuni t
ybackingit
.

Ci
tr
ixal
soof
fer
sitasacom-mer
cial
sol
uti
on,
XenSour
ce.

Xen-
basedt
echnol
ogyi
susedf
orei
therdeskt
opv
irt
ual
i
zat
ionorser
ver
vi
rtuali
zat i
on, andr ecent lyithasal sobeenusedt opr ov i
decl oud
comput ingsol ut i
onsbymeansofXenCl oudPl at form(XCP) .Att he
basisofal lthesol ut i
onsi st heXenHy pervi
sor ,whi chconst itutesthe
coretechnologyofXen.Recent lyXenhasbeenadv ancedt osuppor tf
ull
vi
rtuali
zat i
onusi nghar dwar e-assistedvirt
ualizat ion.Xeni st hemost
popularimpl ement ationofpar avi
rtuali
zati
on, whi ch,incontrastwi thfull
vi
rtuali
zat i
on,allowshi gh-performanceexecut ionofguestoper ati
ng
systems. Thisi smadepossi bl
ebyel i
minati
ngt heper formancel oss
whileexecut ingi nstructionst hatrequirespeci al management .Thisis
donebymodi fyingpor ti
onsoft heguestoper atingsy stemsr unbyXen
withreferencet otheexecut i
onofsuchi nstructions.Ther efor eiti
snot
atranspar entsol utionf orimpl ement i
ngv i
rtualizat ion.Thisis
parti
cularlytruef orx86, whichi sthemostpopul arar chit
ectur eon
commodi ty

Technol
ogyExampl
es:VMWar
e:Ful
lvi
rt
ual
izat
ion
VMwar
e’st
echnol
ogyi
sbasedont
heconceptoff
ull
vir
tual
i
zat
ion

VMwareimplementsf
ullvi
rt
ual
izat
ionei
theri
nthedesktopenv
ironment
,by
meansofTypeIIhy
per
visor
s,orint
heserverenv
ironment,
bymeansofTy peI
hy
pervi
sor
s.
 Vi
rt
ual
i
zat
iont
echni
quesandCl
oudSer
vices

1.Hardwarev
irt
ual
i
zat
ioni
sanenabli
ngf
act
orf
orsol
uti
onsi
ntheI
nfr
ast
ruct
ure-
as-
a-
Servi
ce(I
aaS)mar
ketsegment
.

2. whi
leprogrammi ngl
anguagevi
rt
ual
i
zat
ioni
sat
echnol
ogyl
ever
agedi
nPl
atf
orm
-as-
a-Ser
vice(PaaS)off
eri
ngs.

3.Appl
i
cat
ionl
evel
isusedi
nSaaS.

4.Acust
omi
zabl
eandsandboxedenv
ironmenti
spr
ovi
ded.

Ser
verConsol
i
dat
ion

1.Vir
tual
i
zati
onall
owstodesignmoreef
fi
cientcomput
ingsy
stemsbymeansof
consol
idat
ioni
ncloudenv
ironment
s.

2.Vi
rt
ual
i
zat
ional
l
owsust
ocr
eat
eisol
atedandcont
rol
l
abl
eenv
ironment
s

3.Sameresour
cescanbeshar
edbydi
ff
erentenv
ironmentwi
thouti
nter
fer
ingwi
th
eachot
her.

4.Under
lyi
ngresour
cesmustbeut
il
izedt
othef
ull
capaci
ty,
ther
ewi
l
lbenoneedof
suchshari
ng.

5.Underut
il
izedr
esourcescanbeut
il
isedt
oful
lbyaggr
egat
ingv
irt
ual
machi
nesso
thatt
heybecomef ul
lyut
il
iz
ed.

6.Thi
spr
act
icei
sal
soknownasser
verconsol
i
dat
ion.