Tel

ecommuni
cat
ionsNot
esf
orA-
Lev
elPhy
sics

1.I
ntr
oduct i
ontoTelecommunicat
ions:
-Telecommuni cati
onsref
erst
othetransmissionofi nf
ormati
onoveradist
anceusingvari
ousmeansof
communi cat
ion.
-Iti
nvolvestheexchangeofsi
gnals,i
nformati
on, ormessagesbetweentwoormor epart
ies.
-Telecommuni cati
onssyst
emsrelyont hepr
inciplesofphysi
cs,
incl
udingproper
ti
esofwav esand
el
ectr
omagnet icradi
ati
on.

2.TypesofTel ecommuni cati

ons:
-Wir
edCommuni cat
ion:I
tinvol
vestheuseofphysi
cal
connecti
ons,suchascopperwi
resorfi
beropti
ccables,
fortr
ansmi tt
ingsignal
s.
-Wir
elessCommuni cati
on:Itut
il
izesel
ect
romagnet
icwavestotransmitsi
gnal
swit
houttheneedforphy
sical
connections.

3.Elect
romagnet i
cWav es:
-Electr
omagnet i
cwav esaretransver
sewav esconsisti
ngofel ectr
icandmagnet
icfi
eldsosci
l
lat
ing
perpendicul
artoeachotherandt othedir
ectionofwav epropagation.
-Keypr operti
esincl
udewav el
ength(λ),
frequency( f
),amplitude,andspeed(
c)inavacuum.
-Ther elat
ionshi
pbetweenwav el
engt
h,fr
equency ,andspeedi sgivenbyt
heequati
on:c=fλ.

4.Modul at
ion:
-Modulati
onist
heprocessofsuperi
mposingi
nformati
onontoacarri
erwaveforeff
ici
enttr
ansmissi
on.
-Thecarri
erwavehasahigherf
requencyandi
scapableofl
ong-dist
ancet
ransmissi
on.
-Typesofmodulat
ioni
ncludeampli
tudemodulat
ion(AM),
frequencymodul
ation(FM),andphasemodul
ati
on
(PM) .

5.Ampl
itudeModulat i
on(AM) :
-InAM, t
heampl i
tudeoft hecar
rierwavevar
iesi
nproporti
ontothei
nstant
aneousampl
i
tudeoft
hemodul
ati
ng
si
gnal
.
-Themodul at
ingsignalcarri
estheinf
ormati
ontobetransmitt
ed.
-Thereceiv
erdemodul atesthesignal
toextr
actt
heorigi
nalinf
ormat
ion.

6.FrequencyModulati
on(FM):
-InFM, thef
requencyofthecar
ri
erwav evar
iesi
nproport
iontotheinstant
aneousampl
i
tudeoft
hemodul
ati
ng
si
gnal.
-FM islesssuscept
ibl
etonoiseandint
erf
erencecomparedtoAM.
-FM iscommonl yusedinradi
obroadcast
ingandhigh-
fi
deli
tyaudi
ot r
ansmissi
on.

7.Digi
tal
Communi cat
ion:
-Digi
talcommuni cati
oni nvol
vesthetr
ansmi ssi
onofdiscretedat
ainthefor
m ofbi
narydi
git
s(bits)
.
-Itpr
ovidesgreateraccur acy
,rel
i
abil
i
ty,andnoiser
esistancecomparedtoanal
ogcommuni cat
ion.
-Techniquesincl
udepul secodemodul ati
on( PCM)
,digit
al modul
ati
onschemes(e.
g.,
phaseshiftkeyi
ng,
fr
equencyshiftkey
ing),anddat acompression.

8.Fi
berOpticCommuni cation:
-Fi
beropt i
ccommuni cat i
oni nvol
vest r
ansmi t
tingi
nformationusi
ngl
i
ghtsignal
sthroughopticalfi
ber
s.
-Opti
calfiber
sar ethi
n, f
lexibl
estrandsofgl assorplasti
cthatgui
del
ightt
hroughtotali
nter
nal r
efl
ecti
on.
-Advantagesincludehighdat atransferrat
es, l
owsignalloss,i
mmuni
tytoelect
romagnetici
nterfer
ence,and
l
ong-di
stancetransmission.
9.Satell
it
eCommuni cat
ion:
-Sat el
li
tecommuni cati
oninvolvestheuseofar t
if
ici
alsat
elli
tesinEart
h'sorbi
ttorel
aysignalsbetween
dif
ferentlocati
ons.
-Signalsar etr
ansmitt
edtot hesatell
it
e,whichamplif
iesandr et
ransmit
sthem tothedesir
edl ocat
ion.
-Appl i
cationsincl
udetel
evisionbroadcast
ing,gl
obalposit
ioningsyst
ems( GPS),andlong-
distancetel
ephone
call
s.

10.Mobil
eCommuni cat
ion:
-Mobil
ecommuni cati
onenabl eswirel
esscommuni cati
onbetweenmobiledevi
cesandcell
ularnetwor
ks.
-I
tusesanet workofint
erconnectedbasest at
ionstopr ov
idecover
ageov erawidegeogr
aphicalar
ea.
-Mobil
ecommuni cati
onreliesonv ari
oustechnologies,
suchasGSM (GlobalSystem f
orMobile
Communi cat
ions)andLTE( LongTerm Ev ol
uti
on).

11.SignalProcessing:
-Signalprocessi
ngtechniquesar
eusedt oenhanceandmani pulat
esi gnalsint
elecommuni cati
ons.
-Exampl esincl
udefil
teri
ng,ampl
if
icat
ion,modul
ation,demodulati
on,errorcorr
ectioncoding,andequal
izat
ion.
-Digit
alsignalpr
ocessing(DSP)t
echniquesarewidelyusedforeffi
cientsignalanaly
sisandmani pul
ati
on.

Thesenotesprovi
deabasicovervi
ewoft
elecommunicati
onsinthecont
extofA-
LevelPhysi
cs.Furt
herst
udyand
expl
orati
onofspecif
ict
opi
cs,suchasant
ennas,t
ransmissionl
ines,
andnetwor
kprotocol
s,wil
lprovi
deamorein-
depthunder
standi
ngofthesubject
.