areas of disagreement and provide a basis
for discussion. It is the hope of the authors
that relay engineers will find the data
useful in describing the advantages of new
devices or applications of present devices
for motor protection.
Motor users have employed, until re-
cently, the stator insulation of an induction
motor to define its limits of operation.
Tertiary )X1indings
0. T. FARRY
FELLOW AIEE
A UTOTRANSFORMERS have pro-
vided savings in installation and
operating costs in many utility and in-
dustrial power systems-and the demand
for this reduced-size transformer is in-
creasing as more users become acquainted
with its advantages. When applied in a
3-phase svstem, the autotransformer
windings are usually Y-connected.I For
Y-connected main windings it has be-
come axiomatic to add in each 3-phase
unit a delta-connected tertiary winding
of 35% of the equivalent size of one
(usually the larger) of the other two
windings.
Is the tertiary winding needed? If it is
needed, what should be the size? These
two questions should be considered when
applying an autotransformer.
Omission of Tertiary Winding
Sometimes the tertiary winding is not
needed and may actually be a liability.
This is particularly true of autotrans-
formers of low co-ratio, the type of
application where the most benefits can
be realized.
The purpose of the delta tertiary wind-
ing may be (1) to carry load at a third
voltage, (2) to stabilize the neutral when
line-to-neutral single-phase loads that
may be unbalanced are supplied, and (3)
to suppress third-harmonic voltages. If
the last were the only reason for the ter-
tiary winding its size could be very small,
except that in case of an accidental line-
to-neutral fault a large current would flow
in the tertiary with disastrous results.
Third-harmonic voltages can be satis-
Paper 61-13, recommended by the ATEE Trans-
formers Committee and approved by the AIEE
Technical Operations Department for presentation
at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York,
N. Y., January 29-February 3, 1961. Manuscript
submitted October 13, 1960; made available for
printing November 7, 1960.
0. T. FAtRY iS with the Wagner Electric Corpora-
tion, St. Louis, Mo.
78
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This paper points to other components
that require consideration. With the ad-
vent of new insulation systems, of new
materials, and of the use of computers
which contribute to refinements in design,
components other than the insulation
system will become increasingly limiting.
The addition of data along the lines of
this paper is therefore essential in the
in Autotransrormers
factorily controlled without a tertiary
winding provided the neutral lead is
carried through to the autotransformer
from the supply source of the system or
from some other neutral of a Y-delta
transformer that is always connected as
long as the autotransformer is in service.
In some cases, for example with units of
3-phase core-type construction, the third-
harmonic exciting current is small enough
to be carried by a ground neutral return
circuit and so a metallic neutral conduc-
tor is not necessary. The third-harmonic
portion of the exciting current for the
autotransformer flows in the same direc-
tion through all three phase lines and re-
tLrns through theneutral connection to the
supply source. This third-harmonic ex-
citing current suppresses third-harmonic
voltages that might otherwise arise due
to the characteristics of the core iron.
Third-harmonic currents in the lines have
been objectionable at times because of the
possibility of their interference with tele-
phone circuits strung near the power cir-
cuits. However, this no longer presents
a major problem because of the greater
separation of telephone and power lines
and the use of dual-conductor telephone
circuits that in general balance out the
mutual inductive effect of the power
lines.2 Furthermore, the low exciting
current of modern cold-rolled transformer
cores reduces interference.
It follows from the above that the
tertiary winding may be omitted if its
only purpose is the suppression of har-
monics and it is possible to complete the
neutral circuit of the autotransformer. A
good example of an application where no
tertiary winding is needed in an auto-
transformer is where the unit is used to
boost or buck the output, or input, volt-
age of the Y-connected winding of a
transformer or bank of transformers which
has a delta-connected winding. The
neutral terminal of the autotransformer
Farry-Tertiary Windings in Autotransformers
interests of determining design limitations,
properly evaluating and applying motors,
and affording adequate relay protection.
Since other designs may have widely
different characteristics, these data cannot
be used in specifying a protection system
for any particular design other than this
one. Nevertheless, this should be a
valuable tool in evaluating present practices.
can be connected to the neutral terminal
of the 2-winding transformer, which will
supply the third-harmonic exciting cur-
rent.
Size of Tertiary Winding
If a delta-connected tertiary is to be
used, its size is an important considera-
tion. The 35% rule is much overworked
and may set a trap for the unsuspecting
user. A tertiary winding should be large
enough to withstand the fault currents
that it may be expected to carry. These
fault currents may be caused by (1)
a 3-phase fault on the tertiary circuit, (2)
a line-to-neutral fault on the low-voltage
(LV) line, or (3) a line-to-neutral fault
on the high-voltage (HV) line.
The calculation of possible fault cur-
rents is part of the engineering of every
application of an autotransformer with
tertiary winding. In most applications,
a 3-phase fault on the terminals of the
tertiary winding will cause the most
severe tertiary winding current. Thus,
by making the tertiary winding large
enough to withstand a 3-phase fault this
problem is solved.
An equivalent circuit used in cal-
culating fault current3'- in case of a 3-
phase short circuit on the tertiary ter-
minals is shown in Fig. 1, where:
%IoZHv = per-cent impedance of the HV
system as viewed from the terminals
of the autotransformer
%IZLV=per-cent impedance of the LV
system as viewed from the terminals
of the autotransformer
%IZH=per-cent impedance of the HV cir-
cuit of the autotransformer
%IZL= per-cent impedance of the LV
circuit of the autotransformer
%IZ LV
%lZHV %IZ H %IZ L
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit for 3-phase Fault
at the terminals of the tertiary winding
APRIL 196Lt
I%ZT=per-cent impedance of the tertiary
circuit of the autotransformer
%IZH = (%IZH-L+ %7GIZH-T- %IZL-T)/2
(1)
%IZL = %IZH-L -%CIZH (2)
%IZT = %CIZH-T %CIZH (3)
where
%IZH- L = per-cent impedance from the HV
circuit to the LV circuit of the auto-
transformer
%IZH- T = per-cent impedance from the HV
circuit to the tertiary circuit of the
autotransformer
7GIZL- T = per-cent impedance from the LV
circuit to the tertiary circuit of the
autotransformer
As an example assume a 10,000-kva
autotransformer, 115,000 to 69,000 volts,
with minimum-size tertiary winding with
taps in the high voltage at 120,750 and
109,250 volts having an impedance of
3.68% at the 115,000- to 69,000-volt con-
nection. The impedance at 109,250 to
69,000 volts is assumed to be 3.12%. The
HV system is assumed to have 1% im-
pedance and the LV system 3% imped-
ance. The HV to tertiary-voltage cir-
cuit impedance, %IZH-T, is 15.89% and
the LV to tertiary-voltage circuit imped-
ance is 11.5%. All impedances refer
to a base of 10,000 kva. Starting with
these data the solution of tertiary short-
circuit current is as follows:
%IZH (%IZH-L+ %IZH-T - %IZL-T)/2
= bilities of these systems if an exact cal-
= (3.12+ 15.89-11.5)/2 - 3.755%
%IZL= 3.12-3.755 = -0.635%
%ICIZT = 15.89 -3.755=12.135%
Substituting these in Fig. I gives a
total impedance of 13.715%.
10,000 X 100 =
72,900 = kva equivalent cur-
13.7 15
rent that would flow in the
tertiary winding
The equivalent size of the series winding
is
120,750- 69,000
109,250 4
The minimum-size tertiary is
0.35X4,738= 1,658 kva
72900
44 times normal current in the
1,658
tertiary winding
This is obviously a larger current than the
tertiary winding should be expected to
withstand without damage. In an ap-
plication like this the tertiary winding
should either be of larger kva capacity
or have higher impedance, or a combina-
APRIL 196 1
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tion of both. Larger kva capacity may be
just as economieal as higher impedance.
Without any increase in impedance the re-
quired size of the tertiary winding to limit
the steady-state short-circuit current to
25 times normal would be
44
1,658 X-= 2,918 kva
25
Tertiary Winding Without External
Terminals
Economy can sometimes be realized
by omitting the terminals of the tertiary
winding in applications where the tertiary
does not supply any load. Then the
possibility of a 3-phase fault is removed
and the tertiary winding need only be
large enough to carry zero-sequence un-
balanced currents and zero-sequence cur-
rents caused by line-to-neutral faults. To
attain this economy safely requires the
calculation of possible zero-sequence cur-
rents.
A well-grounded system, that is, one
having low zero-sequence impedance,
will relieve to some extent the zero-
sequence current load on the tertiary of
the autotransformer. For this reason it
is necessary to know the maximum zero-
sequence impedance characteristics of the
HV and LV systems that are to be
connected to the autotransformer as well
as the maximum short-circuit kva capa-
culation of the necessary size of the ter-
tiary winding is to be made.
Of course, the impedances of the auto-
transformer are also necessary. Available
impedances at minimum cost depend on
the autotransformer rating. In general,
the positive-sequence impedance at rated
voltage connection will be the co-ratio
times the available positive-sequence im-
pedances of 2-winding transformers of
the same voltage class. The co-ratio, r,
is given by the equation
high voltage-low voltage
I=
high voltage
%IZHL = r X %oIZR
where
%8ZR = per-cent impedance of a conven-
tional or regular 2-winding trans-
former
Various symbols used in the following
calculations include those previously
listed, some of which will have subscript
numbers as follows preceding other sub-
scripts and indicating symmetrical com-
ponents.
1 =subscript indicating positive sequence
2=subscript indicating negative sequence
O=subscript indicating zero sequence
Farry-Tertiary Windings in A utotransformers
Other symbols used are
%IZOH-N=zero-sequence impedance of an
autotransformer from the HV circuit
to neutral including the delta tertiary
winding
%IZOL- N = zero-sequence impedance of an
autotransformer from the LV circuit
to neutral including the delta tertiary
winding
%IZOH- L//N = zero-sequence impedance of
an autotransformer from the HV
circuit to the LV circuit and the
tertiary winding in parallel
%IZOL- H//N = zero-sequence impedance of
an autotransformer from the LV
circuit to the HV circuit and the
tertiary winding in parallel
%IZOH = zero-sequence impedance of the
HV circuit in an autotransformer
%IZOL = zero-sequence impedance of the
LV circuit in an autotransformer
%IZoN = zero-sequence impedance of the
neutral circuit including the delta
tertiary winding in an autotrans-
former
n= rated current based on same kva as
the impedances
I,= positive-sequence current expressed in
per unit of I,
12=negative sequence current expressed in
per unit of In
o= zero sequence current expressed in per
unit of I,,
Subscripts H, L, and N following a
current symbol indicate HV circuit, LV
circuit, and tertiary-neutral circuit cur-
rents, respectively.
In calculating possible zero-sequence
fault currents in systems that do not have
resistance grounding it is customary to
assume that all impedances are reactances
so that reactance equations are used for
impedances.
Zero-sequence current will flow in the
tertiary winding when there is a line-to-
neutral fault on either the HV or the LV
system. Simultaneous line - to - neutral
faults on both systems could be more
severe, particularly if the two faults were
21 IH 21IL
(4)
(5)
oHl < ION
Fig. 2. Fault-current distribution For a line-
to-neutral Fault on the HV side oF a Y-
connected autotransFormer with a delta-
connected tertiary winding
79

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for Fig. 2
on the same phase. For this reason, the
exposed portions of the two systems
should be physically separated to reduce
the possibility of simultaneous faults
involving the same phase of both systems.
Single-fault zero-sequence currents will
be considered first.
Line-to-Neutral Fault
A line-to-neutral fault on the HV side
would cause currents to flow as shown in
Fig. 2. In this figure the arrows and
their corresponding values represent cur-
rents at an instant of crest value of the
fault current. The equivalent circuit used
in the calculation is shown in Fig. 3.
A line-to-neutral fault on the LV side
would cause currents to flow as shown in
Fig. 4. The equivalent circuit is shown
in Fig. 5.
In each of these equivalent circuits, the
impedances are in three groups, positive
sequence, negative sequence, and zero
sequence. Each of the three groups is a
network, the value of which can be cal-
culated from its components. The three
groups are connected in series so that the
currents flowing through them are equal.
Therefore
21 IH
Fig. 4. Fault-current distribution for a line-
to-neutral fault on the LV side of a Y-con-
nected autotransformer with a delta-connected
tertiary winding
80
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11 = 12 = IO (6)
With full voltage maintained these cur-
rents are
II == 12 = 10-= 10OIn (7)
%IIZ1+ %IZ2+ %IZo
Impedances
To use this equation one must first
determine impedances. The positive-
and negative-sequence impedances are Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit for Fig. 4
usually considered to have equal values
and are made up of the impedances of
the HV system, the LV system, and the tions as shown in Figs. 6-9. Single-phase
autotransformer positive-sequence imped- current at rated frequencv is circulated and
ance.
readings made of volts and amperes.
The zero-sequence impedances may These readings are corrected to the values
not be so readily available. The sys-
shown in Table I by multiplying both
tem zero-sequence impedances %IZoHv volts and amperes in each test by the same
and %IZOLv are characteristics of the sys-
factor. Then the zero-sequence imped-
tems, not including the autotransformer. ances %IZoH-, %IOIZOL_.V, %1ZOH-,11//N
They are indexes of the effectiveness of and %IZOL-ffH//N are calculated by
the grounding of the systems. They the equations in the table. The neutral
may be expressed as zero-sequence im- zero-sequence impedance %IZON is cal-
pedance ratios, thus relating them to the culated by either of the two following
positive-sequence impedances of the sys- equations or by both of them anid the re-
tems. sults averaged.
The zero-sequence impedances of the
%lZoN
autotransformer %IZOHf, %IZOL, and
%IZoN usually have definite relations to - V %IZOH-N(' OIZOL-N- %IZOL-H'/N )
the positive-sequence impedance. In a (8)
bank of three single-phase Y-connected
%IZO.0
autotransformers with delta-connected
tertiary they are equal to the correspond- - V%IZOL- (%IZOH-N- %IZH )-LI/N)
ing positive-sequence impedances, thus:
%IZoN= %IZN, %IZOL =%IZL, and % (9)
IZON= %IZT. However, in a core-type The zero-sequence impedances of the
3-phase autotransformer the zero-se- HV and LV circuits of the autotrans-
quence impedances are usually lower in fonner are as follows:
value than the corresponding positive-
%IZOH - %IZOH-N - %IZO.x (10)
sequence impedances. These impedances
can be determined by tests on the auto- %IZOL = %IZO L-N - NIZON (11)
transformer or by calculations based
on tests of similar autotransformers. Estimates of Zero-Sequence
Tests are described below. A method Impedance
of estimating these impedances is also
given. Estimates of zero-sequence impedances
Zero-sequence impedance tests of an of normal core-type 3-phase autotrans-
autotransforner are made with connec- formers can be made as explained below.
Table 1. Zero-Sequence Impedance Tests and the Equation for Calculating Impedance
Value from Each Test
Connection Equivalent Amperes* Equation for Converting Test Results
Test Figs. Circuit Figs. to Circulate into Per-Cent Zero-Sequence Impedance
applied voltsX 100
. 6(A) .......... 6(B) ............. 31H ...... %1Z7J0H-H N-
rated volts H to N
2............97 (A)............ 7 (B)............ 31L %I7OL- applied voltsX 100
rated volts X to N
8(A)
3...... 3 . 8(A)
.
. ....... 8(B)8(B) .
........... 3I31H .
H....... %1,oH- LIIN=
%ILoH L//N= ~~~~~applied
tplidvotsHt 100
voltsX
rated volts H to N
IN
4... 9 (A) . 9 (B) ........... 3IL.1L N applied volts I 00
rated volts X to N
*IH=rated HV current; IL-rated LV current.
Farry-Tertiary Windings in Autotransformers APRIL 1961
 Fig. 10. These values of impedances in-
serted in equivalent circuits per Fig. 3 and
Fig. 5 will facilitate the calculation of
short-circuit currents for single line-to-
ground faults.
If it is desired to calculate fault currents
for the severe condition of simultaneous
(A) (A) line-to-ground faults on both the HV
and the LV systems with the same phase
x H faulted on both systems, the equiva-
lent circuit would be per Fig. 11. This
figure is a combination of Figs. 3 and 5.

Example
Assume a 50,000-kva autotransformer,
N N 138 kv to 69 kv, with taps at 144.9 kv
(B) (B) and 131.1 kv, having 4% impedance.
The HV system has 2,000-mva (megavolt-
Fig. 6. Connection for test of %Mioa-N (A) Fig. 7. Connection for test of %IZOL-N (A) amperes) short-circuit capacity, with
and equivalent circuit (B) and equivalent circuit (B)
XoIX,=3. The LV system has 500-mva
short-circuit capacity with Xo/X1 = 2.
H2 H2 A minimum-size tertiary winding is in-
cluded with terminals not brought out.

%IZ1HV= 2,000 =2.5%/,O

%IZo1v 3 X2.5= 7.5%
(A) 50 X 0
(A) <cIZ LV-
500
10%
x H
%IZOLV = 2X 10-20.0%

69
Co-ratio at 138 kv, r= 3= 0.5
138

Co-ratio at 131.1-kv tap, r= 61= 0.474

.131.1

N N
Because impedance changes are the square
(B) (B)
of the co-ratio,
Fig. 8. Connection for test of %IZOH-L//N Fig. 9. Connection for test of %IZoL-H//N %IZH -=4X =00) 3.6%
/0.474
0
2

(A) and equivalent circuit (B) (A) and equivalent circuit (B)
%oIZoR = 0.8 X 3.6 = 2.88%

Data for these rules obtained from

were 0.9 with 0.8 times %IZIH-L a fair average %IZOL = 0 (from estimate)
the analysis of numerous normal designs to use. 0.5

of power autotransformers having high %IZoL, the zero-sequence impedance K- -0.3=1.765

0.4741.9
voltages from 34.5 kv to 230 kv and co- of the LV circuit, can be taken as zero. (equation 13 or Fig. 10)
ratios from 0.167 to 0.8. It should be It may be either positive or negative in
recognized that these rules are for esti- value ranging from -0.2 to +0.2 times %IZON = 1.765 X3.6 = 6.354%o
mating purposes and that data for specific %IZH.-L Zero is a convenient average to
units should be obtained from the use.
supplier of the equipment. %IZON, the zero-sequence impedance of
The following paragraphs express zero- the neutral circuit of an autotransformer,
sequence impedance in reference to the including the tertiary winding, is largely
positive-sequence impedance of the unit. dependent on the co-ratio of the auto-
Therefore, the positive-sequence imped- transformer. It can be estimated by the
ance, %IZHfL, should be determined empirical equation.
first. This value is then multiplied by the
indicated appropriate factors to determine %IZON = K X %IZH-L (12) b-
the other impedances.
where
%IZoH, the zero-sequence impedance of
the HV circuit in the autotransformer, is K =-05 r--1 -0O3 (13)
about 0.8 times %IZH-L. In individual Fig. 10. Graph of function K expressed by
units the value may vary f rom 0.65 to A graph of this function, K, is shown in the equation K=O.5r-1 9-0.3

APRII. 196 1 Farry-Tertiary Windings in Autotransformers 81

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 Table 1!. Fault Conditons
Times Rated
Current of
Kva of 10,130-Kva
Neutral Zero- Tertiary
Fault II, 12, and lo ION Sequence Current Winding
HV line to neutral
. ................. 12.46In ..... 4. 665In. 233,250 ..... ..... 23
LV line to neutral .9 .2OIn .... 4.77 In ..... 238,500 ..... 23.5
HV line to neutral with LV
disconnected.. 10.94In.. .... 4.04In ...... 245-,200 .... . 24
Simultaneous HV and LV line-
to-neutral faults .14.4 In ..... 66.65 In .... . 332,500 .... . 33

Fig. 11. Equivalent circuit for line-to-neutral

faults on the same phase of both the HV and fault on the HV side while the LV side is
the LV terminals of an autotransformer conditions the figures as tabulated appear
disconnected. The equivalent circuit will satisfactory, but they do not provide mar-
be per Fig. 3 with IZILV, IZ2LV, and IZOLV gin for manufacturing tolerance in imped-
With line-to-neutral fault on the HV all of infinite value. ances. A larger safety factor would be
line; see Figs. 2 and 3: advisable. This could be obtained by
IZI = 122 = 2.5 % using a larger size tertiary winding or by
2. 5X(10+3.6)
%1Z1 = %IZ2= 2.5+1 )=2.112 = 7.5 X (2.88+ 6.354) =4.139% specifying higher impedance.
7.5+9.234 The foregoing examples are typical of
6.354 X20 autotransformer applications in power
7Z X 3 Il =I2-Io-l100I1/(2.5+2.5+4.139) systems and they both show the fallacy
*10.4I nof depending on the 35% rule for tertiary
lo = 100102 112+2.1128+38)
5=X2 ON -=-7
IO
16.734 X~1094In = 4904In While size.
winding these examples are typical, they
= 12.46In (equation 7)
4.904 X50,000 =245,200 kva flows in the do not illustrate the extreme conditions
Zero-sequence current on the autotrans- neutral circuit of high fault current that can occur in
formel side of fault is many autotransformer applications. The
With simultaneous faults on same phase recent tendency to specify still lower im-
7.5 of HV and LV lines; see Fig 11: pedances adds to the problem of limiting
ION+IOL = X 12.461 = 6.147I1
15.202
2.5 X 10 fault currents.
Zero-sequence current in the autotrans- IZI rZ2 ' 12.5 2%
=
=

former neutral circuit is

7.5 X20 X6.354 Conclusions
20 °I X20+20X6.354+755X6-354
7.5 Autotransformers properly applied can
ION = 226.354 X 6.147 = 4.665In
- 2.945 save money in both installation and
A current of 4.665 X>50,000=233.250 kva I,=12=10 = lOOIn/(2+2+2.945) = 14.4In operating costs. A tertiary delta-con-
flows in the neutral circuit. Most of this nected winding should be included only
current flows in the tertiary winding al- ION = _
X 14A4In = 6.65 when necessary. When it is included,
though a minor part acts as zero-sequence 27.5(5.455+6.354) the tertiary winding should be large
exciting current and does not appear in 6.65 X50,000 = 332,500 kva flows in the enough to withstand short-circuit cur-
the tertiary winding. neutral circuit rents that might occur. Short-circuit
With a line-to-neutral fault on the LV currents can be calculated by con-
line; see Figs. 4 and 5: For the purpose of comparing the fault ventional methods. Data presented in
currents with equivalent sizes of the this paper provide means of estimating
1OX(2.5+3.6)
%IZI= %IZ2 = 106. =3.788% winedings the equivalent sizesarecal-
zero-sequence impedances for use in
quivat entseredasnf preliminary calculations of zero-sequence
s

Equivalent series winding iscuens

20 2X x6.354X(7.5+2.88)
6.354+10.38 -32 %
144.9-69
currents.

20+3.941 kvas = 50,000 X 1311= 28,950 kva References

I1i=12=o= 100In/(3.788+3.788+ Equivalent common winding is AUTOTRANaFORMERS FOR POWER SYSTEMS,
3.292) = 9.20In O. T. Farry. AIEE Transactions, pt. Ill-B
144.969 (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol. 73, Dec.
Zero-sequence current on the auto-
transformer side of the fault is
kvac50,OOX
kvac=50,000 X =6,19
k9a
26,190 kva 1954, pp. 1486-99.
2. ARED STABILIZING WINDINGS NECESSARY IN

Ibid.,Y-CONNECT}ED TRANSFORMERS? B. A. Cogbill.

A 35% tertiay winding would be ALL
20 pt. III-A (Power Apparatus and Systems),
=
~X 9.2.1n= 7.691n
ION +IO0H 23.941 vol. 78. Oct. 1959, pp. 963-70.
kvat = 0.35 X28.950 = 10,130 kva
3. TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE CALCULA-
10.38 Table II summnarizes the fault conditions TIONS, A. N. Garin, K. K. Paluev. Ibid. (Electrical
ION = 16.734 X 7.69In = 4.77In Engineering),vol. 55, June 1936, pp. 717-30.
calculated in the above example. In
this .apetetr
this example the tertiary winding would 4. THEORY Op THREE-CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS.
4.77 X50,000 = 238,500 kva flows in the
w
A. Boyajian. Ibid., vol. 43, Feb. 1924, pp.
neutral circuit not be considered adequate to withstand 508-29.
the simultaneous line-to-neutral faults 5. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS (book), C. F.
Wagner, R. D. Evans. McGraw-Hill Book Com-
Another possibility is a line-to-neutral on the HV and LV sides. For the other pany, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1933.

82 Farry Tertiary Windings in A utotransformers APRIL 1961

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