DESIGN AGAINST FLUCTUATING LOADS

Presenting by-

for the subject- Deepak Dolakasharia (107)

Rijuan Hussain (134)
Niraj Kakati (142)
Rupjyoti Baruah (263)
Feroz Ahmed Mazumder
1. (017)
Don Bosco School of Technology
  Introduction
2

 Stress concentration and factor, Notch sensitivity.

 Reduction of stress concentration & Fluctuating stresses.

 Endurance limit.

 Soderberg, Goodman lines, Gerber equations & Modified

Goodman diagrams.
Monday, March 28, 2016
  What is Stress
Concentration ?
3

 Technique called
Photo-elasticity.
 Localisation of high
stress due to
irregularities and abrupt
change in size.
 Stress concentration
factor is used, Kt or Kc


Monday, March 28, 2016

  Why Stress
concentration ?
4

 Variation in properties
of materials,
 Load applications,
 Discontinuities in the
component,
 Machining scratches,
 Abrupt change in
cross sections,

Monday, March 28, 2016

  How to reduce stress
concentration ?
5

— By providing a specific geometric shape to the components

through understanding the flow analogy.

 Additional notches and

holes in tension members.
 Fillet radius, undercutting
and notch for bending
member.
 Drilling additional holes for
shaft.
 Reduction of stress
concentration in threaded
members.
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Fluctuating stress
6

 Forces subjected are not static but, vary with time called fluctuating stress, which causes
fatigue failure.
 For design analysis stress-time relationship is used, like sine curve.

or
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Fatigue failure
7

 Observed that materials fail under

fluctuating stress at stress magnitude,
lower than ultimate tensile strength.
 Even lower than yield stress sometimes.
 Magnitude of stress causing Fatigue
failure decreases as the no. of stress
cycle increase.
 This phenomenon results in fatigue
failure.
 Is defined as time delayed fracture under
cyclic loading. Played with a small wire during childhood, but didn't know the reason
 It depends upon no. of cycle, mean
stress, stress amplitude, corrosion, creep Monday, March 28, 2016
  Fatigue
test
8

 Beam of circular c-s subjected to bending moment.

 The amplitude of this cycle is given as-

Monday, March 28, 2016

  Endurance limit
9

 Definition.
 10,00,000 cycles is sufficient for
endurance limit.
 Fatigue life.
 Fatigue failure testing done in
Rotating Beam testing machine.
 S-N curve.
 S-N curve for steel.
 Endurance limit not exactly a
property of ultimate tensile
strength.
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Low & High cycle fatigue
10

 Earlier S-N curve drawn was

for small cycles.
 There are two main regions.
 Fatigue failure at less than
1000 cycles is low cycle
fatigue and
 & at more than 1000 is high
cycle fatigue.
 Failures like setscrews, studs
on truck, etc are e.g. of low
cycle and spring, ball bearings
are high cycle.
 Low cycle involves plastic
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Notch Sensitivity
11
Notches are stress riser
Elastic stress concentration
factor,

 the susceptibility of a material to succumb to the damaging effects of stress raising notches in
fatigue loading.

or or

when the material has no sensitivity to notches, q=0; Kf =

1 and
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Endurance limit calculation
12
Two separate notations are used for endurance limit,
Se' = Endurance Strength of material specimen under laboratory condition
Se = Endurance Strength of material specimen under actual running
Size factor Ka condition
Se = Ka * Kb * Kc * Kd * Se'
Ka = Surface Correction factor
Kb = Size Correction factor
Kc =Reliability Correction factor
Kd = Temperature Correction
factor

Kd is calculated
as

Se’ has different value for

different materials
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Design for finite & infinite
life
13

 Design for completely

reversed stress are divided
into finite and infinite life
fatigue.
 For infinite life endurance
limit is the criterion.
 Amplitude stress <
endurance limit for longer
no. of cycles.
 For finite life S-N curve is
Monday, March 28, 2016
  Soderberg, Goodman, Gerber
14
 It is seen that mean stress has an effect on fatigue failure when with
stress amplitude.
Using straight line equations
Soderberg, Goodman
equations and Gerber will
be-
 GERBER LINE- Ap a ra bo lic
c urve jo ining S e o n the o rd ina te
to S ut o n the a bs c is s a is c a lle d
G e rbe r line .
 SODERBERG LINE- As tra ig ht
line jo ining S e o n the o rd ina te
a nd S y t o n the a bs c is s a is c a lle d
the So d e rbe rg line .
 GOODMAN LINE- As tra ig ht line
jo ining S e o n the o rd ina te a nd S ut
o n the a bs c is s a Monday,
is c a lleMarch
d 28, 2016
  Modified Goodman line
15
Components subjected to fluctuating axial or bending
Components subjected to fluctuating torsion shear
stresses.
stresses.

Monday, March 28, 2016

  Materials select & an
Example
16

Steel and Cast iron

Aluminum alloys
Plastics

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 T
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‘U’

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