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RENALT ENERGY
Renewable and Alternative Energy for the New Millennium
By Gerard B. Hawkins
Executive Director
www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

RENALT ENERGY
COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE
Definition:
a mixture of fuel and oxidizer is
combustible when combustion is
developing in it after an ignition
source vanishes.

RENALT ENERGY
TYPES OF COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES

RENALT ENERGY
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS

RENALT ENERGY
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS: DEFINITION
Flame can occur only in mixture within a certain

composition range: flammability limits.
Flammability limits refer to the

composition range within which
ignition and flame propagation
can be brought by external
ignition (e.g. by spark).

RENALT ENERGY
LEAN AND RICH FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
LFL – minimum percentage

of fuel by volume in the
mixture
RFL – maximum percentage

of fuel by volume in the
mixture
(for solid fuels could be expressed in g/m3)

RENALT ENERGY
EXPLOSION LIMIT
Explosion limits mean the same as flammability

limits:
LEL – lower explosion limit means the same as

lean flammability limit.
UEL – upper explosion limit

means the same as rich
flammability limit.

RENALT ENERGY
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS: EXAMPLES

RENALT ENERGY
IGNITION
Definition:
Ignition means local initiation
of the combustion process in a
combustible mixture.

RENALT ENERGY
IGNITION PHENOMENA
Two ignition types can be distinguished:

-external ignition (e.g. spark ...),
- selfignition

RENALT ENERGY
MINIMUM ENERGY of IGNITION
Two ignition types can be distinguished:

E min – is minimum of energy, which discharged
in a combustible mixture causes it’s ignition.
E min – is measured in J.

RENALT ENERGY
MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY OF
GASES

RENALT ENERGY
SELFIGNITION

RENALT ENERGY
PROPAGATION OF COMBUSTION
1. Deflagration
2. Detonation
3. Glow

RENALT ENERGY
DEFLAGRATION
1. Deflagration is propagation of a combustion

process by flame.
2. Mechanism of propagation has thermal

character: by heat conduction.

RENALT ENERGY
FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
DETONATION

RENALT ENERGY
FLAME STRUCTURE

RENALT ENERGY
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLAMES

RENALT ENERGY
PREMIXED AND DIFFUSION FLAMES
Considering preparation of combustible mixture there are

two principal types of flames:
- premixed,
- diffusion flames.

RENALT ENERGY
FLAMES

RENALT ENERGY
PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
STRUCTURE OF PREMIXED
LAMINAR FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
STRUCTURE OF PREMIXED
LAMINAR FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
SPEED OF PREMIXED, LAMINAR
FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
PREMIXED, LAMINAR FLAME
ABOVE THE BUNSEN BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
PREMIXED, LAMINAR FLAME
ABOVE THE BUNSEN BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
STRUCTURE OF DIFFUSION,
LAMINAR FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
LAMINAR FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
LAMINAR FLAME
Diffusion flame height vs. gas outflow velocity

RENALT ENERGY
LIMITED DIFFUSION,
TURBULENT FLAME
Lifted diffusion flame
turbulization

RENALT ENERGY
TURBULENT FLAME
Surface area of turbulent flame

RENALT ENERGY
STRUCTURE OF
DIFFUSION,TURBULENT FLAME

RENALT ENERGY
INFLUENCE OF TURBULENCE
ON FLAME STRUCTURE

RENALT ENERGY
STABILITY OF GAS FLAMES
Stability of premixed flame in an open space

RENALT ENERGY
GAS BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS BURNERS
Features of good burner:

- stable and proper operation in the range of design
parameters,
- low emission of pollutant,
- security of operation
- long lifetime,
- low level of noise.
RENALT ENERGY
TYPES OF GAS BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
CLASSIFICATION OF GAS BURNERS
DEPENDING ON APPLICATIONS
•Compact burners (common use)
•Low- emission burners
•Start-up burners
•Pilot burners
•Special burners

RENALT ENERGY
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF LOW-
PRESSURE JET-EJECTOR GAS BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
RANGE OF OPERATION LOW-RESSURE
JET-EJECTOR GAS BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
SELECTION OF NOZZELS FOR LOW-
RESSURE JET-EJECTOR GAS BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
EXAMPLES OF LOW-RESSURE JET-
EJECTOR GAS BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
LOW-RESSURE JET-EJECTOR
GAS BURNERS
Domestic ovens burners

RENALT ENERGY
HIGH-RESSURE JET-EJECTOR
GAS BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
NOZZLE-MIX JET BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
NOZZLE-MIX SWIRL BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
COMPACT BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
DUCT BURNER - IDEA

RENALT ENERGY
DUCT BURNERS - SOLUTIONS

RENALT ENERGY
WASTE GAS BURNER

RENALT ENERGY
RADIATING TUBES

RENALT ENERGY
GAS FLARES

RENALT ENERGY
PILOT BURNERS

RENALT ENERGY
GAS LAMPS

RENALT ENERGY
NEW COMBUSTION
TECHNOLOGIES: FLAMELESS
COMBUSTION
•Diluted combustion
•Highly preheated combustion

RENALT ENERGY
FLAMELESS COMBUSTION
flame combustion
flameless combustion

RENALT ENERGY
CONDITIONS OF FLAMELESS
COMBUSTION
temperature of air must be higher than selfignition

temperature (800-1000 o C),
intensive recirculation in flame region should secured,
 burning at low oxygen concentration, below 2-5 % vol.,
 system of air and gas nozzles should allow to extend the

combustion process on the whole furnace.

RENALT ENERGY
RULES OF FLAMELESS COMBUSTION
T pow – air temp.

T procesu – process temp.

RENALT ENERGY
RANGE OF FLAMELESS COMBUSTION

RENALT ENERGY
EFFECTS OF FLAMELESS COMBUSTION
 increase of thermal efficiency,

 saving of fuel: 15-30%,
 increase of furnace capacity: 25%,
 uniform temperature distribution in the furnace,

low NOx concentration in flue gas
 an order lower than using low-NOx combustion systems,
 two orders lower than using conventional burners.

RENALT ENERGY
NOx CONCENTRATION IN FLUE GAS
DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE
1- conventional burner, 2- air staging, 3- flameless combustion

RENALT ENERGY
APPLICATION OF FLAMELESS
COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY
At present:
 In glass industry (burners of 200-300kW),
 In ceramic industry (burners of 200-300kW),
 In metallurgy (burners of 6-8 MW),
 In petrochemistry.
In the future:
 In power plants (PF boilers),
 In the waste incinerators.

RENALT ENERGY
"RENALT ENERGY" - providing integrated solutions to

"Green" petrochemicals, integrated Bio-Refining /conventional oil
Refining, and Biomass-to-chemicals, primarily through Energy and
Process Consultancy.
Biomass-to-"Green" chemicals: Biomass-to-chemicals refers to the

process of producing chemicals from Biomass. The major Biomass -
to-chemicals processes utilized in worldwide, with our strategic focus
on, Biomass-to-methanol, MTO and MTP processes that produce the
same chemical products, such as ethylene and propylene, as the
petrochemical facilities, due to better cost efficiencies and greater
demand for these chemicals.
www.renaltenergy.com
RENALT ENERGY
We also have interest in, Biomass-to-olefins, Biomass-to-

PVC, Biomass to-aromatics and Biomass-to-ammonia/urea
processes.
We provide a broad range of integrated services spanning the

project life-cycle from feasibility studies, consulting services,
provision of proprietary technologies, design, engineering,
and after-sale technical support.
Executive Director
GBH Enterprises, Ltd.
RenAlt Energy
Office: +1-312-235-2610
Cell: +52 55 2108 3070
Hawkins@renaltenergy.com

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RENALT ENERGY

Renewable and Alternative Energy for the New Millennium

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Flame can occur only in mixture within a certain

Flammability limits refer to the

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

LFL – minimum percentage

RFL – maximum percentage

(for solid fuels could be expressed in g/m3)

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Explosion limits mean the same as flammability

LEL – lower explosion limit means the same as

UEL – upper explosion limit

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Two ignition types can be distinguished:

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Two ignition types can be distinguished:

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

1. Deflagration is propagation of a combustion

2. Mechanism of propagation has thermal

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Considering preparation of combustible mixture there are

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Diffusion flame height vs. gas outflow velocity

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Lifted diffusion flame

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Surface area of turbulent flame

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Stability of premixed flame in an open space

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Features of good burner:

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

•Low- emission burners

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

www.renaltenergy.com A Business Unit of GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Domestic ovens burners