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Ancient Greek Civilization
• Most Greeks lived along

the coastline or on
islands where the soil was
good for farming
• The Aegean and

Mediterranean Seas
provided a means of
communication and trade
with other places
• Greek civilization is
the first major
civilization in Europe
and along with the
Roman civilization
are said to be at the
root of current
western civilization.
• They are referred to

as “classical”
cultures
Greek Dark Ages Ancient Greek Civilization
1100-750 BCE
• The Mycenaean
people were Greek in
Origin. The start of
the Greek civilization
is therefore dated to
the end of the
Mycenaean
civilization in 1100
BCE
• Following the decline
of Mycenae, the area
around the Greek
mainland went into a Geometric Kraterfrom the Dipylon cemetery,
period of decline that Athens
is referred to as the • ca. 740 B.C.E.
Greek Dark ages
Greek Dark Ages Ancient Greek Civilization
1100-750 BCE
• Greece became
depopulated with
groups of people
moving out of
mainland Greece
towards the islands
of the Aegean
• Mycenaean and
Greek culture
dwindled and many
cultural elements
including writing, art Hero and centaur
and architectural • ca. 750-730 B.C.E.
techniques were lost
Archaic Period Ancient Greek Civilization
750 - 500 BCE
• The Greeks developed a new political

form called city states
• The archaic period saw the renewal

interest in overseas trading contact
• Greek societies that were engaged in
trade became rich and by joining with
other their neighbors, sometimes
Calf Bearer (Moschophoros) forcefully, formed large states
from the Acropolis, Athens,
Greece
ca. 560 B.C.E.
750 - 500 BCE
• The archaic period marked the rise of the

aristocratic families; families that are
considered noble or of higher status
• The archaic period marked the beginnings

of Greek monumental stone sculpture
and architecture
Peplos Kore
from the Acropolis, Athens,
Greece
ca. 530 B.C.E.
750 - 500 BCE
Dying warrior from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

• ca. 490-480 B.C.E.
• Around 546 BCE, the rising Persian Empire conquered some Greek city
states
• The rising threat of the Persian Empire marked the end of the Greek
archaic period and of classical Greek culture
Classical period Ancient Greek Civilization
500 - 323 BCE
• The period started with the Greek city

states coming into conflict with the rising
Persian Empire
• A seaborne expedition by the Persians to

Athens was defeated at Marathon in 490
BCE
• Under the Persian King Xerxes, Persia

attempted a retribution in 479 BCE and
was defeated by an alliance of the Greek
states headed by Sparta
Myron
• The Greek alliance soon transformed into
Diskobolus (Discus Thrower) (Roman
marble copy after a bronze original) an Empire under the leadership of Athens
ca. 450 B.C.E.
500 - 323 BCE
• The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens

was built
• Philosophical schools such as those of

Socrates and Plato were founded
• Between 431 and 404, Athens entered

into a series of wars with Sparta which left
it in ruins
• The fall of Athens gradually led to political

chaos in the whole of Greece
Polykleitos
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)(Roman
marble copy after a bronze original)
ca. 450-440 B.C.E.
500 - 323 BCE
• The 4th century saw the rise of

Macedonia as a power in the region
• The Macedonian king, Philip rapidly
extended Macedonian power and wealth
• In 338 BCE, he defeated a coalition of the
major Greek Cities including Athens and
Thebes, and created a federation of all
Greeks with him as the leader
• His son Alexander undertook a crusade
against Persia and established himself as
the ruler of the former Persian empire
• He died in 323 BCE without a heir to
inherit him
• The Death of Alexander marked the end of
Philoxenes of Eretria Battle of Issus the classical period of Greece civilization
From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
ca. 310 B.C.E.
Hellenistic period Ancient Greek Civilization
323 - 147 BCE
• The Greek empire split into smaller states

with Alexander‘s generals as their rulers
• The period saw the transplanting of Greek

art, civic life and culture to newly
conquered areas
• The period also saw a marked increase in
interest in civic buildings
Old Market Woman

ca. 150-100 B.C.E.
Hellenistic period Ancient Greek Civilization
323 - 147 BCE
The Hellenistic period

ended in 147 BCE, when
the Roman Empire
conquered Greece and
incorporated the city
states into it
Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

Laocoön and his sons
• 1st century C.E.
Calf Bearer (Moschophoros) Warrior

Old Market Woman
from the Acropolis, Athens, from the sea off Riace,
Greece Italy ca. 150-100 B.C.E.
ca. 560 B.C.E. ca. 460-450 B.C.E.
• The ancient Greeks lived in self governing

city-states called "polis.”
• They were all bounded by common

language and religious beliefs
Societal Organization- The city state

• When city-states were first formed, they
were ruled by a few wealthy men.
• However, they gradually moved towards
democracy.
• Only men who were born in the polis were
allowed to vote.
• They did this at public assemblies where
upper class citizens discussed and adopted
laws that might benefit the polis.
• Examination of Greek architecture points to

three common materials of construction:
Stone, timber and clay
• Stone was the most common construction

material for buildings and was used for all
types of temple and civic construction
• It was also used for all type of building

elements
• Timber was used mainly for roofing

• It was a very scarce commodity and it also had limited length
• The limitation in length meant that the width of buildings was restricted and only very
important buildings such as the Parthenon could go beyond a certain width
• Clay was used mostly in housing construction as sun dried blocks
The principal construction

system was column and
beam construction
Construction technology
involves ordering stones in
semi-prepared state from
quarries
Building blocks were not

bonded, but are rather held
in position by their weight
• Then the rough stones

were finished to achieve
the final form and
treatment of the building
• Finishing work
involved creating the
fluting, base and
capital decoration on
columns
• The search for how to

make the temple
beautiful resulted in the
establishment of Greek
ideals of beauty
• They were rooted in

mathematical
proportions
• They also believed that

the human body has the
best of proportions
• ...and valued harmony,
balance and symmetry in
design
• The Greeks in essence

became the first society
to have well established
ideas about architectural
aesthetics with principles
for their translation into
physical design
• The Greek ideals of mathematical proportion

was applied in architecture through the use
of the orders
• The orders provide a means to codify

mathematical proportioning, by linking all the
elements of the building with the diameter of
the column
• The orders were also viewed as

representations of the human body
• The base suggests the feet, the shaft the
torso and the capital the head.
Orders
The Orders
• The Doric order was the earliest to be

developed
The Orders
• The entablature is divided into an architrave,

a frieze and the cornice.
• The Doric order is made up of three elements;

stylobate,
column
entablature
• The stylobate is a podium raised three steps

on which the temple sits
The Orders
• A characteristic of the
Doric order is the use of
kurvatura and entasis
• These refer to the
practice of optical
correction in Greek Doric
temples
• All buildings are arranged
with a slight curve to
correct for optical
illusion when they are
viewed
• This is done to counteract
the concave appearance
produced by straight
edges in perspective
The Orders
• A characteristic of the
Doric order is the use of
kurvatura and entasis
• These refer to the
practice of optical
correction in Greek Doric
temples
• All buildings are arranged
with a slight curve to
correct for optical
illusion when they are
viewed
• This is done to counteract
the concave appearance
produced by straight
edges in perspective
The Orders
• The shaft of the column is

built to be slightly convex
in shape for optical
correction
• Columns were also built
with a slight tilt
The Orders
• The Ionic order had a capital developed from

a pair of volutes about two-thirds the
diameter of the column in height
• Ornaments are used to decorate the area
between the capital and the volute
• Entasis was not applied to the ionic column
• The Ionic column has a base

The Orders
The Orders
The Orders
The Orders
The Orders
At the corner of
rectangular
buildings,
an angular volute
had to be used.
The Orders
• This order is similar in its proportions to the

Ionic order but has a different capital
decorated with rows of carved acanthus
leaves
• Because of its symmetry, the Corinthian

capital unlike the ionic capital is designed to
be seen from all directions
The Orders
• This order was not extensively used during the

Greek period. It became popular during the
ancient Roman period
The Orders
Greek Polis
Polis
• The ancient Greek city

states developed a
standard plan of the city
• The city consisted of

three defined elements;
the town, acropolis and
Agora
Polis
City form were of two types. Old cities such as Athens had irregular street plans reflecting
their gradual organic development
Polis
New cities, especially colonial cities established during the Hellenistic period, had a grid-
iron street plan
Polis
Prienne 400 BCE

Architect, Hippodamos
Polis
• The town was a place to

retire for the day
• It was composed of
simple courtyard houses
(with rooms arranged
around a courtyard)
separated by streets
• Houses were usually

constructed of mud bricks
Polis
Polis
Model of the Acropolis in the Pergamon, Berlin.
• The Acropolis was the

city of the gods
• This is where buildings

reflecting the highest
ideals of beauty were
placed to be seen rather
than used
Polis
Athens
• The Agora was a

mundane place for social,
commercial and political
activities
• In practice, stoas and

other civic buildings are
used to loosely define the
space
Polis
Assos
• It was usually located on

a flat ground for ease of
communication
• It was placed to be easily

accessible from all
directions
• In many cities, it is also

located close to the
Acropolis
Polis
Prienne
Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture
• The ancient Greeks were

polytheistic
• All aspect of life was under

the protection of the gods,
and they had specific roles
and controlled everything.
• Religious belief was

constantly changing and
developing as new cults
were introduced from
time to time
Zeus (or Poseidon?) from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
• ca. 460-450 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
• Temples were the focus of Greek religious

worships
• The temples themselves were considered
as offerings to the gods
• They were built in every town and city for
one or more god or goddess
• The temples were also considered as the

house of the gods
• They were the places for routine festivals
to the gods
• The festivals included plays, music,
dancing, and then a parade to the temple
Aphrodite, Eros and Pan where they made sacrifices and had a
feast.
from Delos, Greece
ca. 100 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture
PERISTIL
OPISTODOMOS CELLA
PRONAOS
NAOS
Temple Architecture
The temple always faced east so

that the rising sun would light
the statues inside
The Greek temple is believed to

originate from the Mycenaean
megaron
Temple Architecture
Arşitrave
Stylobat
Temple Architecture
Akroter Top
Krepis: The Steps

Temple Architecture
• The columns on the front are

9, while on the sides they are
18
• The Doric columns appear
heavy in comparison with
later temples
• The columns have a bulge,
pointing to the practice of
optical correction or entasis
by the time of its
construction
Temple of Hera I
Paestum, Italy
ca. 550 B.C.E., Archaic Period
Temple Architecture
Temple of Hera I
Paestum, Italy
ca. 550 B.C.E., Archaic Period
Temple Architecture
Temple of Zeus
Olympia, Greece
ca. 472-456 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture
• The most famous of the Ionic

temples is the temple of
Artemis at Ephesus
• It was considered one of the
seven wonders of the
ancient World
• It was commissioned by
Alexander the Great and was
believed to have been built
and destroyed several times
• There are also uncertainties
about its arrangement in
plan
• The temple stands on a
platform 2.7 meters high
• It had 36 columns in its front
and they had an additional
relief sculpture at the base
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus, Turkey
ca. 550 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
Temple of Apollon
Didyma, Turkey
ca. 300 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
Temple of Apollon
Didyma, Turkey
ca. 300 B.C.E.
Temple Architecture
• The Corinthian order was not

widely used during the
Greek period
• The column was constructed
in 131 A.D. well after the
Roman conquest of Greece
• The Corinthian order became
very popular during the
Roman period.
Temple of Olympian Zeus

Athens, Greece
ca. 151 A.D.
Civic Architecture
Civic Architecture
• The Greeks invented the
theater design that is still
used in movies and
auditoriums today
• Every important Greek city
had a theater
• The theaters were built into a
hilly landscape and had a
bank of seats steps created
from the landscape
• It usually commands a view
to the landscape
Civic Architecture
Orkestra
Skene
Cavea
Dionysos
Altar
Civic Architecture
Pergamon
Dionysos Temple, infront of

the theater
Civic Architecture
• The Bouleterion (Council

Chamber) is where the Boule
or council of the city state
met
• It was a covered chamber
fitted with banks of seats like
a theater
• Similar buildings were found
in every Greek or Hellenistic
city
Civic Architecture
Gymnasion - Stadion
(ca. 180-185 m), Prienne
1 Stadion= 600 Feet
8 Stadion= 1 mil
ATHENS
Athens
Athens
Athens
Athens
Athens
ACROPOLIS
460 – 429 BC
Pericles
Athens
Propyleion-Propyleia Erechteion
Heroon
Temple of Nike
Parthenon- Athena Parthenos
The acropolis combined Doric orders and Ionic orders in four buildings; the
Propylea, the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the temple of Nike.
Athens
Athens
Athens
437 B.C
Propylae
by Mnesicles
Athens
437 B.C
Propylae
by Mnesicles
• The columns on the outside of the

propylae were Doric
• The columns in the interior were Ionic
Athens
Parthenon
Ictinus and Callicrates
447 BC
Athens
Parthenon
447 BC
Athens
Parthenon
447 BC
Sculptor: Phidas
Athens
Parthenon
447 BC
Athens
Erectheum
Athens
Erectheum
Athens
Erectheum
Caryatid
Athens
Nike Temple
420 BC
by Callicrates
Athens
Nike Temple
420 BC
by Callicrates
Athens
Nike Temple
420 BC
by Callicrates
Athens
AGORA
located at the base of the

hill of the Acropolis
Athens
Athens
AGORA
STOA
Athens
AGORA 500 BCE- First Art Exhibition Area
STOA
Athens
AGORA
Stoa of Attalos - Helenistik

Athens
AGORA
STOAs, BOULETERION,
THOLOS
• The Agora at Athens

contains administrative
buildings
• There was the
bouleterion for the
meeting of the council
• There was also a tholos, a
circular building where
the standing committee
of the council when in
office dined at state
expense
• There were also two
buildings for the meeting
of the jury court.
Athens
AGORA
STOAs, BOULETERION,
THOLOS
Athens
Houses
Athens
Houses

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Ancient Greek Civilization

• Most Greeks lived along

• The Aegean and

• They are referred to

• The Greeks developed a new political

• The archaic period saw the renewal

• The archaic period marked the rise of the

• The archaic period marked the beginnings

Dying warrior from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

• The period started with the Greek city

• A seaborne expedition by the Persians to

• Under the Persian King Xerxes, Persia

• The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens

• Philosophical schools such as those of

• Between 431 and 404, Athens entered

• The fall of Athens gradually led to political

• The 4th century saw the rise of

• The Greek empire split into smaller states

• The period saw the transplanting of Greek

Old Market Woman

The Hellenistic period

Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

Calf Bearer (Moschophoros) Warrior

• The ancient Greeks lived in self governing

• They were all bounded by common

Societal Organization- The city state

• Examination of Greek architecture points to

• Stone was the most common construction

• It was also used for all type of building

• Timber was used mainly for roofing

The principal construction

Building blocks were not

• Then the rough stones

• The search for how to

• They were rooted in

• They also believed that

• The Greeks in essence

• The Greek ideals of mathematical proportion

• The orders provide a means to codify

• The orders were also viewed as

• The Doric order was the earliest to be

• The entablature is divided into an architrave,

• The Doric order is made up of three elements;

• The stylobate is a podium raised three steps

• The shaft of the column is

• The Ionic order had a capital developed from

• Entasis was not applied to the ionic column

• The Ionic column has a base

• This order is similar in its proportions to the

• Because of its symmetry, the Corinthian

• This order was not extensively used during the

• The ancient Greek city

• The city consisted of

Prienne 400 BCE

• The town was a place to

• Houses were usually

• The Acropolis was the

• This is where buildings

• The Agora was a

• In practice, stoas and

• It was usually located on

• It was placed to be easily

• In many cities, it is also