IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

APPLICATION 01

 CALCULATION OF THE HEATING LOAD ASSUMING WHOLE BUILDING AS A

SINGLE ZONE

U Values Recommended for Regions

UD UT Ut UP
(W/m2°C) (W/m2°C) (W/m2°C) (W/m2°C)
Region 1 0.66 0.43 0.66 1.80
Region 2 0.57 0.38 0.57 1.80
Region 3 0.48 0.28 0.43 1.80
Region 4 0.38 0.23 0.38 1.80
Region 5 0.36 0.21 0.36 1.80

UD = U wall, UT = U ceiling, Ut = U floor, UP = U window

The first step of the application is to calculate the total heat loss (QT) for a chosen building.
An example for calculation of heating load of a single zone building is given below.

3
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Q1= (A wall1x U wall 1+A window x U window1). X Δt, W

Q2= (A wall2 x U wall 2+A window x U window2). X Δt, W
Q3= (A wall3 x U wall 3+A window x U window3). X Δt, W
Q4= (A wall4 x U wall 4+A window x U window4). X Δt, W
Q5= A ceiling x U ceiling x Δt, W
Q6= A floor x U floor x Δt, W

A wall = Area of wall

A ceiling = Area of ceiling
A floor = Area of floor
A window = Area of window
U wall = Overall heat transfer coefficient of wall (Application 06)
U ceiling = Overall heat transfer coefficient of ceiling (Application 06)
U floor = Overall heat transfer coefficient of floor (Application 06)
U window = Overall heat transfer coefficient of window (Table 3)

Δt = ti – te = Difference of inner and outer design temperatures

o
ti =20 C ,
te will be found from Table 2

Q0 = Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6, W (1)

 Heat loss by conduction (QC)

Heat amount lost or gained from building components is identified as:

QC = Qo x (1+%ZD+%ZH+ % ZW), W (2)

ZD = Addition for Interrupted Operation (Table 4 )

ZH = Addition for Orientation (Table 5 )
ZW = Addition for Building Height (Table 6 )

 Heat Loss by Infiltration (Qi)

Qi =Σ ( a x l ) x Rx H xΔt x Ze ,W (3)

 Total heat loss of building (QT)

QT = QC + Qİ, W

4
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Symbol Definition
Qi Heat loss of space by air leakage through
outer window and doors
a Air infiltration coefficients of doors and
windows (Table 7)
l Length of window or door crack to be
considered, m (Figure 1)
H Building location factor (Table 9) Şekil 1: Elevation of window
R Room location factor (Tablo 8) l = (A x 2) + (B x 2), m.
o
Δt Difference of inner and outer temperatures, C
Ze Corner window coefficient = 1,2

 NECESSARY TABLES FOR HETING LOAD CALCULATIONS

Table 1. Indoor Air Design Temperatures

RESIDENCES °C
Living room 22
Bedroom, Kitchen, WC 20
Bathroom 24
Hall, Doorway, Corridor 15
Stairs, lift spaces 10

Table 2. External Design Temperatures W: Windy Region

CITY °C CITY °C CITY °C
Adapazarı -3 W Çorum -15 Manisa -3 W
Adana 0R Denizli -6 Maraş -9
Adıyaman -9 Diyarbakır -9 W Mardin -6
Afyon -12 W Edirne -9 Mersin +3
Ağrı -24 Elazığ -12 Muğla -3 W
Aksaray -15 Gaziantep -9 Muş -18
Amasya -12 Gemlik -3 W Nevşehir -15
Ankara -12 W Giresun -3 Niğde -15 W
Antakya 0W Gümüşhane -12 Ordu -3
Antalya +3 W Hakkari -24 Rize -3
Artvin -9 Isparta -9 Samsun -3 W
Aydın -3 W İstanbul -3 W Siirt -9
Balıkesir -3 W İzmir 0 Sinop -3 W
Bartın -3 W İzmit -3 W Sivas -18
Batman -9 Karabük -12 Tekirdağ -6 W
Bilecik -9 W Kars -27 Tokat -15
Bingöl -18 W Kastamonu -12 Trabzon -3
Bitlis -15 Kayseri -15 Tunceli -18
Bolu -15 Kırklareli -9 W Urfa -6
Burdur -9 Kırşehir -12 Uşak -9 W
Bursa -6 W Konya -12 Van -15
Çanakkale -3 W Kütahya -12 Yozgat -15
Çankırı -15 Malatya -12 Zonguldak -3 W

5
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Table 3. Overall Heat Transfer Coef. Of Different Types of Windows and Doors
DOUBLE GLAZED DOUBLE GLAZED
WINDOWS WINDOWS WITH LOW-E
Overall Heat Transfer (without coatings) COATING
Coef.(U)
20 SINGLE AIR GAP (mm) AIR GAP (mm)
(W/m C)
GLAZED
WINDOWS 6 9 12 16 6 9 12 16
WITHOUT SASH 5.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6
WOODEN SASH
5.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.0
(oak, ashen / hard trees)
WOODEN SASH
4.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8
(pine / soft trees)
PLASTIC SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(2 rooms)
PLASTIC SASH
5.0 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.9
(3 rooms)
ALUMINIUM SASH 5.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.8
ALUMINIUM SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(with isolation)

Table 4. Pick-up Load (Z D )

2
OPERATING D= Q0 / A top ( ti – td ) (W/m °C)
OPERATION TYPE
PERIOD 0.1–0.29 0.3–0.6 0.7–1.4 > 1.5
Continuous ( Residence, hospital) 24 h 7 7 7 7
Interrupted (School, bureau) 14 h 20 15 15 15
Interrupted (Mosque , sport hall) 10 h 30 25 20 15

Table 5. Orientation Factor ( Z H )

SIDE S SW W NW N NE E SE
ZH% -5 -5 0 5 5 5 0 -5

Table 6. Building Height Factor ( Z W )

LOA NUMBER OF STOREY
D 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 5.4.3.2.
%0 3.2.1 3.2.1 4.3.2.1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6.5. 6.5. 6.5.
%5 4 4 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 7.6.5 8.7.6
4 4 4
9.8. 9.8.
%10 5 6 6 7.6 8.7 9.8.7 9.8.7 10.9.8 11.10.9
7 7
11.1 12.11.1 13.12.1 14.13.1
%15 7 8 9 10 10
0 0 1 2
%20 11 12 13 14 15

6
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Table 7. Air infiltration Coefficients of Doors and Windows (a) – m-m3/h

Per m length,a Air Infiltration
3
Coefficients (m /h)
Single glazed 3.0
Wooden or Plastic Sash Double glazed or single
2.0
tight glazed
Single glazed 1.5
Steel or Metal Sash Double glazed or single
1.2
tight glazed
Not watertight door (without
Interior Doors (External doors 4.0
sill)
are calculated as windows)
Watertight door (with sill) 1.2

Table 8. Room Location Factor ( R )

External window area/
internal door area
with <3 3-9
Wooden or plastic
cracks
window
without <1.5 1.5-3
with <6 6-20
Steel or metal
cracks
window
without <2.5 2.5-6
R= 0.9 R= 0.7

Table 9. Building Location Factor ( H )

LANDSCAPING BUILDING LOCATION ATTACHED DETACHED
Obstructed 0.28 0.39
Normal Region Exposed 0.48 0.67
Ex. exposed 0.70 0.97
Obstructed 0.48 0.67
Windy Region Exposed 0.70 0.97
Ex. exposed 0.95 1.31

7
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Table 10.

8
 PLAN SECTION
IKU FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE

1) Total heat loss by conduction (Qc)

Awall Uwall Aceiling Uceiling Afloor Ufloor Awndow Uwindow Δt = ti – to ( Qo

2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 0
(m ) (W/m C) (m ) (W/m C) (m ) (W/m C) (m ) (W/m C) C) (W)

9
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Qo
Table 11. Example sheet for Application 1
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Qc = Qo x (1,07 + % ZW ), W ZW Table 46

2) Heat loss by infiltration (Qi) 3) Total Heat Loss of Building

Qi =Σ ( a x l ) x 1,08 x H x Δt, W a Table 57 QBUILDING = QC + Qİ

H Table 69