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Data and Signals: M. Mozammel Hoque Chowdhury, Dept. of CSE, JU
Data and Signals: M. Mozammel Hoque Chowdhury, Dept. of CSE, JU
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Signals
To be transmitted, data must be transformed
to electromagnetic signals.
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PERIODIC & NON-PERIDIC SIGNALS
Periodic Signal
A continuous-time periodic signal is
unchanged/repeated by a time shift
of T0. T0 is called the fundamental
period.
x( t ) = x( t + T0 ) A sine wave: x(t) = A sin(2Πft+Φ)
A discrete-time periodic signal is
unchanged by a time shift of N0.
N0 is the fundamental period.
x[ n ] = x[ n + N 0 ]
Non-Periodic Signal
Not periodic
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Properties of a Signal…
Example
The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. The period
of this sine wave can be determined as follows:
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Fig. Two signals with the same phase and frequency, but different amplitudes
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Figure Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
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Figure Wavelength and period
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The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine
wave
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Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time
and frequency domains
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The time and frequency domains of a non-periodic signal
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Figure The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals
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Example
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100,
300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum,
assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the bandwidth.
Then
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz
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Figure The bandwidth for Example 3.10
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TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
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Causes of impairment
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Attenuation
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Example
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Distortion
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Noise
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Example
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as
follows:
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Example
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Figure Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
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DATA RATE LIMITS
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Nyquist theorem for Sampling
The Nyquist rate is the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing, equals to twice
To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must exceed the Nyquist rate:
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Noiseless Channel and Nyquist theorem
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line
is 34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this,
we can either increase the bandwidth of the line or
improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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Example
Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper
limit.
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Note
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