JMJ Marist Brothers

NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

City of Koronadal, Province of South Cotabato

Reading Status of Grade 7 Students of Pablo Valencia

National High School SY. 2019-2020

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in EDUC 252

(Educational Statistics)

Presented by:

Relaipa A. Morohomadil

December, 2020
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Font and space requirement: Times New Roman, 12 pt, Line spacing: 1.5

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Abstract

The abstract should be the last part to be written. It provides a brief summary of the main
elements of the report. The abstract should contain at least the topic, research questions,
participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions.

 Center the word “Abstract” (no bold, italics, underlining, or quotation

marks) on the first line of the abstract page
 Do not indent the first line of the paragraph.
 Should be in a single paragraph, double-spaced, and be no more than 150
to 250 words.
 The researcher may also want to list keywords from the paper in the
abstract. To do this, the researcher must indent and type the word
Keywords (italicized):  and then the researcher lists the keywords.
Listing the keywords will help researchers find the work in databases.

Keywords: e.g. Academic performance, school attendance, school location

Font and space requirement: Times New Roman, 12 pt, Line spacing: 1.5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

Acknowledgment ii
Abstract iii
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis Statement
Significance of the mini study
Methods
Research Design
Locale of the study
Population and sampling procedure
Sources of data
Data collection procedures
Statistical tools
Discussion
Profile of the Students
School Location and Student Attendance
Correlation Between Reading Status
in Academic Performance and
Attendance of the Students

Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

Example:
1 Distribution of Respondents by Gender 34
2 Distribution of Respondents by Reading Status 38
3 Distribution of Respondents by Attendance 42
4 Distribution of Respondents by Average Grade 45
5
6
7
8
9
10

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
Example:
1 Graphical Presentation on the Mean Rating on Factors 65
Influencing Food Choice in the Restaurant
By Monthly Income
2
3
4
5

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page No.
Example:
1 Permission Letter to Conduct Study
2 Researcher’s Biodata

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Introduction

Reading is the true backbone learning. No matter if the subject is Mathematics,

Physics, Economics or Art, Most of the learning derived by students come from reading
books, reviewing notes and other textual resources. The higher the one's educational
status becomes, the demand for his/her reading skills becomes more apparent as the
knowledge needed to be absorbed becomes more complex. A study revealed that students
bring knowledge gained not only to their future education but even to their future jobs.
Although the emphasis of the importance of reading is continuously implemented in the
Philippines, the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil IRI) Oral Reading
conducted a study in 2010 which showed a diminishing efficiency in reading skills of
Filipinos. This study was supported by follow-up studies and the data gathered was very
alarming.
Teachers' role in the development of students’ reading habits and interests plays a
major role in this. Educators are instrumental in the success of their students, basing their
classroom activities on sound reading theoryand utilizing different methods of teaching to

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garner the attention of students and provide a suitable and stimulating learning
environment for them.
Veteran teachers in reading instruction know that there is no guaranteed way or
method that is effective for all students as there are various considerations that may affect
a student's learning.
The low attendance rate in some schools, especially in rural areas, are a problem
most teachers complain about. Since the lessons are prepared to cater to the average
learning of the students, teachers are having difficulty setting a standard since they often
don't have a clue as to the knowledge level of students who are often absent in class. With
regards to this, the researcher chose to study if there is a significant relationship between
the attendance of a student with his/her level of reading knowledge.
Alvermann & Montero (2003) defined reading as the process of deriving meaning
from written or printed text which includes many components. They also said that here
are five major areas of reading and these are phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary,
fluency, and comprehension. Reading is one of life’s basic skills and one's gateway to
learning. It is a skill that stimulates one to discover the answers to one’s existence. It is
the cornerstone of one’s personal growth and success throughout one’s life. This is how
reading is so crucial in our everyday life.
In Philippine setting, efforts to promote literacy are encouraged by the
government, organizations, or even private individuals as the ability to read and write is
considered an utmost priority (Cristobal, 2015). Dina Ocampo,DepEd Literacy
Coordinating Council OIC, said during the 2014 National Literacy Conference and
Awards that the role of literacy in empowering an individual to interact in the community
and realize his worth and what he can do to contribute to the development of the society
should be given emphasis.
In this generation where industrialization and massive technological boom takes
place, reading is an extremely powerful force in human affairs. With the number of
information readily available for everyone thru the internet, it would be unfortunate if an
individual cannot share in the accumulated experiences and achievement if they cannot
read. Humans do not only need the basic necessities in life, humans also desire the

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promise of new worlds, ideas, philosophy and a vast horizon that could be opened
through reading. Reading is the ordinary individual’s passport to knowledge. It is his/her
gate pass to worlds which are unknown to him/her.
On a study conducted by Fernandez and Abocejo (2014), they examined the
relationship between poverty and child labor in the Philippines by region with their
academic performances. It investigated how school performance of working children
relates to their need to leave the classrooms covering the period 2008-2012. The study
utilized data from the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES) and the
National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) to determine the relationships among
poverty, prevalence of child labor and the academic performance children not attending
school. Findings revealed that poverty incidence strongly associates with the decreased
academic performance of the students. Poverty displaces these children from school
which in turn, interferes with their learning opportunities. The study showed that
CARAGA, ARMM and Zamboanga have high percentages of number of children not
attending school and at the same time, these areas have, in general, lower average
academic performances than the rest of neighboring areas.
According to Sparks (2012) in his study on "School Absences Translate to Lower
Test Scores" they used existing school time, including their attendance, instructional
time, and homework as the basis for comparison with their academic performance and
found out that most of the students with lower performance are from those group of
students which missed 3 or more days of school per month, The analysis contributes to
mounting evidence that absenteeism puts students at greater risk of poor academic
achievement and eventually dropping out of high school.
Statement of the Problem
This study will be conducted to determine the relationship between the reading
status in their academic performance and attendance school year 2019-2020. Specifically,
this data project will answer the following questions.
Research Questions:
1. What are the status of the students in terms of?
a. Gender

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b. Reading Profile
2. What is the effect of reading status in academic performance of the students in terms
of?
a. Attendance
b. Average Grade
3. Is there a significant relationship between the reading status of students in their
academic performance and attendance?
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis are form based on the research questions and they were;
1. There is no significant relationship between reading status and academic
performance of the students.
2. There is no significant relationship between reading status and attendance of
the students.
Alternative hypothesis of this studies were;
1. There is a significant relationship between reading status and academic
performance of the students
2. There is a significant relationship between reading status and attendance of
the students.
Significance of the mini study
The importance of this study is to serve as a document showing the different
learning status of the students. Thru this study, it is easier to know the percentages of
learners belonging to the independent, instructional and frustration groups according to
teir reading profiles. With this study, the teachers will know which areas to focus on so
that the general level of reading proficiency of the students will be higher with the aim of
making all students fully independent readers.
This study can also serve as a guide for other studies having the similar concepts
to show the agreement or disagreement of the succeeding studies.
For the teachers, it is important to know these numbers and determine the
instructional and frustration groups in order to develop an appropriate solution to improve
the reading level of their students.

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Most importantly, this study aims to give enlightenment and confirm or disprove
the theories that the reading profile of the student has a significant relationship with their
academic performance and attendance.

Methods
Research Design
In this study, the researcher uses the descriptive survey research design.
According to Calmorin and Calmorin (1996), a descriptive research design is used when
the study focuses at the present condition and the purpose is to find new truth. It is only
useful when the data to be gathered concerns the present condition providing the value of
facts and focusing the attention to the most important things to be reported.
Moreover, Alreck and Settle (1985) as cited by Librero (1996) said that a survey research
design is a strategy that enables the researcher to study naturally occurring phenomena
and answer questions about distribution of and relationships among characteristics of
people as they exist in their natural setting.

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Locale of the Study

The study conducted at Pablo Valencia National High School, a public type of
school. Located at Prk. 5, Koronadal Proper, South Cotabato and it was 3.5 kilometers
away from the national highway. The school have a total number of 795 students, 582
students from junior high school and 213 students from senior high school.
Population and Sampling Procedures
In this study, the population is limited only to grade 7 students of Pablo Valencia
National High School. As to sample size, the researcher chose to include 100% of the
population as the research participants. The reason for this choice was that the data
needed to be gathered is easily available and can be directly retrieved from school records
which the researcher has access to. Also, since the population of the study is relatively
small, the researcher determined that it is feasible to include all available data.
When using this method, each member of the population's data is taken into
account. By choosing the whole population as the respondents, the researcher believes
that she will be able to draw valid conclusion to support or disprove her initial
hypothesis.
In this study the researcher used the reading profile, attendance records and the
average grade of all grade 7 students of Pablo Valencia National High School composing
of 130 respondents. The gathering of data was permitted by the relevant school
authorities.

Sources of Data
Respondents
This research was composed of 130 respondents from Grade 7 students of Pablo
Valencia National High School. They were chosen through their reading profile from the
reading coordinator which allow to use it for her study.
Documents
To get the attendance of the respondents, the researcher used the School Form 2
also known as the Daily Attendance Report of Learners. For the general average of the

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respondents the researcher used the School Form 5 (Report on Promotion and Level of
Proficiency & Achievement) and for the reading profile of the respondents the researcher
get and used the data from their reading coordinator.
Data Collection Procedures
Firstly, the researcher asked permission to their respective principal if she could
use the data she needed for her research, also humbly ask the reading profile of grade 7
students from the reading coordinator. The researcher also get the School Form 2 (Daily
Attendance Report of Learners) to the respective advisers of the students and for the
general average of the students the researcher get the School Form 5 (Report on
Promotion and Level of Proficiency & Achievement).
The data gathered were statistically tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted through
Frequency and percentage distribution, Mean and Standard deviation,
and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Statistical Tools
After collecting data, the first task do by the researcher is to organize, summarize,
condense and simplify the data for a general overview of the results. A frequency
distribution is a tabular representation of a survey data set used to organize and
summarize the data. Specifically, it is a list of either qualitative or quantitative values that
a variable takes in a data set and the associated number of times each value occurs
(frequencies).
The frequency distribution is the basic building block of statistical analytical methods and
the first step in analyzing survey data. It helps researchers (a) organize and summarize
the survey data in a tabular format, (b) interpret the data, and (c) detect outliers (extreme
values) in the survey data set (Lavrakas, 2008). The reaserchers believes that it was a
good statistical used to get the status of students in terms of gender and the reading
profile of the respondents. The arithmetic mean, more commonly known as ―the
average, is the sum of a list of numbers divided by the number of items on the list. The
mean is useful in determining the overall trend of a data set or providing a rapid snapshot
of your data. Another advantage of the mean is that it‘s very easy and quick to calculate.

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The standard deviation, often represented with the Greek letter sigma, is the
measure of a spread of data around the mean. A high standard deviation signifies that
data is spread more widely from the mean, where a low standard deviation signals that
more data align with the mean. In a portfolio of data analysis methods, the standard
deviation is useful for quickly determining dispersion of data points (Begum and Ahmed,
2015). The researcher used this statistical tool in her second objective.
The Pearson correlation coefficient (also known as Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient) r is a measure to determine the relationship (instead of difference)
between two quantitative variables (interval/ratio) and the degree to which the two
variables coincide with one another-that is, the extent to which two variables are linearly
related: changes in one variable correspond to changes in another variable. In fact, a
variety of different correlation coefficients (such as phi correlation coefficient, point-
biserial correlation, Spearman’s rho, partial correlation, and part correlation) have been
developed over the years for measuring relationships between sets of data, and the
Pearson correlation coefficient (also referred to Pearson’s r) is the most common measure
of correlation and has been widely used (Allen, 2017). To see if there is a significant
relationship between the reading status of respondents in their academic performance and
attendance, the researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient as her statistical tool
for her third objective.

Results and Discussion

I. Profile of the Students
Table one shows the total number of frequency and percent of the gender of the
students. It shows that most of the respondents are male with the total frequency of 81

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and a total percent of 62.3. The female have a total frequency of 49 and only 37.7
percent.
Table 1: Gender of the students
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 81 62.3
Female 49 37.7
Total 130 100.0

Table two, displays the total number of Frequency and percent of the reading
profile of the students. It shows that most of the students are belong to instructional level
which gain a frequency of 68 and a total of 52.3%. 41.5 % and a total of 54 are belongs to
frustration level. On the other hand, only 6.2% and a frequency of 8 students are belong
to independent level.
Table 2: Students’ Reading Profile
Reading Level Frequency Percent
80-100% - Independent 8 6.2
59-79% - Instructional 68 52.3
Below 58 - Frustration 54 41.5
Total 130 100.0

II. Students Attendance and Average Grade

Table three below shows the mean average and the standard deviation of students
attendance. A total of 98.16 mean of students attendance with standard deviation of 2.14.
Table 3: Students’ Attendance
Mean Standard Deviation
Students’ Attendance
98.1692 2.14635

(n= 130 )

Table four displays the distribution of student attendance, it shows that most of
the students got the perfect attendance with a total frequency of 58 and gain 44.6%. we
can see that 96-99% attendance is not far from the perfect attendance, there is a total of
43.8%. One and .8% is belong to 81-85 attendance.
Table 4: Distribution of Students’ Attendance
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Attendance Frequency Percent

100% Perfect Attendance 58 44.6
96-99% Attendance 57 43.8
91-95 % Attendance 14 10.8
86-90 % Attendance 1 .8
81-85 % Attendance - -
Below 85 Attendance - -
Total 130 100.0

Table five below shows the mean average and the standard deviation of students
average grade. A total of 80.87 mean and SD of 3.71.
Table 5: Students’ Average Grade
Mean Standard Deviation
Students’ Average Grade
80.8769 3.71883

(n= 130 )

Table six shows the Distribution of Students’ Average Grade. It shows that most
of the students are performing fairly satisfactorily which have a total of 40.8%. While
36.2% students are performing satisfactorily and only 23.1% are very satisfactory.
Table 6: Distribution of Students’ Average Grade
Average Grade
Equivalent in Percentage/ Description
Frequency Percent
90-100 (Outstanding) - -
85-89 (Very Satisfactory) 30 23.1
80-84 (Satisfactory) 47 36.2
75-79 (Fairly Satisfactory) 53 40.8
Below 75 (Did not meet the expectations) - -
Total 130 100.0

III. Correlation Between Reading Status in Academic Performance and

Attendance of the Students
a. Correlation between reading status in academic performance

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Hypothesis: H0 – There is no significant relationship between reading status and

academic performance of the students.
Ha - There is a significant relationship between reading status and
academic performance of the students
Figure one is a scatter plot of Actual Reading Profile and Actual Average Grade. It
shows that the scatter plot of two variables are increasing so it means that it is going to
upward direction. It is also show a high positive relationships.
a c tu a l a v e ra g e o f re s p o n d e n ts

90.0

87.5

85.0

82.5

80.0

77.5

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

actual reading profile

Figure 1. Scatter plot of Reading Profile and Average Grade

Table seven displays that the correlation between reading status and academic
performance. The results shows that the both variables are not significantly correlated
with a high correlation, r= .622, n= 130, p < .05, two tailed. In other words we can accept
a null hypothesis in which there is a no significant relationship between reading status in
academic performance of the students.
Table 7: Test of Significant Relationship between reading status in academic
performance
Pearson Correlation (r) .622

Interpretation High Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) / p-value .000

(n) 130
Value of r Interpretation
+. 01 - + .19 Negligible correlation
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+. 20 - + .39 Low correlation

+. 40 - + .59 Moderate correlation
+. 60 - + .79 High correlation
+. 80 - + 1.00 Very High correlation

b. Correlation between reading status in attendance

Hypothesis: H0 – There is no significant relationship between reading status and
attendance of the students.
Ha - There is a significant relationship between reading status and
attendance of the students
Figure two is a scatter plot of Actual Reading Profile and Actual Attendance. It
shows that the scatter plot of two variables are increasing so it means that it is going to
upward direction.

100.0
a c tu a l a tte n d a n c e

97.5

95.0

92.5

90.0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90
actual reading profile

Figure 2. Scatter plot of Reading Profile and Attendace

Table eight, displays that the correlation between reading status and attendance.
The results shows that the both variables are not significantly correlated with a low
correlation, r= .295, n= 130, p < .05, two tailed. In other words we can accept a null
hypothesis in which there is a no significant relationship between reading status in
attendance of the students.
Table 8: Test of Significant Relationship between reading status in attendance

Pearson Correlation (r) .295

Interpretation Low correlation

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Sig. (2-tailed) / p-value .001

(n) 130
Value of r Interpretation
+. 01 - + .19 Negligible correlation
+. 20 - + .39 Low correlation
+. 40 - + .59 Moderate correlation
+. 60 - + .79 High correlation
+. 80 - + 1.00 Very High correlation

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Conclusions

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Recommendations

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References
Edited by: Paul J. LavrakasPublished: 2008

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n195

Frequency Distribution 
In: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods

https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijsimr/v3-i12/10.pdf
The Importance of Statistical Tools in Research Work *Dr. Kousar Jaha Begum1 Dr.
Azeez Ahmed2 , Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2015, PP 50-58

Edited by: Mike AllenPublished: 2017

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n99

- Less information
Online Publication Date: December 19, 2018
Correlation, Pearson

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Sources: Alvermann, D. E. & Montero, M. K. (2003). Literacy and Reading. In

Encyclopedia of Education (Vol.4, pp. 1513-1518). New York: Macmillan.
Sources: Cristobal, L. (2015). Literacy in the Philippines: The Stories behind the
Numbers

Fernandez, R.C. E. & Abocejo, F. T. (2014) Child Labor, Poverty and School Attendance:
Evidences from the Philippines by Region. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319505916_Child_Labor_Poverty_and_School
_Attendance_Evidences_from_the_Philippines_by_Region
Sparks, S. D. (2012)School Absences Translate to Lower Test Scores. Retrieved from
https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/12/12/14time.h32.html

READING PROFICIENCY LEVEL OF STUDENTS: BASIS FOR

READING INTERVENTION PROGRAM
Jimmy Rey O. Cabardo
Secondary School Teacher I/Part-Time College Instructor
Hagonoy National High School/Southeastern College of Padada, Inc.
E-mail: jimmyrey.phd@outlook.com

Article in SSRN Electronic Journal · January 2015 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2712237

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Appendix A

[Permission letter – if any]

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Appendix B
Researcher’s Biodata
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Relaipa A. Morohomadil
Home address: Block 1, Manatad, Poblacion, Pol.So.Cot
Date of Birth: February 22, 1997 2X2
Graduation Picture
Place of birth: Nuro Upi, Maguindanao
Father’s name: Pahlibe S. Maruhomadil
Mother’s name: Sulaica A. Maruhomadil

B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Notre Dame of Marbel University
Course & Major: MAED - Filipino
Secondary: Koronadal National Comprehensive High School
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato
(include recognition. Ex. Valedictorian)
Elementary: Notre Dame of Marbel University-IBED
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato
(include recognition. Ex. Valedictorian)
C. SEMINARS ATTENDED
Pansangay Seminar-Workshop sa Kritikal Sponsored by Department of Education,
na Buod ng K to 10 Kurikulum ng Division of south Cotabato
Baitang 8 at Pagbuo ng Angkop na (Villa Princessita, Koronadal City;
Kagamitang Pagtuturo sa Filipino September 25-27, 2019)
D. AFFILIATIONS
Organization Designation Inclusive Dates
Girl Scout of the Philippines Troop Leader 2017-2020
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