SSS

READING ERRORS OF GRADE 7 STUDENTS IN LORETO NATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL

A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

presented to the Senior High School Faculty
LORETO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, Loreto, Agusan del Sur

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Practical Research 2

Lozada, Julie-Ann F.
Deguma, Jasmine S.
Macoro, Diana L.
Vallenos, Yahna Asley C.
Loberiza, Ivy N.
Tabobo, Mike R.
Perez, Genard B.
Proponents

ARNOLD B. ABADIANO
Research Adviser

January 2024
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE..................................................................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND........................................................

1.1 Rationale...........................................................................................................................

1.2 Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework...........................................................................

1.3 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................

1.4 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................

1.5 Scope and Limitations...................................................................................................

1.6 Definition of Terms.........................................................................................................

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................................................

Chapter 3. METHODS................................................................................................................

3.1 Research Design.............................................................................................................

3.2 Participants of the Study...............................................................................................

3.3 Setting of the Study........................................................................................................

3.4 Research Instrument......................................................................................................

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure............................................................................................

3.6 Data Analysis...................................................................................................................

3.7 Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................

ii
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Rationale

Reading is critical skill that needs to be developed and practice

regularly by the student. Having struggle with reading may face challenges in

comprehending texts and may fall behind to student’s difficult to learn about

various subjects, concepts and ideas. The Programme for International

Student Assessment (PISA) Results from PISA 2018 revealed that reading is

among the areas that fifteenth-year-old students in the Philippines scored

lower than those in majority of the countries and economies that participated

in PISA 2018.

Globally, one third of 10-year-old are thought to be able to read and

comprehend a straight forward story. The remaining 64% up from 52% before

the pandemic, are unable to meet this benchmark for minimal skill in reading

comprehension. As world leaders Assemble in New York for the Transforming

Education Summit during the UN General Assembly, UNICEF issues a

warning about the global education crisis and the need for immediate action

(UNICEF 2022).

In the Philippines, one of the problems be setting the educational

system it that many Filipino children struggle with reading which is particularly

linked to low achievement results are further remarked to the poor

development of reading skills and among the learners. In 2019, the Southeast

Asia primary learning metric (SEA-PLM) reported that a percentage of Filipino

1
fifth graders performance exhibited least proficiency in three learning areas:

mathematics, writing and reading (Bernardo et Al.. , 2022).

According to DepEd (2019) the capacity to read is crucial to

children’s learning as is the growth of their literacy skills and active

participation in society. In order to gain knowledge and improve new learning

skills. The cornerstone of the potent tool of reading, which is to learn.

However, the Philippines shared a significant role of low performers

among all PISA-participating countries and economies. That is 80% of the

Filipino Students did not reach the minimum level of proficiency in reading.

Their poor scores in English, Mathematic and Science are attributed to the

students lack of ability in basic reading and comprehension. (Tomas,

M.J.L...,Villaros, E.T. and Galmon, 5. M.A, 2021).

According to a study conducted by the United Nations Children’s

Fund (UNICEF) in the Philippines, less than 15% of schoolchildren in the

country can read simple texts. The study also revealed that the perceived

challenges in reading among learners include: 1) no phonological awareness,

2) non-mastery of alphabet knowledge, 3) non-mastery of phonics, 4) poor

word recognition and vocabulary, 5) poor fluency skills, and 6) lack of

comprehension.

Although there were many studies conducted on secondary schools,

still there were no studies publish about the reading errors of Grade 7

students. In Loreto National High School, some students particularly those in

Grade 7 students reading difficulties and have low comprehension level. It is

for that reason that the researchers seek to determine the reading errors of

2
Grade 7 students in Loreto National High School. Thus, this study will be

conducted.

1.2 Theoretical Framework

Behaviorism was a dominant theory in the early 1900s and according

to the theory of behaviorism, errors represent a problem for learning. An error

means that an incorrect association has been made and will need to be

replaced with the correct association, making the learning process take

longer. Possibly for this reason, the American school system (among others)

tends to avoid errors during instruction. It seems ingrained in the culture that

students want to avoid making mistakes in the classroom. And this is contrary

to school systems in other cultures, such as Japan (2).Metcalfe, J. (2017)

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the reading errors of Grade 7 students in

Loreto National High School. Especially this study aims to answer the

following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of sex?

2. What are the reading errors of the respondents when grouped in terms of

sex?

3
3. Is there a significant difference in reading errors among Grade 7 students in

Loreto National High School when grouped in terms of sex?

Null/Alternative Hypothesis

Based on the problems above, the following null/alternative hypotheses

are made:

Ho1/Ha1: There is a significant difference on the frequency of reading

errors of male and female students.

Ho2/Ha2: There is no significant difference on the frequency of reading

errors of male and female students.

(Note: Null/Alternative Hypothesis section can only be written based on the

nature of your research problems)

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study may contribute in enhancing the awareness of how to

overcome and reduce in making reading errors in seventh grades students in

LNHS. Furthermore, it help the readers to understand about reading errors.

More specifically, this study shall be beneficial to the various group of

people:

Students: Students will be aware of their reading errors and they will

also understand how to get better at reading.

Teachers: They’ll be aware of their students’ reading errors and will

know how to assist them through developing reading intervention.

4
 Parents: They will be informed that their child is having problem in

terms of reading. In addition to providing reading materials and modeling

leisure-time reading in the home, parents can also help their children with

reading errors by providing immediate feedback and correcting errors right

away.

Future researcher: Future researcher can conduct studies on the

effectiveness of various teaching methods and strategies in addressing the

reading challenges of Filipino students. These studies can provide valuable

insights into effective teaching practices and interventions that can help

improve the reading skills of Filipino students.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study is a descriptive research focusing on the reading errors of

100 grade 7 students in Loreto National High School of the academic year

2023-2024. These students will be selected using simple random sampling.

The study delimits itself to the reading errors that they committed

while the oral reading is conducting the oral reading, it will analyze the types

of errors made, the frequency of error and any patterns that may be present.

This research will not include any other grade levels or schools. It will also not

include the identification of the level of comprehension.

5
1.6 Definition of Terms

Reading errors – refers to the mistakes in reading committed by the students

such a wrong pronunciation, repetition, insertion, substitution,

omission, reversal and ignoring small words or key words.

Wrong Pronunciation- is the act of pronouncing a word correctly.

Repetiton- is when a certain word, sentence or phrase is written more than

once in a reading text.

Insertion- when a reader adds a new word to the sentence while reading out

loud.

Omission- the reader will omit a word while reading out loud. This often

changes the meaning of the sentence.

Reversal- is when a child writes certain letters or numbers backwards or

upside down.

Ignoring Small words- som common synonyms of ignore are disregard,

forget, neglect, overlook, slight.

Substitution – refers to the process of replacing the word or phrase

Into another for making the words into a justificable one.

Grade 7 students – the first junior high school students is the seventh year of

formal or compulsory education. The children in grade 7 students

around 12-13 years old.

6
7
 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Reading is a process that is carried out and used by readers to obtain

messages which will be conveyed by the writer through the media of

words/written language. A process that demands that groups of words which

are a unity be seen in a glance, so that the meaning of individual words will be

know. If this is not fulfilled then the written and implied messages will not be

captured or understood and the reading process will not be carried out

properly. Reading is a way to get information from something written reading

involves the introduction of symbols that make up a language. From the

several definitions of reading that have been described above, it can be

concluded that reading is an activity that involves vision, memory, intelligence

and understanding to obtain information conveyed by the writer through.

(Hariyati and Syakur, 2018)

Multiple things can affect reading difficulty. Both internal and

environmental variables might have and impact on reading difficulties. The

physical students can provide insight on internal factors. Reading difficulties

might be influenced by physical frailty. The social environment and then

parents’ involvement in their children’s reading at home are the two most

significant external elements that can affect pupils’ reading challenges.

( Rohimah, S. 2021)

The different reading errors committed by the students are poor word

recognition, many struggling readers are unable to identify or recognize

words. They take long panses between words or hesitate when they meet an

8
unfamiliar words. Some of them employ word attack strategies yet others wait

for some assistance at that particular point in time. Mispronunciations,

oftentimes children mispronounce words when reading aloud. This can mean

that the material might be too difficult for them or it could be a simple case of

carelessness. Ignoring Small Words or Key Words, children who fail to

carefully note small words or key words are most likely to have problems with

comprehension. Substitutions/Insertions, some children either substitute or

insert information which changes the meaning of text significantly. Reversals,

in reading occurs when the reader confuses letters and words. For example, a

reader might confuse "p" and "q", "was" for "saw" and "cat and dog" for "dog

and cat" in reading.

Watson (2018) describe the following mistakes committed by the

students (1) Fix. A correction is a mistake the students fixes to make sense of

the statement. (2) Insertion. a child's insertion(s) are words not in the text. (3)

Omission - During oral reading, the learner omits a keyword. Omitting words

may reduce visal tracking. (4) Repetition. The student repeats the text.

Repetition may signal a tough text. (5) Reversal - A youngster reverses print

or words ( from instead of form, etc.). Beware of ambiguity. High - frequency

words reverse for young readers. (6) Substitute. A child substitutes a word

that may or may not make sense.

Males are disproportionately more likely than girls to experience

reading difficulties. Regardless of the method of identification, reading test,

publication year, or participant age, men were 1.83 times more likely than

women to be classified as having a reading difficulty. (Quinn, J. M. 2018)

9
 Reading errors can also affect reading comprehension. The stress and

discouragement that might result from constantly making mistakes as a

reader can have a negative effect on their desire to read. This may result in

less frequent reading and a general decline in reading skills. Reading

mistakes can significantly affect reading comprehension. They can lower

motivation, accuracy, and fluency, making it harder to comprehend and

analyze written information. It's crucial to work on reducing reading errors and

creating tactics to increase accuracy and fluency if you want to increase

reading comprehension. ( American Psychological Association, 2017)

In summary, reading is a multifaceted activity that requires the

integration of vision, memory, intelligence, and understanding to effectively

extract information conveyed by the writer. It emphasizes that reading

difficulty is a result of a combination of internal factors, including the social

environment and parental engagement in children's reading. Watson's

observations highlight various type of mistakes that students may make

during reading, providing insights into potential challenges in comprehension

and language processing. It underscores a consistent tend of highest

prevalence of reading difficulties among males, regardless of the specific

parameter considered in the research conducted by Quinn(2018). Lastly, the

importance of addressing reading errors to enhance reading comprehension,

emphasizing the need to reduce mistakes and implement strategies to

improve accuracy and fluency.

10
 Chapter 3

METHODS

3.1 Research Design

This research will be conducted using descriptive quantitative

method.A descriptive quantitative design is a method that is characterized by

its suitability in collecting quantifiable data for statistical analysis of a sample

of a population (Siedecki, 2020). This research design is suitable for this study

since this research aims to describe and quantify the types and frequency of

reading errors made by Grade 7 students.

3.2 Participants of the Study

The participants of the study are the grade 7 students from LNHS in

a school year 2023-2024. The researchers choose the grade 7 as participants

because they are typically around the age of 12-13, a stage of development

marked by cognitive and emotional changes. There are a lot of students in

grade 7 junior high school students who are facing reading difficulties. The

researchers will use simple random sampling, first the researchers will define

the entire population of grade 7 students of LNHS then the researchers will

create a comprehensive list of all grade 7 students within the define

population. The researchers will get the entire population of the grade 7

students.

3.3 Setting of the Study

11
 This study will be conducted in Loreto National High School a public

school located in zone 5. Poblacion, Loreto, Agusan del Sur, Philippines.

Loreto National High School has a 1000 plus students and majority of this has

difficulties in terms of reading , especially the grade 7 student. This school

was chosen because the researcher aimed to identify the difficulties that

grade seven students face in reading of english curriculum.

3.4 Research Instrument

This study will utilize the secondary source of data from the school

through the Phil-IRI . The used reading tool will be utilized of the researchers

to assess the frequency of reading errors made br grade 7 students . This

reading tool was used by the teachers during reading activities that has been

done. The researchers will systematically analyze and track the types and

frequency of reading errors committed by the students during reading

activities through that reading tool.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The data of this study will be gathered from the existing school record

of the Philippines informal reading inventory (PHIL-IRI). The researchers will

seek the principal's approval to give access to the records through the school

reading coordinator. After obtaining the data from the coordinator we will

review and analyze the information to understand it's relevance. We will

12
organize and validate the data for us to check if it is reliable to utilize for the

study's analysis and identification of reading errors of grade 7 students.

3.6 Data Analysis

This study use the following statistical tools to analyze the data.

Frequency distribution. This statistics tool will be use to present the profile of

the students in terms of the reading profile,this tool will also be use to present

the frequent errors committed by the students. Making a frequently distribution

table helps us organize data into an easy-to-read chart. It works best with

data that describes how often various outcomes occur in a data set. The

horizontal (or x-axis) represents the profile of the students in terms of the

reading profile and the vertical axis (y-axis) represents the number or frequent

errors committed by the students. Plotting a frequency distribution helps us

see what reading errors are typical committed by the students in terms of sex.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

The researchers will we the secondary source of data from the school

for the study. The seek researchers a permission first to the principal through

a signed letter of request.

In handling the data, adequate level of confidentiality will be

ensured. Any form of misleading information as well as representation of

primary data findings in a biased way will be avoided. On the other hand,

maintaining the highest level of objectivity in discussions and analysis

13
throughout the research will be considered. Furthermore, affiliations in any

forms, source of findings, as well as possible conflicts of interest will be

declared. Lastly, any type of communication to this action research will be

done with honesty and transparency.

REFERENCES

Bernardo, A. S. (2017). Philippine English in the ESL classroom: A much

closer look. Philippine ESL Journal, 19(2),117-114

Hariyati, N. R., & Syakur, A. (2018). Penerapan Strategi Membaca Kritis di

Akademi Farmasi Surabaya untuk Menunjang Kecakapan Literasi Menuju Era
Revolusi Industri 4.0. In Seminar National Edusaintek.

Metcalfe, J. (2017). Learning from errors. Annual review of psychology, 68,

465-489.

Quinn, J. M. (2018). Differential identification of females and males with

reading difficulties: A meta-analysis. Reading and Writing, 31, 1039-1061.

Rohimah, S. (2021). Reading difficulties and factors affecting reading

difficulties of students of grade 1 elementary school. LADU: Journal of
Languages and Education, 1(5), 189-195.

Tomas, M. J. L., Villaros, E. T., & Galman, S. M. A. (2021). The perceived

challenges in reading of learners: Basis for school reading programs. Open
Journal of Social Sciences, 9(5), 107-122.

Watson. S. (2019, July 7) Miscue analysis for diagnosing reading skills.

ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/miscue-analysis-for-diagnosing -
reading-difficulties-3111062

14