Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE Association, Inc.: Standards of Expansion Joint Manufacturers
THE Association, Inc.: Standards of Expansion Joint Manufacturers
~E J M;...:..,.IA
FOREWO RD
Since 1958. when the Expans10n J0 ll11 Manu lacturcr" s Assoc iation (EJMATM ) first publi shed these Standards.
continuing technologica l improvemen ts in the application and design of Expansion Joi nts have been reported
through the cooperat ive e fforts of its assoc iation members by expanding the scope and con tClH of Ihis pub lication .
founded three years earlier in 1955.lhc Expansion Jo illl Manufac turer's Association began wim a group of
companies ex perienced inlhc application. design. and fabrication of Expansion Joints. T he firs t EJMATM
Standard edit ion was. of necessity. somewhat brief a nd covered only applications in vo lving ax ial movement. But
as research and extensive tcsti ng res uhs werc catalogued. more detailed design data has been included in thc
EJMA T\I Sta ndard. Thc EJMA ™ Standards are intcnded for application to mctallic bellows expansion jo ints
h:lVi ng only thc convolution shapes s hown in thc S tandards and ha ving convolution welds onl y in the meridional
direction with the exception of the bellows anach ment welds.
The EJMATM Technical Committee is ded icated to continuously improving the utility and tec hnical content of the
Standards. Suggest ions an d comments fro m industry uscrs are welcomed and s hou ld he forwarded to the
Secretary of this Association in w riting.
It is imponant to note that the EJMATM Standard is a trade association document containing recommendations for
application of expansion joint products and in-depth tcchnical infonnation for usc in design ing expans ion join t
products. It is not a manufacturing standard or a q uality ass urance document. The type of non-destructive
examinat ion and the extent ofqua li ry assurance test ing to be applied to given prod uct sho uld be addressed by
o ther documents such as the ASME 8 3 1.3 Piping Code. the ASME Pressure Vessel Code or another user
provided s peci fication . The Standard docs not limit or dictate thc manufacturing process to be lIscd for
cons truc tio n of expansion joints. no r docs it estab lis h spccific engi neering requ irements deemed necessary for the
!wfe application. design and manufacture of Expansion Joints. If there is a strong preference for a eenain type o f
manufacturing process. the user s hould provide this infonnation. Industry users arc cautioned that these
Standards s hould not be considered as a design handbook. and must not replace sound enginceringjudgment.
educat ion and experience.
As o f this writing, the EJMA ™ Standard thoroughly covers the design of expa nsion joint bellows elements.
However. the Standard docs nOi cover the design of hardware associated w ith res tra int of pressure thrust.
Press ure thrust restraint hardware is as imponant as the bellows element in the design and fabrication of an
ex pansion joint assembly. Users a re strongly advised to ob tain doc umented design res ults for bellows clemen ts
and pressure thrust restraint hardware for any cri tical application.
Co pyright 1958, 1962, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2U05, 20U8
EXPANSION JOINT MA UFACTURERS ASSOCIATlON.INC.
All ri ghts reserved. This book or any pan thereof may not be reproduced in any fonn without wri tten
penn ISS ion of the Expa nsion Joint ManufaclUrers Assoc iation. Inc.
The speci fi cation sheets constituting Append ix A arc not covered by any copyright restrictions and may
be freel y reproduced tlnd utilized by purchascrs of this Standards manual.
MEMBERSlllP LIST
EXPANSION JOINT ~lANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
CONTENTS
Sectio n Pa ge
Foreword ii
1\lembenhip of [J IA. ........................................................................................................................ ................... ...... iii
Current Technical Conlnlittec ~ I embers ......... ,......................................................................... ................... .............. iii
2.5 Applications Usin g Uni" ersal Expansion Joints ...................................... ......................................................... 2-8
2.6 Applic:ltions Usi ng Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints ................................................................................ 2~12
2.7 Applications Using Hinged Expa nsion Joints ................................................................................................... 2~15
2.8 Ca lculation of Angular H.otat ion in a 3 Hinge Piping Systt"111 ......................................................................... 2-20
2.9 Applicatio ns t;sing G imba l Expansion Joints .................................................................................................. 2~22
SECTION 6 - Q UA LITY ASSU RANCE AND BELLOWS FORMING METHODS (co ntinued)
6. 16 l\INhods of Forming l\ l etal Bellon s .................................................................................................................. 6-'
6. 16. 1 Elastonleric Fornling .... ................................................................................. .............. ........................... 6-4
6. 16.2 Expansion (Expanding l\landrel) Forming ............ ............................................................................... 6-5
6.16.3 t-Iydraulic Fornling ... _.................. ............................................................................ ............................... 6-5
6. 16.4 Pneumatic Tube Fo rlning ......................... .............................................................................................. 6-6
6. 16.5 Rolled Co n'·oluted S heet ........................................................................................................................ 6-6
6. 16.6 Ro ll Fornling .........•.........•........•.............................................................................................................. 6-7
6. 16.7 Rolled Rin g .............................................................................................................................................. 6-7
6.1 6.8 Press- Brake Fornling .............................................................................................................................. 6-8
6. 16.9 Co mbined Forming ......... ....................... ....... ............ ....... .................. ..................................................... 6-8
6.17 Fabrication Tolerances ......... .............................................................................................................................. 6-9
APPEND ICES
Append ix A Standard Expansion Joint Specification Sheets
Appendix 8 Ke~' to Sy mbols Used
Appendix C Circular and Rectangular 1\lo\'f'lIJent. Force a nd J\)omcnt Equations
Appendix 0 Conl"l'rsion Facton and References
Appendix £ Preparation ofTechnical lnqui ri('s
Appendh F 8('1I0\\ s Fatigue T('st Requin'ments
Appendix C 8ellows High Temperature Cycl(' Uf('
Appendix II Angular Rotation About Om' End
Appendix I Tab ulated Values for Cp • C, . Cd' BI' B~. and BJ
Appendix J Examples
Round Ex pa nsion Joints. Forces. and J\l ovelne nts....................................................................................... J-I
I Si ngle Expansion Joint subjected 10 axial mo\ (,OH' nl ............................................................................... J-2
2 S ingle [xpnnsion Joint s ubj('ct('d to axial and I:Hcralmo\ ement ............................................................ J-I
3 Si ng le Expansion Join t with tie rods subjected to axial and lateral movement ...................................... J -7
4 Tied Unil'ersa l Expansion Joinl subject('d to lateralmo"(, IlI('nt in two planes....................................... J -IO
5 Univ('r sal pressure balanced Expansion J oint located betwee n two pieces of
equipment wilh move ment s at end points ........................................................................ J-14
6 Single Expansion Joint. attached to vessel nonle. s ubjected to uia l a nd latcralmo,'e menl ............... J - 19
7 Cn lculatioll of Angular ROlation in a 3 hinge piping s~·stellJ.................................................................... J -B
8 T hree (3) hinge [:\ pans ion Joint s~ste nl ................................................................................................... J-25
9 8ello\\s [quhalent I\ lo\,emcnl per COli' olulion ....................................................................................... J-28
10 R('ctangular Expans ion Join t J\IO\enlents .... ..................................... ................... .........................:......... J-31
II Calculation for a Stra ight Run of Pil)e Contain ing an A:\ ial Expa nsion Joint ..................................... J-35
TABLES
Table I Recommended Identification Data Required for Bellows subjected 10 OeslructiH Test.s... .... .......... 7-6
Table II Conlpollent Design Stress limits ........................................................................................................... 9-6
Table III Shape Factors ................................................................................... .................................................. ..... 9-8
Table IV Thermal Expansion of Pipe in Inches p('r 100 Feet .............•................•............................................... 0-12
Table \' Moduli of Elastici~ of Common I) Used Bello\\s Materials ................................................................ O-I~
w\\ \\ .eJma.org "!,' E. . p:msion Joint Manufac turers Assoc iation. Inc. IX
Thi s page intentionall y blank.
CONTROL RODS
Devices, usually in the fonn of rods or bars. attached to the Expansion Joint assembly whose
primary function is to distribute the movement between the two bellows of a universal Expansion
Joint. Control rods are not designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust.
CONVOLUTION
The smallest fle xible unit of a bellows. The total movement capac ity of a bellows is proportional
to the number ofconvolutions.
COVER
A device used to provide limited protection of the exterior surface of the bellows of an expansion
joint from foreign objects or mechanical damage. A cover is sometimes referred to as a sh roud.
DIRECTIONAL ANCHOR
A directional or sliding anchor is one which is designed to absorb loading in one direction while
pemljning motion in another. It may be either a main or intemlediate anchor. depending upon the
application involved. When designed for the purpose. a directional anchor may also function as a
pipe alignment guide. [n the design ofa directional anchor. an effort shou ld be made to minimize
the friction between its moving or sliding parts, since this will reduce the loading on the piping and
equipment and insure proper functioning of the anchor.
A hinged Ex pansion Joint contains one bellows and is designed to permit angu lar rotation in one
plane only by the use of a pair of pin s through hinge plates attached to the Expansion Joint ends.
The hinges and hinge pins must be designed to restrai n the thrust of th e Expa nsion Joint due to
intema l pressure and extraneous forces. where app li cable. Hi nged Expans ion Joints shou ld be used
in sets of two or three to fu nction properly.
I N-LI NE PRESSU RE BA L ANCE D EX PANS ION JOI NT
An in-li ne pressure ba lan ced Expan sio n Joint is des igned to absorb ax ial movement and/or lateral
defl ection wh il e restraining the press ure thrust by means of tie devices interconnecti ng the li ne
bellows with ou tboard co mpensating bellows also subjected to line pressure. Each bellows set is
designed to absorb the axial movement and usually the line be llows will absorb the lateral
defl ection . This type of Expansion Jo int is used in a straight run of piping.
INTERMEDIATE ANCHOR
A n intermediate anchor is one whi ch must \vithstand the bellows thrust due to fl ow. spring forces.
and all other piping loads. but nO( the thrust due [0 pressure.
An illtennediate anchor base for connection to the anchor structure can be fu mi shed as an integral
part of a single o r doub le Expansion Joint, if desired . The Expansion Joi nt manufacturer must be
advised of the magninlde and direc tion of a ll forces and moments which w ill be imposed upon the
~tI1 (; hor base, so that it can be adequate ly des igned to suit the specific application.
A main anchor base for connect ion to Ihe anchor structure can be furnished as an in tegral pan ofa
single or double Expans ion Joi nt. if desired. The Expansion Joint manufacturer must be advised of
the magnitude and direction of all forces and moments wh ich will be imposed upon the anchor
base, so that it can be adequately designed to su it the spec ifi c applicalion.
MOTION LNDICATORS
Devices attached to an Expansion Joinl for the purpose of indicating the movemelll of the
Expansion Joint. These devices are useful in determining if the piping system is behaving as
planned and if the actual movements being imposed upon the bellows are within the limits of the
original design criteria. An example of motion indicators used on hinge or gimbal hardware is an
indicator attached to the hinge pin with an angular sca le attached to the hinge aml. This allows one
to quickJy detemline the ex lent of angular offset.
Another common example of motion indicators is found on sloned hinge assemblies. Wi th the
hinge pin used as an indicator. pemlanent marks are scribed upon the hinge hardware to record the
o riginal co ld position. The relative distance between the pin and the cold position mark can then be
used to deternline the movements imposed upon [he bellows.
PANTOGRA PH LINKAGES
A st.:issurs-l ikt: lkvice. A spt.."Cial form of comrol rod attached 10 the ex pansion joim assembly
whose primary function is to positively distribute the move menl equa lly between the two be ll ows
of the universal join! throughout its full range of movement. Pantograph linkages. like control
rods. are not designed to restrain pressure thrust.
PIPE ALIGNMENT GUI DE
A pipe al ignment gu ide is a foml offramcwork fastened to some rigid pan of the installati on
which pennits the pipe line to move freely only along the axi s of the pipe. For further infomlalion.
see the definition of planar pipe guide below.
PIPE SECTION
A pipe section is that porti on ofa pipeline between two anchors . Al l dimensional changes in a pipe
section mUSt be absorbed between these two anc hors.
PLANA R PIP E GU ID E
A planar pipe guide penn its transverse movement a nd/or bcnding of Ihe pipeline in one plane. It is
commonly used in applications involving lateral deflection or angular rotation resulting from "L"
or "Z" sha ped piping configurations.
PRESS RE BALANCE D EXPANSION JOI 'T
A pressure ba lanced Expansion Joint is designed to absorb axial movement and/or la teral
de fl ect ion wh ile restrain ing the pressure thrust by means of tie devices inter-connecting the fl ow
be ll ows wi th an opposed bellows also subjected ro line pressure.
PURGE CO 'NECTIONS
Purge connections. where required, are usually installed al the sealed end of each imernal s leeve of
an expansion joint for the purpose of injecting a liquid or gas between the bellows and the in ternal
sleeve to keep the area clear of erosive and corrosive media and/or so lids that cou ld pack the
convo lut ions. Purging may be co ntinuous, intenn inent or just on sta rt -up or shut down , as
required . These are sometimes c.al lcd aeration connections.
RATED MOV EMENT
The maximum amount of movement (ax ial extension. axia l compression. latera l deflec tion .
angu lar rotarion. or a ny combinati on thereat) which an Expansion Joint is capable of absorbing.
This rating may be different for each size. type and make of Ex pans ion Join! and is established by
the manufacturer.
SHIPPI NG DEVI CES
Rigid support devices installed on an expansion joi nt to maintain the overall length of the
assembly for shipment. These devices may also be used to precompress. pre-extend or laterall y
offset thc bellows. See Section 8.2. They should not be used to resist pressure thmst durin g testing.
SING L E EXPANS I ON JOI NT
The si mplest foml of Expansion Joint. of single be llows construction. for the purpose of absorb ing
a ny combi nation of the three basic movements of the pipe section in which it is installed.
A,. = Bellows effect ive area . corresponding to the mea n diameter of th e convo lutions of the
Expansion Joi nt (in. 2 ).
If(DJ'
4
AI= Cross sectional mcmi area of one reinforcement fastener (in. 2).
A" = Internal area of pipe (in. ~ ).
Ar - C ru!:os st:l.:liunal metal area of o ne bellows reinforc ing member (in. ~ ).
AI(' = Cross sect ional mctal area of one langent collar (in. 1 ),
8, Factor used in specific design calculations to rela te toroida l bellows convolut ion segment
behavior 10 a simpl e strip bea m.
B) = Facto r used in spec ific design ca lculations to re late toroida l bellows convolution segmenl
behavior 10 a simp le strip beam.
8J Factor used in specific design calculations to rela te toroidal bellows convol ution segment
behavior to a simpl e strip beam.
Cu = 2.0 when tange nt is full y supp0rled against the pressure.
1.5 when tange nt is not fu ll y supported aga insl lhe pressure .
C,. = Factor used to account for curvature of tangent co llar.
= - 0.2431 + 0.016811, + 0.302411;
CII = Factor used in spec ific des ign calcul at ions to re late U-shaped be ll ows convol ution segment
behavior to a simple strip beam.
e, = Factor used in specific design calculations to relate U-shaped bellows convolut ion segment
behavior lO a simple stri p beam.
Cm = Material strength factor at temperatures below the creep range.
= 1.5 for bellows in the annealed conditi on (without cold work ).
= 1.5 Y.m( 1.5 mi n., 3.0 max .) for be ll ows in the as- fo nned condi tion (w ith cold work) .
Cp = Factor used in spec ific design calcul ations to re late U-shaped be ll ows convo lution segment
be hav ior to a simple strip beam.
Cr = Convo lution height factor.
c" = Long itudinal weldjoillt efficiency factor from applicable code. Subscripts b. c, f . p and
rdenote the bellows. reinforce ment co llar. fastener. pipe. and reinforc ing ring material,
respectively.
Co Column instability press ure reduct ion factor based on initial angular rotation .
0.1 157°" if 110 concurrent lateral deflection is present.
1 if concurrent lateral deflect ion is present.
Dh = Inside diameter of cylindrical tangent and bellows convoluti ons (in.).
D( Mean diameter of bellows tangent reinforcing co ll ar (in.).
D,. + 2m + I ,.
0; Pipe inside diameter (in.).
Dm Mean diameter of bellows convolutions (i n.).
DIo +U'+11f for"U'·profile .
Dr = Mean diameter of reinforcing ring (in.).
E = Modulus of Elasticity at design temperature, unless otherwise specified, for material (psi.).
Subscripts b, c. f, p and r denote the bellows, reinforcement collar, fastener, pipe and
rt:i nfun.: illg ring lIIalt:l-iai , n::!:Ipt:clivdy.
F = Axia l force req uired 10 move a single convo lution axially the amount of e, (Ibs.).
Fu = Axial force at the end oflhe convo luted lengt h of an Expansion Joint resulting from axial
deflection x (lbs.).
F<: =' Ax ial force per tangent collar gusset (Ibs.).
_1- [0.25;r(D", 1 _ Dn ~ )p + e,./". ] below the creep range.
",
0.25lfP(Dm--
' D,,-, ).111 tle
I creep range.
11~
1(2".-'1)' .]
N ~8 + 0.4'11(".- 0.2'1)- for "U" profile.
[
N
1(U'-2,.
III
)' ,j4(u·-2,. )'+ ('1- 4 ,.)'
12
'" WI +1.61"1(11"-0.71"
m
'J
r for "V" profile.
[ III
~~[:J
K, = Fomling method factor.
1 fo r expanding mandrel o r roll faml ing.
0.6 for hydraulic. elaslOmeri c. o r pneumatic tube fo rmi ng.
= J,
N
KI/ = Factor es tablishi ng relatio nship between eq uivalent axia l displace ment per convo luti on due
10 latera l deflect io n and the rati o Lu 1(2L,,).
Kllm = Factor fo r detemlining the mo ment reaction fo r a un iversal ex pansio n j o int with angu lar
rota ti on about O ll i! end .
00
. 123+1 ' 958R
" """
2.9359 + Ru 115~~
K"o Factor for detcmlin ing the moment and equivalen l axial movement for a un iversal expansion
joint with angular rotation about onc end.
-0.6042 + 2R 1.15911
. Kin' =
039
. 14+R ."
"S911
Factor fo r detennini ng the lateral force for a universa l ex pansion joint with angular rotation
aOOUi one end.
,
0.7713(1.2876)' R. '''''''
K tl Angular rotation internal pressure effect factor.
e(lCp
if Co < I
e.C" +0.15'1;;
= I if Co = I
R = Ratio of the internal pressure force resisted by the bellows to the internal pressure force
resisted by the reinforcement. Use RI or R~ as designated in the eq uation s.
. ., . A E,
= R, for mtc!!ral remlorc1I1g members = - ' -
~ A,. Er
jf,
1 ~
p
1 -
D.
1For rectangular expansion join! rails.
\' = Velocity of media flow (ft .lsec.).
U' = Convolution heighl (see Figure 4.19 and 5.9) (in.).
x = Applied axial movement in compression or extension (in.) .
The major pieces of connec ted equipment such as turbines. pumps. compressors. heat
exchangers, reactors. and similar devices can be considered as anchors in most application s. It is
usually necessary to supplement these equipment anchor points by locating additional anchors at
valves. at changes in the direction of the pipe. at blind ends of pipe and at major branch
connections. It is generally advisable to start out with the assumption that the use of single and
double Ex pansion Joints in straight axial movement wi ll provide the sim plest and most
economical layout. unless there are obvio us advantages to be gained from another approach.
After the anchor points have been tentativel y located. the resulting pipe configurations should be
reviewed to detennine whether they conform 10 the standard pipe sections shown in Sections 2.2
and 2.10. At this point. cons ideration shou ld be given to the relative merits of systems utilizing
si ngle and double Expansion Joints for axial movement only. as opposed to those.utilizing
universal. pressure balanced. hinged and gimbal Expansion Joints. A final decision on anchor
locations and the types of Expansion Joints to be used can only be made after a comparison of
various alternative solutions. Cost. the ability 10 comp ly w ith cyclic life and force req uirements.
space restrictions, and similar items should be considered.
The next step is to calcu late the actual change in length of each leg of each individual pipe
sect ion due to temperature changes. The minimum and installation temperatures are assumed to
be 70° F unless otherwise specified. An allowance, added by the system designer. should then
be included in the actual calculated movements to account for the following possibilities:
(a) The minimum and/or installation temperatures used in the design calculations may
have been based on the erroneous assumption that the metal temperature of the pipe
is the sa me as the ambient temperature.
(b) During erection of the piping. it may be necessary to relocate some of the anchor
points because of construction problems encountered at the job si te.
(e) During operation the system may be subject to 3 different temperature range than the
designer anticipated. panicularly during stan-up.
MA
~IDIF-
MA
:~:~-G~:G~~--l GI G2
e
FIGURE 2.1
Figure 2.1 typifies good prac tice in the use of a single Expansion Joint to absorb ax ial pipe li ne
expansion. Note rhe use of one Expansion 10int between two mai n anchors (MA), the neamess of the
Expans ion Joint to an anchor, the closeness orthe fi rst al ignment guide (G 1), the spac ing between the
firsl alignment guide and the second a lignment guide (G2). and the spacing ofintenned iate gu ides (G)
along the ba lance of the line. See Figures 2.30 and 2.31 , and/or eq uation (2-7).
MA
- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
GI G2 G G
G G G2 GI IA MA
FIGURE 2.2
Figure 2.2 typ ifies good practice in the use ofa double Ex pansion Joim to absorb axial pipe line
expansion. ote the addition of the intemlediate anchor (IA) which, in conjunction with the two main
anchors. divides the pipe line into individual expanding sections, so that there is only one Expansion
Joint between any two anchors. Note also the closeness of the first alignment guide (G I ) to each
Expansion Joint, the spacing between the first a li gnment guide and the second alignment guide (G2)
and the spacing of inrennediare guides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. Sec Figures 2.30
and 2.31 and/or eq uation (2 -7).
1 " IG'
1 1GI
MA -
G G G2 GI --
GI G2 G G MA
FIGURE 2.3
FIgure 2.3 typifies good practice in th e use of Expansion 10 int s to absorb axial pipe line expansion in a
pipe line with a branch connection. The anchor al the j unction, which in this case is a tee. is a main
anchor (MA) designed to absorb the thrust fro m the Expansion Joint in the branch line. Note the
nearness of each Expansion 10int to an anchor. the closeness of each first alignment guide (G I). the
spac ing between the first alignment guide and the second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of
intermediate guides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. See Figures 1.30 and 2.3 1 and/or
equat ion (2-7).
MA
-- -- --
G G2 GI MA
-- -- --
GI G2 G
MA
FIGURE 2.4
Figure 2.4 typIfies good practice in the use of Expansion Joint s to absorb axial pipe line expansion in a
pipe line containing a reducer. The anchor at the reducer is a main anchor (MA) designed to absorb
the difference III the thrusts of the Expansion J01l1ts on each side of the reducer. l'ote the nearness of
each ExpanSIOn JOlllt to an anchor. the closeness of each first alignment guide (G I). the spacing
between the first align ment guide and the second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of intennediate
guides (G) along (he balance of each pipe section. See Figures 2.30 and 2.31 and:or equation (2-7).
M' G G 2>
~: -
- '" -;:,..::
F
G
--
G1 Gl
"'
FIGURE 2.5
Figure 2.5 shows the application ofa sing le Expansion Joi nt to a pipe line containing an offset.
It shou ld be noted that app li cations of thi s type arc not usuall y recolllmended and will pcrfonn
sati sfactoril y only within certain lim its. As in Figure 2.1. the line is provi ded wi th main anchors
at eac h end to absorb the pressure. movement loading, and guide fri ction. Where the line
conta ins an offset. thi s load must first be transmitted through the offset leg. resu hing in a
moment on the piping. Where the line size is smai L the offset appreciable, or where the pressure
and movemen t fo rces are relatively high, this configurati on may result in over-stressing, or
distortion of the piping and gu ides.
Note the nearness of the Expan sion Joint to an anchor (MA). the closeness of the first alignment
gu ide (G I). the spacing between the first alignment gu id e and the second alignment guide (G2)
and the spacing of intermediate guides (G) along the balance of the line. Guides should be
installed near both ends of the offset leg to minimi ze the effects of the bending moment on the
system. For spacing of other guides, see guide chart Figure 2.3 i , an(Vor equati on (2-7).
IA
FIGURE 2.6
Figure 2.6 typifies good practice in the use of a pressure balanced Expans ion Joinl to absorb
axial pipe line expansion. ote that the Expansion Joint is located at a change in direction of the
piping and that the elbow and the end of the pipe line are sec ured by internledi ate anchors. Since
the pressure thrust is absorbed by the Expansion J01l11 itself, and only the forces required to
deflect the Expansion Joim are imposed 011 the pipi ng. a minimum of guiding is required.
Frequently, directional gu iding adjacent to the Ex pansion Joint . as shown. may suffice. in long.
small-diameter pipe lines, add itiona l gu iding may be necessary.
-~x - - - ~-3-
-
- §liIlaa -
I' G G G G J'
- }I \_U
-
FI GURE 2.7
Fi gure 2.7 shows the use of an in-line pressure ba lanced Expansion Joints to absorb axial pipe
li ne movements in a long. straight piping run. By utilizing this arrangement the two anchors
s hown Hre relieveci of pressure loading and are rle!o>igned as intennedia le anchors . Since the
piping is rel ieved of compressi ve pressure loading. a mi nimu m of guiding is req uired. primarily
to direct the thenna! expansion of the piping into the Expansion Joints in an ax ial direction.
MA C INE
--+--
I
IA
I
FI GU RE 2.8
Figure 1.8 typifies good practice in the use of a pressure balanced Expansion Joint to absorb the
thennal expansion of equipment such as nlrbines, pumps, compressors. etc. Tbe primary
fu nction of the Expansion Joint is [0 minimize loading upon the equipment casing. Note that only
an intennediate anchor is required at the change of piping direction and that, if the Expansion
Joint is located immediately adjacent to the machine. no guiding is required. Care should be
taken to provide suffic ient flexibility in both the flow be ll ows and the balancing bellows, so that
the forces required to compress the Expansion Joint do not exceed loading limits for the
equipment as es tablished by the equipmem manufacturer. See Section 2.6 for further
infomlation.
2.3 SE LE CTION FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION, ANGULAR ROTATION AND
COMBINED MOVEMENTS
The selection and proper app li cation of Expansion Joints for late ra! deflection. angular rotation
and combined movements. invol ves the evaluat ion of a number of va riables. These can include
the piping configuration, the operating conditions. desired cyclic life. load limitations upon
piping and equipment, and available su pponing structure. In some cases, two or more types of
Expansion Joints may be suitable for a particular application. The selection then becomes purely
an economic one. More frequently one or the other of the available designs possesses ul1Ique
characteristics which make il particularly suitab le for a given application.
'"
~ OM'
-- - -
Gl G2 G G G
MA
FI GU RE 2.9
The single Ex pansion Joint is usua ll y considered first for any application because it offers the
lowest Expansion Joint cost. Figure 2.9 shows a typica l application of a single Expansion Joint
absorbing combined ax ial movement and lateral deneclion . The system closely resembles the
arra ngements shown for axia l movement on ly in the preceding section.
The Expansion Joint is located at one end of the long piping leg with main anchors a l each end
and guides properl y spaced for both move ment control and protection of the pipin g against
buckl ing. The anchor al the len end oftbe line is a direct ional main anchor (DMA ) which. while
absorbing the ma in anchor loading in the direction of the Expansion Joint axi s, permits the
rhemlal expansion of th e short piping leg to act upon the Ex pansion Joint as latera l defl ection.
Beca use the main anchor load ing exists onl y in the piping segmcnI containing the expansion
joint. the anchor al the end of the shorter piping leg is an intennediate a nchor.
FIGURE 2.10
Figure 2.10 shows an alternate arrangemcm in which the Expansion Joint is installed in the shon
piping leg and the principal expansion is absorbed as lateral deflection. The longer piping leg is
free of compressive pressure loading and requires only an intemlcdiate anchor and direclional
guiding. The functions of the directional main anchor imd the pipe guide may be combined in a
single device .
m
~ IA
,
POSITION
FIGURE 2.1 I
IA
HOT POSITION
CENTERLINE
FIGURE 2.12
Fi gures 2.1 1 and 2.12 represent modifications of Figure 2.10 in which the main anchors at either
end of th e Expansion Joi nt are replaced by ti e rods. Where the piping confi guration penniLS, the
use af tie rods adj usted to prevent ax ial movemen t freq uently simplifies and reduces the cost of
the insta llation. Because of these tie rods, the Expansion Jo int is not capable of absorbing any
axial movement other than its own th emlal expansion. The thermal expansion of the pipi ng in
the shorter leg is. as a result. imposed as de fl ection on the longer piping leg. Where the longer
piping leg is not suffic ientl y fl exib le and where the di mension of the shorter leg is suitabl e. tie
rods may be installed spann ing the entire short leg so that no deflecti on is imposed on the longer
run from th is source.
Where apprec iable amounts of lateral deflecti on are Imposed upon the Ex pansion Joint. some
shortening of the Expansio n Joint resul ts from the di splacement of the tie rods as shown in
Figure 2.1 1. Care should be taken to insure that sufficient piping flexibility ex ists to absorb this
deflection and tha t adeq uate clearances are provided in the guide to permi t deflection of the
piping. The amo unt of thi s deflection can be minimized by cold springing the Expansion Jo int in
the latera l direction as shown in Figure 2. 12.
The principal restri ction upon the usc of single Expansio n Joints for lateral deflection or
combined axia l movement and lateral defl ection is the lim ited amount of lateral deflection whi ch
such an Ex pansion Joint can absorb. The allowa ble lateral de flection is direct ly proportiona l to
the ratio of convo luted length to diameter which. in turn. is restricted by considerations of
stabili ty and manufacturing li mitations. While eminently suitable fo r applications such as Figure
1.9 where the principal mOvement is axial. the re lative ly sma ll avai lable laleral movement
severely li mits the type of appl icati on illustrated in Figures 2.10. 2. 11 and 2.12. Where operating
pressures and tempeT3tures arc high. or where avail ability of suitable structures precludes the use
of main anchors and multiple g uides. the applicat ion shown in Fi gure 2.9 m~y no! be fe~sible and
another type of Expansion Joint may result in far morc economical installation.
,. PG
-E$(~1-
PG ,.
FIGURE 2.13
Figure 2.13 shows a tied universal Expansion Joint used to absorb lateral deflection in a single
plane "Z" bend. Where dimensionally feasible, the Expansion Joint should be designed to filllhe
entire offset leg so that its expansion is absorbed within the tie rods as axial movement. The tie
rod should be extended to the e lbow cenler line when practical. The thermal movement of the
horizomallines is absorbed as latera l deflection by the Expansion Joint.
Both anchors are intemlcdiarc anchors since the pressure loading is absorbed by the lie rods.
Only directional guiding is required since the compress ive load on the pipe consists only oflhe
force necessary to deflect the Expansion Joint. Any themlal expansion of the offset leg external
to the tie rods. such as that of the elbows at either end. must be absorbed by bending of the
horizontal pipe legs. Provision should be made in the design of the guides to allow for both this
deflection and the reduced length of the Expansion joint in its deflected position. In addition,
particularly in tbe case oflong universal Expansion Joints under high pressure, additional
allowance may be necessary to compensate for stretching of the tie rods under load. The
Expansion Joint manufacturer shou ld be consu hed for recommended minimum guide clearances.
FIGURE 2. 14
Fi gure 2.14 shows <l typical applicat ion of a tied universal Expansion Joint in a three-plane "Z"
bend. Since the uni versal Expansion Joint can absorb lateral deflection in any direction. the two
horizontal piping legs may lie at any angle in the horizontal plane.
T
PROCESS
VESSEL
PROCESS
VESSEL
I
FIGURE2.IS
In cases where a universal Expansion loint must absorb axial movement other than its own
themlal growth. il cannot function as a tied Expansion Juint and mllst be used in comb inati on
with main anchors to absorb pressure loading .
One slIch case is shown in Figure 1. 15. The relati ve expans ion between the two vessels results
in bo th axial movement and lateral defl ection on the Ex pan sion Joint. Both vesse ls must be
designed to absorb main anchor loading. Control rods or pantographic linkages may be used to
distribute the movement between the be ll ows and cont rol their movements.
Numerous variati ons are possible in the des ign of uni versa l Expansion Joims. Rods.
pantographic linkages. sloned hinges or extcmal structural members may be used in a horizontal
install ation. fo r exampl e. where il is desirable to support the center pipe section of tile Expansion
Joint independently of the be llows. In a single pl ane system. the rods may be replaced by I\VO
bars with pinned connections at either end ofthc Expansion Joint. This construction is so
common ly used that it has been given the standard nomencl ature of "Swing Fx pan ~ i o n Joint"_ In
some cases I\vo sets of short control rods. each set spanni ng one of the I\vO bell ows in the
universa l Expan sion Joint are used instead of thc overall rods shown in m ost of the illustra tions.
This arrangement is frequentl y used where the Expansion Joint must absorb ax ial movemel1l and
wh ere the control rods are used for conrrol and stability and not fo r absorpti on of pressure
loading. This can result when the uni versa l Expansion Joint is very long in re lation to its
diameter, or a large number of convoluri ons are used al each be llows of th e Expansion Joint. or
where the Expan sion Joint is subject to ex ternal forces.
It may be desirable to incorporate control devices in the Expansion Joint to pre\'cnt excessive
displacement of the be ll O\vs and the relatively free pipe section between them. Figures 2.16A
and 2.168 show 1\\'0 torms of conlro ls which may be used for thiS purpose. In Figure 2.16A.
short rods are used spanning each of rhe bellows in the Expansion Joint. Stops are provided on
the rods so that. once the Expansion Joint has reached irs rated lateral deflec tion. the stops will
be engaged by members rigidly fastened to the pipe ponions of the Expansion Joint.
Figure 2.168 shows a similar device adapted to an Expansion Joint with overall rods. The rod
stops are engaged by a plate or lug attached to the center pipe portion and movemenl of (hi s part
beyond its de sign deflection is restrained. in order to obtain maximum control from these
devices. the stops are usually oriented to lie in the plane of resultant movement of the Expansion
Joint. affording maximum leverage as well as greater sensitivity to small movement. Devices of
this nature are usually furnished by the manufacturer dependent upon the design characteristics
of the Expansion Joint.
Despite the versat ili ty of tile uni versal Expansion Joint, its use is sometimes precluded by the
configuration of the piping. the operating conditions or even by manufacturing and transportation
limitations. It may be undesirable or impossible to fabricate, sh ip to the job site and install a
unive rsal Expans ion Joint which would span the full length of the offsct where. for example. the
length of the offset leg in a "Z" bend is extremely long. When the Expansion Joint is very long in
relat'ion to its diameter. the nexibility of overall rods may reduce the effectiveness of the control
so that the. center pipe sec tion becomes unstable. Other types of Expansion Joints may ofTer a
more desirable solution when such limits are encountered.
2. 6 APPLICATI ONS US I NG PRESS URE BALANCE D EXPANSI ON JOI NT S
The pressure balanced Expansion Joint is used most frequent ly in applications similar to those
shown for the si ng le Expansion Joint. but where pressure loading upon piping or equipment is
considered excessive or objectionab le. The major adva ntage of the pressure balanced design is
its ability to absorb externally imposed axia l movement without imposing pressure loading on
the system. The force resulting from the bellows spring rate is not eliminated. In fact. it is
usua lly increased over that ofa single Expansion Joi nt. since both the flow bellows and the
balancing bellows must be compressed or elongated and the combined axial force acts upon the
piping or equipment. Since the forces to move the bellows are generally of a low order of
magnitude, these are usually not objectionable. except in cases involving extre mely light
equipment with c lose clearance moving part s which might be affected by small force s.
G 14
TURBINE
14
FIGURE 2.17
Figure 2.17 shows a typ ical application of a pressure balanced Expansion Joint for combined
axia l movement and lateral deflection. Both the anchor at the end of the piping run and thai on
the turbine are intenllcd iate anchors and only directional guiding is required. By proper design.
the guide directly above the turbine can be made to absorb the axial movement forces of the
Expansion Joint witho ut imposing these on the turbine. The only force Imposed on the turbine is
thai which is required to deflect the Expansion Joint laterali y.
IA
----- * --,-
TURBINE
FIGURE 2.18
Figure 2.18 shows another turbine application but. in this case. the anchor point of the turbine is
located some distance from (he Expansion Joint and the expansion of the tu rbine between its
anchor and the Expansion Joint is absorbed as lateral deflection. An intermediate anchor is used
at the cenler fitt ing of the Expansion Joint. Since the Expansion Joinl is located close to the
turbine. guiding be'"...een the turbine and Expansion Joint is not required.
-E-)IA.(
G
FIGURE 2.19
Figure 2.19 shows that a pressure balanced Expansion Joint can be used at changes in direction
other than 90 degrees. In this case, the growth of the longer piping run is absorbed as axial
movement on the Expansion Joint. while the thennal expansion of the offset piping run
Introduces both axial and lateral components or deflection on the Expansion Joint. Only
intemlediate anchors are required at the ends of the lines and directional guiding is used. The
guide on the offset run may be used to absorb the axial mo\ement forces of the Expansion Join!.
iflhe plpmg is not sufficiently stiff to transmit this directly 10 the intennediate anchor.
FIGURE 2.20
Figure 2.20 shows a common application for wh ich a pressure balanced Expansion Joint is well
su ited. Under vari ous process conditions, the vessel and the vertical pipe may expand at
differen t rates. By installing a pressure ba lanced Expansion Joint as shown. the differential
verti cal movement is absorbed as ax ial movement on the Expansion Joint and the thermal
ex pansion from th e center line of the process vessel to the piping is absorbed as lateral
defl ection . The piping may then be secured by an in tenncd iate anchor at the bottom and
furnished with a direct ional guide adj acent to the Expansion Joint.
In many cases. no external structure is avai labl e at the upper elevation of the process vessel and
the guide must be connected to the vessel itse lf. Using thi s alT3ngement may result in some
bending load upon the pipi ng. especiall y where the vessel is mil and is subject to wind loading
de fl ection or similar effects. Where the guide is attached to a rigid external structure. the
Expansion Joint must be designed to absorb wind loadin g deflection. and ot ber similar load ing.
as latera l deflecti on.
FIGURe 2.2 1
Where large amounts of lateral deflection are Invo lved. a pressure balanced universal Expansion
Joint must be used. In this design. two bellows are used in the flow end of the Expansion Joint
and a single bellows in th e balancing end. Nonna lly. as shown in Figure 2.2 1, the balancing
bellows will be s ubjected on ly to axial movement if the tie rods are properly designed to rOlate or
pivot at theiT attachment points.
In order for a pressure ba lanced Expansion Joint to function properly_ the pressure thrust
restrained by the tie rods must exceed the axialmovcmcnt forces of the Expansion Joint. In a
large diameter. low pressure applicarion. it may be impossible to utilize the pressure balanced
Expansion Joint 10 eliminate the pressure loading or. at best. the effect may be uncertain. In such
cases. some other Expansion Joint design must be considered. Pressure balanced Expansion
Joints are not recommended for use in services where the pressure equalizing connection
between the fl ow bellows and the balancing bellows may become plugged or blocked by the
flowing medium or by contaminants _ Where flow considerations pemliL rhis problem may be
overcome by the use of a tee as a center fitting of the Expansion Joint. rather than an e lbow. In
some cases. the pressure for the balancing end of the Expansion Joint has been introduced from a
separate pressure source. but thi s is considered somewhat hazardous. A control failure or even a
slow control response mighl result in partial or full pressure loading being imposed upon the
piping or equipment, thus overcoming the initia l reason for using the pressure balanced
Expansion Joint.
The pressure balanced Expansion Joint is used to relieve loads on equipment such as pumps,
compressors and turbines. In many cases, the cost of the pressure balanced Expansion Joint will
be negligible when compared to the cost of additional equipment. piping and building space
which would be necessary for safe functioning of the equipment without the Expansion Joint.
2.7 APPLICATIONS US ING I·IINGED EXPANSION JOINTS
Hinged Expansion Joints are usua lly used in sets of two or three. to absorb lateral deflection in
one or more directions in a single plane piping system. Each individual Expansion Joint in such
a system is restric ted to pure angular rotation by its hinges. Each pair of hinged Expansion
Joints. separated by a segmen t of piping, will act in unison to absorb latei'dl deflection in much
the same manner as a swing or universal Expansion Joint in a single plane application. For a
given angular rotation of the individual Expansion Joints. the amount oflateral deflection which
a pair of hinged Expansion Joints can absorb is directly proportional (Q the distance between
their hinge pins. In order to utilize the Expansion Joints most efficiently, thi s distance should be
made as large as possible.
Expansion Joint hinges are nonnally designed to absorb the full pressure thrust of the Expansion
Joint and may be designed to support the weight of piping and equipment. wind loads or similar
externally applied forces. Where such external forces are anticipated. their direction and
magnitude must be indicated to the Expansion Joint manufacturer so that the hinges can be
adequately designed to withstand these forces.
FIGURE 2.22
Figure 2.22 illustrates the use of a two-hinge system to absorb the major themlal expan sions in a
single-plane "Z" bend. Since the pressure thrust is absorbed by the hinges 011 the Expansi on
10ints. only intermed iate anchors arc required at each end of the piping syste m. The thennal
expa nsion of the offset section containing the Expansion 10ints must be absorbed by bending of
the piping legs perpendicular to that segment, si nce the Expansion 10ints are restTicted to pure
angu lar rotation by their hinges and ca nnot ex tend or compress. The amount of bend ing
deflection imposed on each of the two long piping legs may be controll ed by proper design of
guides and supports. Where one long leg is sufficiently flexibl e to absorb the fu ll thennal
growth of the offsct leg, the other long leg may bc controlled to pemlit longitudinal movement
only. The planar guides shown at the ends of the long piping runs near the e lbows are intended
to maintain the plane of the piping system only and mu st allow for the bending deflections of the
long piping legs. In calc ulating guide clearances, consideration shall be given to the fact that the
themlal expans ion of the offset piping leg containing the Expansion Joints will be partially offset
by the reduction in length resulting from the displacement of the center pipe sect ion. The latter
effect may be neglected only where the distance between hinge pins is very large and the lateral
displacement small. This effect can be minimi zed by cold springing the Expansion Joints 50%
of the full rated deflection.
Because of the ability of the hinges to transmit loads, support ofa hinged piping system can
frequent ly be simplifi ed. Assuming that Figure 2.22 is an elevation view and that the upper
piping leg is su fficiently flexible to absorb the total expansion of the vertical leg, it would be
possib le to use s liding supports on the lower horizontal run to support its weight and restrict it to
longitudinal movemen t only. By utilizing the rigidi ty of the hinges. a substantial portion of the
weight of the upper horizolltalleg may also be carried 0 11 these lower supports. It should be
noted that the slid ing supports nearest the vertical leg must be desib'11ed to resist the forc e
required to deflect the piping. Spring su pports must be lIsed throughout the length of the upper
horizontal leg w here bending occurs. Beyond that point, s liding supports may be used .
\ \
\ \
\ \
PG
\
\ \ pROCESS
\\ \ =
\
\.
FIGURE 2.23
In locating hinged Expansion Joints for more efficient use. it should be noted that the hinges
need not be co-linear in order to function properly. Figure 2.23 illustrates a two-hinge
Expansion Joint system similar 10 the pressure balanced Expansion Joint application of Figure
2.20. In this case, the Expansion Joi11ls will absorb only the differential vertical growth between
the vessel and pipe riser. Any horizontal movement due to piping expansion. vibration and wind
loads will be absorbed by bending of the vertical pipe leg. A planar guide may be installed near
the top of the vessel to protect the hinged Expansion Joints from wind loads at right angles 10 the
plane of the piping.
The anchor shown at the bottom of the riser is an intennediate anchor only. since the pressure
load is absorbed by the Expansion Join! binges. This anchor must be capable of withstanding the
forces created by bending of the riser. Depending upon the dimensions and weight of the piping
system, complete support may be obtained from the process vessel and from the intemlediate
anchor. If additional supports are required, spring type supports should be used. The vertical
piping may be cold spru ng to reduce bending stresses. utilizing the hinges to withstand the cold
spring force.
Where the piping in a sing le plane system is not sufficiently flexible to absorb the bending
deflections ilwolved in a two hinge system. or where the loads resulting from such bending
exceed the allowable limits for connected equipmenl. a system of three hinged Expansion Joints
may be used. Figure 2.2-t illustrates a system of three hinged Expansion Joints in a single plane
"Z" bend. The thennal expansion of the offset piping section is absorbed by tbe action of
Expansion Joints Band C. It is therefore evident that Expansion Joint B must be capable of
absorbing the total of the rotations of Expansion Joints A and C.
~';~~~'E»
CIA
FI GU RE 2.24
As in the previolls cases. the anchors al the ends of the piping system are in lemlcdialc anchors
only_ In this case. a ll de flection is absorbed by the Expansion Joints and negligible pipe bending
loads will be imposed upon these anchors. Where the distance between the anchor at the left and
the fi rst hi nged Expansion Joint C is large. a pipe guide should be insta ll ed adjacen t to the
Ex pansion 10int. as shown in Fi gure 2.24. This pipe guide w ill min imi ze bending of the pipe
section between Expansion 10i nt C and the left hand anchor which might otherwise result fro m
the momen t required to r Olate the Expansion Joint. One or morc add itiona l guides may be used to
maintain the plane 'Of the piping system and re li eve th e hinges of bending forces which may be
crea ted by externa l loads. Support of the piping system may be accom pli shed in various ways.
utili zing availab le support ing structures w ith greatcst effic iency. It is cssen tial that spring
supports be used to pen11it free move men t of the pipi ng between the Expansion Joints.
FI GU RE 2.25
Figure 2.25 illustrates the principle that systems of hinged Expansion Join ts may be used in other
than 90° bends. Only intermediate anchors and pl anar guides are required .
. .1t:rl~n.n------- ------
~fb,.\j_---------
EQUIPMENT
FIGURE 2.26
A hinged Expansion Joint system may be used effectively in applications involving movement
other than the pure thenna! growth of piping. Figure 2.26 illusrratcs an applica ti on combining
the thermal expansion of a piping system with the single plane movements of a piece of
connected equipment So long as all movements are restricted to a single plane, the behavior of
the Expansion Joint system is quite similar to that of the system shown in Figure 1.24. An
intenncdiate anchor is required alone end of the piping, while the equipment serves as an
intcnnediate anchor at the opposite end. The displacements of the equipment arc added to those
of tile piping to evalua te the movements of the Expansion Joims. Planar guide clearances in the
plane of the piping must be adequate to allow for the equipment movement as well as the piping
rotations.
Some advantages of hinged Expansion Joints are com pact size and structural rigidity. By the use
of these individual units, it is frequently possible to compensate for the thermal expansion of
irregular and complex piping configurations which might preclude the use of other types of
Expansion Joints. Because of the ability of the hinge structure to transmit loads. piping systems
containmg hinged Expansion Joints impose minimum forces on the pipe anchors. Such systems
may be su pported at \irtually any poim which does not interfere with the free movement of the
system.
(» "
~
..
®
FIGURE 2.27
G IVEN
fJ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ deg, L, = _ _ __ _ _ _ In ,
Ani!Jes
A' 8' C'
AI£I = LII +L -~.l _ _ _ _ _ _ 111.
£'C' = L, - 1."
in.
,.
'/'C'=[(A'£')'+(£'C')'J - = _ _ _ _ _ _ in.
,/ ' =rAN"[(£'C')]
('/'E')
0 '8' =(L.)(I+o) _ _ _ _ _ _ In .
,'
A'8' [
= (,I'D')' +(D'8')'J - _ _ _ _ _ In.
A' =r'/N',[(D'8')]
(,I'D')
8'C' =(L,)(I+o) _ _ _ _ _ _ In .
1: =
FIGUR E 2.2 8
Just as hinged Expan sion Joinls may offer great ad vantages in single pl ane appli cat ions, g imbal
or
Expan sion Jo ints are des igned 10 offer simil ar advantages in m ult i. pl anc systems. The ab ili ty
the gimbal Expan sion Joint to absorb angular rotation in any plan e is most frequently appli ed by
utili zing two such units 10 abso rb lateral de fl ection . An app lication of thi s type is shown in
Figure 2.28. Since the pressure loading is absorbed by the g imbal structure . intermedia te anchors
only are req uired. Pl anar guides are provided to restrict th e movement of each piping leg. As in
the case of hinged Ex pansion Joints. the locatio n of pi pe supports is simp li fi ed by the load
carrying abi lity o f the g imbal structure. Since. in a two gi mba l system. the growth of the vertic.. 1
pipe leg w ill be abso rbed by bendi ng of the long legs. spring supports (SS) may be req ui red on
either or bo th of these. G uides must be desig ned to a ll ow for the thermal expansion of the leg
containing the Expansion Jo ints and for the shorte ning of thi s leg due to defl ec tion.
Where it is impossible or undesirable for the piping to abso rb the g rowth of the o ffset leg. a
system cons isting of two g imbal and o ne hinged Expansion Jo int may be used as shown in
Figure 2.29. Tbe g imbal i:.xpan sion Joi nts fun ction in unison to absorb the combined movements
of the upper and lower legs. while the hinged Ex pansio n Jo int and the upper g imbal Ex pansio n
Joint act in combinatio n to absorb deflect ion of the offset leg. Since th e expansion o f the offset
leg takes place in one plane only. the use o f the simpler hinged Expan sion Jo in t is j usti fi ed.
. . . . . . :>-..,\
~~i)J
• 1"1
.....,u'j! ....
I
I
I
I
FIGURE 2.29
The advantages of using gimbal Expansion Joint systems are similar to those previously
mentioned for systems conlaining hinged Expansion Jo ints. Greater flexibility of usage is
possible since gimbal Expansion Joints arc not restricted to single plane systems.
2. 10 ANC HOR. GUIDE AN D SU PPORT REQ UIR EMENTS
2.10.1 PIPE A NCHORS
It is the purpose orany pipe anchor to divide a pipe line into individual expanding
sections. Since thennal growth ca nnot be restrained, it then becomes the funclion of pipe
anchors to limit and contro l the amount of movement which Expansion Joints. localed
between these anchors. must absorb.
Major pieces of connected equipment such as turbines. pumps, compressors. heal
exchangers, and reactors may function as anchors. The design of such equipment must
anticipate this loading. Additional pipe anchors are usually located at valves. at changes
in the direction of the pipe, at blind ends of pipe, and at major branch connections.
Expansion Join ts must be provided in each of the individual pipe sections to provide
adequate n~xibility. See Section 2.2 aDd 2.3 for typical Expansion Joint applications.
DO NOT INSTALL MOR.E THAN ONE "SINGLE" EXPANSION JOINT BETWEEN
THE TWO ADJACENT ANCHORS IN ANY STRAIGHT PIPE SECTIO '. Where
expansion loops are used in the sa me line with an Expansion Joint. the section of pipe
containing the loop must be isolated from the section containing the Expansion Joint by
means of anchors.
Pipe anchors. their anachment. and the structures to which they are attached must be
designed to withstand the forces acting upon them . Methods are given in the following
paragraphs for determining the major forces to which anchors are subjected. and it is on
the basis of these major forces that anchors are classified as intemlediate or main
anchors. The system designer must realize that additional indetemlinate forces can be
imposed on both intennediate and main anchors. All components of the anchor should be
designed to a conservative stress level.
Delemlil13tion of the magnitude of the major forces act ing on anchors as SCI forth in the
following paragraphs are forces acting ax ially. Consideration should also be given to
possible Ialcral force s in arriving at a su itable anchor design.
The difference in cost of an adequately and inadequately designed anchor is nominal at
installation. Anchor fa ilure can cause damage which is far more costly than that orlhe
more conservative design.
2.10. 1.1 INTE RM EDI ATE PIP E ANC HORS
An intermed iate pipe anchor must be designed to withstand the forces and
moments imposed upon it by each of the pipe sections to which it is attached.
These consist of the force s and/or mo men ts required to deflect the Expansion
Jo int o r Joints the full ra ted move ment and the fric ti ona l forces due to pipe
alignment guides, direct io nal anc hors and supports. Note that an intermediate
ancho r is not intended to w it hstand the pressure thrust. Th is force is absorbed by
other anchors, by devices on the Ex pans ion Joints such as lie rods, sw ing bars,
hinges. g imbals. and other hardware, or. as in the case of a double Expansion
Joint, is balanced by an equal pressure force acting in the opposite direction.
In certain appli cations. it may be necessary to consider th e weight of the pipe,
linings. insu lation and flowing medium. as well as va rious other forces and
momen ts such as those resulting from wind load ing or bend ing of one or more
pipe sections. The net loadi ng on the anchor can be calcu lated by a su mmation of
the moments about the anchor point and by the vector add ition ora ll forces ac ting
upon it.
2. 10. 1.1.1 CALCULAT ION OF INT ERM E DI ATE ANC HOR LOADS FOR
APP LI CATIONS INVOLV I NG STRAIGHT PIP E SECT IONS ONLY (Sec
Figure 2.2)
The force Fm requi red to extend or compress the Expa nsion Joint its fu ll rated
movement is a function of each manu fac turer's design and is affected by the
material , shape. depth and thickn ess of the be ll ows convol utions. This va lue
should be obtained fro m the manufac turer of the Expa nsion Joint under
considerat ion.
The frict ional force Fg due to pipe align ment guides is a fu nc tion of the
design and num ber of a li gn ment guides used in each pipe sec tion and should
be obtained from the manufacturer of the pipe alignment g uides under
consideration.
Assumi ng that the weight of the pipe line and it s contents is carri ed by
support s. the total force acting on the illlcnnediate anchor is then given by
the fonnula:
F/., (2-1 )
Where:
F ml The force required to extend or compress the Expansion Joi nt
located immediate ly to the right of ihe intermediate anchor in
Figure 2.2 ( Ibs.).
F.~I The frictional force in the pipe alignment guides installed on the
pipe section 10 the right of the intemlcdiate an chor in Figure 2.2
(Ibs.).
Fm~ = The force required to extend or compress the Expansion Joint
located immediately to the left of the intemlcdiate anchor in Figure
2.2 (Ibs.).
F g! = The frictional force in the pipe alignment guides installed on the
pipe section to the left of the intennediate anchor in Figure 2.2
(Ibs.).
If the pipe is the same diameter on both sides of the intermediate anchor. and
if the guides on both pipe sections are similar in number and design , Fm'! and
F~~ will be equa l to F,,,1 and F!:.l respectively. but oppos ite in sign. Thus. F,,,
will be equal 10 zero. Howeve r, it is possible that the pipe line may heat up
b'Tadually from one end, thereby causing one of the pipe sections to expand
before the other. It is, Lherefore. considered good pract ice to design the
intennediale anchor 10 resisl the forces exerted by one of the two pipe sec tions
(F,,, =F,.,l +F.t"l)·
2.10.1.1.2 CALCULATION OF INTERMEDIATE ANCHOR LOADS FOR
APPLICATIONS INVOLVING LATERAL DEFLECTION AND ANGULAR
ROTATION
When late ral deflection and angular rotation are present the loads imposed on
an intemlediate anchor will vary with each individual application. since they
are dependent upon the piping con figuration. the number and type of supports.
the lengths of the various pipe legs. the types of Expansion Jo ints used. the
weight of the pipe. fittings . insulation and flowing medium, and the magnitude
of extraneous forces imposed by wind loading, bending of the piping. etc.
Because of the large number of variables involved. it is not practical to
establi sh formulas for calculating the loading of these anchors. Section 4.6
describes the methods used in calculating [he forces and rnomems required lO
move Expansion Joints in lateral deflection or angular rotation and Section
2.2.1 gives a general description of the forces and moments which will be
imposed on the anchors for certam typical Expansion Joint applications .
Us ing this infortnation as a gu ide. one can calcu late the various forces and
moments acting on any piping system. regardless of its complexity. The net
load on the anchor can then be calculated by a summation of the moments
about the anchor point and by the vector addition of all forces acting upon it.
Here again, we must consider the difference in the forces required 10 extend
or com press tbe Expansion Joints and rhe differen ce in tbe frictiona l forces
due to pipe alignmcm guides and supports. The total force on the main anchor
will be:
(2-5)
App lication of planar pipe guides is shown in Figures 2. 11 through 2. 14. These guides
allow the piping to defl ect in order to compensate for the change in length of the
Expansion Joint in its deflected position. while direct ing the thennal growth into the
Expansionjoint. These guides do not restrain the Expansion Joint ends against rotation
in any plane. Th is restraint is a cri terion fo r stab ility ofmos! sing le and uni versal ti ed
joints when subject to internal press ure. In gene ral. if the torsional and/or bending
flex ibility of the auached piping is such thaI the pipe end attached to the Expansion Joint
will bend or rolate more than 1.5 degrees when subjected 10 a forc e equal to 10% of the
full press ure end load of the be ll ows app lied perpendicular to the pipe cen terline in any
direction. consideration should be g iven to the use of further guiding to restrain bending
andlor torsional rotation in the pipe.
Proper design of both pipe a lignm ent guides (G) and planar pipe guides ( r G) should
contain suffi cient clearance between the fixed and moving parts of the a li gnment guide to
insure proper gu iding witho ut introducing excessive frict ional forces. The first two
alignment guides immediately adjacent to each side of the Expansion Join t shou ld be
circumferential to the pipe. Most commercia ll y avai lable ali gnment guides are
acceptable. though some designs requ ire installation procedures that. un less fo ll owed
with extreme care , destroy the intended guiding fearures of the unit. Alignment guides
made from ro ller supports may be used when a minimum of three (3) ro llers equally
spaced around the c ircumference of the pipe are provided: four (4) rollers at 90° intervals
are preferable. Planar pipe gui des must be designed with additi onal cleara nce in one
direction to pemlit the intended latera l denection andlor bend ing of the pipe to take pla ce.
A U-bolt. pi pe hanger, or sing le-ro ll er suppor!. which on ly supports the weight of the
line , mu st no t be considered as a substitute for either a proper pipe alignment guide o r a
planar guide. Mate rials from which pipe a li gnment gu ides and planar pipe guides are
made must provide strength and rigidity under design operat ing conditions and be
sufficient ly resistant to corrosion and wear to prevent eventua l malfunction of the guide.
Test dala has shown that the first and second pipe alignmen t guides nearest the Expansion
Joint can be subj ected to lateral forces averaging 7%, and as high as 15% . of the total
force exerted on the main anchor F" ",. The la teral force was deve loped with
consideration for the un knowns assoc iated with ael'lla l field in stallation bu t primaril y
reflects an accentuation of thc ori gina l allowable pipe bow betw een supports. A lthough
field bolti ng of pipe a lignment and planar pipe guides to the ri g id parts of the installation
is preferable. fi e ld we lding is acceptable provided inaccuracies or excessive weld
sllri nkage do not destroy the effectiveness of these guides. Since properly spaced
alignmen t guides wi ll be considerably distant from the Expansion Jo int. it is impractical
10 require that the guides all be fixed to the same rigid structure. but design of the tota l
system mu st assure that no relative shifting ofal ignmcnt guides and Ex pansion Joint will
occur fro m ground settlement or other environmental conditi ons. Suitab le pIpe ali gnment
and planar pipe gu ides may be obta ined from reliable manufacturers of th is ty pe of
equ ipment. It should be noted that the e ffecti veness of pipe al ignment and planar pipe
g uides can be destroyed by improper installatio n. Consequent ly, care must be taken to
insure proper alignment of the guide itself. In applicatioll!:! in voh ing axial movement
only, tbe use of a single pipe ali gnment guide should be avoided since it may act as a
fulcrum imposing lateral deflection or angular rotation on an Expansion Jo int. However.
in certa in appl icat ions invo lving lateral defl ection or angu lar rota tion. a sing le pipe g uide
may be adequate . For further info nnati on see Sectio n 2. 3.
In locating the pipe al ignment guides for applications involving axial movemen! only. it
is genera ll y recommended thai the Expansion Joint be located close to an anchor and Ihal
the first pipe guide be located a maximum distance of four pipe diameters from the end of
the bellows. This arrangement will provide proper movement guiding as well as proper
support for each end of the Expans ion Joint. The distance between the first pipe guide
and the second must be a maximum offauneen (I~) pipe diameters. The recommended
maximum spac ing of iorcnncdialc pipe guides along the balance of a standard weight
carbon steel pipe line is detennined from Figure 2.31. For any known pressure and pipe
size. the recommended maximum guide spacing cun be detemlined by using the
following procedure: Firsl.locate the specitied pressure ~ al the boltom of the chari and
follow this pressure line vertically upwards to its intersec tion with the diagonal line
representing the speci fied pipe size. Next. move horizontally to the guide spacing
co lum n on the side oflhe chart and select the recommended maxim um spacing. As an
example. the recommended maximum spacing ofinlemlediale pipe alignment guides
along the balance ofa 6 inch pipe line contain ing an Expansion Joint under a pressure of
122 psig. is 43 feel. The first guide would be located a maximum distance of2 feet from
the Expansion Joint and the second guide wou ld be located a maximum distance of7 feet
from the first guide. See Section 2.3 for recommendations regarding guiding of pipe
lines subjected to lateral deflection and angular rOlation.
Maximum intennediate guide spacing for any pipe material or thickness shall be
calculated using tbe following formula:
E,'"
L, =0. 131./----'.--",,- (fl.) (1-7)
~A. ±.f,e
Note: When bellows is compressed in operation, use (+)I.f,e, I: when extended. use
Hlf,e,[
Guide s paCl11g for standard wall carbon steel pipe may also be calculated in lieu of using
Figure 2.31. Caulton: This figure is based on average spring rate and bellows effective
area with bellows inside diameters that equal pipe outside diameters. The fomlUla is
based on one half the crilicallength of a pinned-pinned Euler column.
~L " I-
-0' '-
t iotA Gi
FIGURE 2.30
ole: The recommendations given for pipe anchors and guides represent the min imum
requirements for controlling pipelines wh ich contain expansion joints and are intended to
protect the ex pan sion joint and pipe system from abu se and failure. However. additional
pipe supports are often required between the pipe guides in accordance with accepted
pipi ng practices.
2. 10.3 PIPE SU PPORTS
A pipe support is any device which pennits free movement of the piping and carries the
Iota I weight of in line equipment such as valves, meters. Expansio n Joints. and the weight
of the contained fluid. Pipe supports cannot be substi tuted for pipe a lignment guides or
pl~nar pipe guides. Pipe rings, U·bohs. ro ll er support s. and spring hangers are some
exam ples or conventional pipe supports. These devices cannot control the direction of
pipe line movement as does a pipe alignment guide or a planar pipe guide. The
recommendations given previously for pipe anchors and guides represent the minimum
requirements for controlling pipe lines containi ng Ex pansion Joints and are intended to
protect the Expansion Joints and pip ing from abuse and possible damage. Additi onal
pipe support s are usua ll y required between guides in accordance w ith st"andard piping
practice.
Recommended maximum spm:ing ofinleml(.'d iale pipe guides for ilpplicmions invol\ ing axial movement onl~ ofbello,,"s
Expansion Joinls. Values based on standard weight carbon sleel pipe. see equation (2-7) fo r o ther lypeS of pipe. Applicable
for bello\\:. inside diameter less or equal 10 pipe outside diameter. Tho;:' first pipe guide must be located \\ Llhin a distance of
four pipe diameters from the cnd of the bellows and the second guide musl be located within a distance of louneen pipe
diameters from the first twide.
'lJO , -, ,
I I
I I I I I 1 I
I " " I" "
lS 0
~
lOO
~
-
0
" ~
'00
"
~
I-
0 1-
160 1- --'
~ ,;:.. ,:::'"
ffJ~\ '"
---- ---
::...-: V
V ----
----
=
...-::;:
----
...-:: ~A%· V
--
- A,1.'
14 0 1-
.. ,:--- r---_____ V
w
0
:-
---
..--::: V- _ --- ---
----
}-- \ %___ \ b"
V::::---
0
--- ~ r:--:::
60
I-'""
--- ----
r--
\ 4- "":: \ :...
l- \0"
~
--:::::--
......
" ------
, ...... j..--- !-" -
----
0
!=---
j....--" V ..---:: ~ 43
•oF-
30
~ I--
j...---"'
~ V--
I-- ... -:-;:- • I--""
j...---""
~
- ~ l--V -
V
, 0
V --- ," - ,
~
V
' f-""
,0
,•
6 ,
, I I I I " I" " I 1 I I I I II 1 1 I I
..lOU HO )00 !~O 200 150 122
MAX PRESSURE - PSIG
100 '0
FIGURE 2.31
SECTI ON 3 - SAFETY RECOMMEN DATIONS FOR PIPI NG SYST EMS CONTAIN ING
BE LLOWS EXPANS ION JO INTS
Bellows Expansion Joints are employed in piping systems to absorb differential thennul expansion while
containing (he system pressure. They are being successfully utilized in refineries. chemical plants. fossil
and nuclear power systems. heating and coo ling systems. and cryogenic plants. Typica l service
conditions have pressures ranging from full vacuu m to 1000 psig and temperatures from -420 of to
1800 OF. Such Expansion loints fall into the category of a highly engineered product The system
operating characterist ics, the Expansion Joint des ign and manufacruring qua li ty. and the installation. test
and operating procedures must all be considered for all Expansion Joim installations.
Un like most commonly used piping componeots. a bellows is constmcted of relatively thin gage
material in order to provide the flexibility needed to absorb mechanical and thennal movements
expected in service. This requires design, manufacturing quality. handling. insta llation and inspection
procedures which recogn ize the unique nature of th e product.
In general, the most re liabl e and safe bellows Expansion Joint installations have always involved a high
degree of understanding between the user and manufacturer. With this basic concept in mind, this
sect ion was prepared in order to better inform the user of those factors which man y years of experience
have shown to be essential for the successfu l installation and perfonnance of piping systems conta ining
bellows Expansion Joints . Add itional detailed information can be found in other sections of these
Standards.
3,1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
A. A design specification shall be prepared for each Expansion Joint application.
B. In preparing the Expansion Joint design specification it is imperative that the system designer
comp letely review the piping system layout. flowing medium , pressure. temperature, and
movement s. The standard Expansion Joint Specification Sbeets published in Appendix A can be
used as a guide. Particular attention shall be given to the following items:
a. The piping system shall be reviewed to detemline the location and type of Expansion
Joint most suitable for the application. The EJMA Standards provide numerous examples
to assist the user in this effort. The availability ofsupportillg structures for anchoring and
guiding of the line. and the direction and magnitude ofthemlal movements to be
absorbed will have a definite bearing on the type and location of the Expansion Joint.
TORSIONAL ROTATION OFTHE BELLOIVS SHOULD BE AVOIDED, Where
torsional rotation cannot be avoided. refer to Section 4.13.4.
b.The bellows material shall be specified and must be compatible with the flowin g
medium, the external environment and the operating temperature. Particular
consideration shall be given to possible corrosion including stress corrosion. The 300
series sta inless steels may be subject to chloride ion stress corrosion. High nickel alloys
art: subjt!'1..:1 tu cau~ti(; im.lu(;t!'d ~lrt!'~~ (;urru~iUll. The presence of sulfur may also be
detrimental to such nickel alloys.
The material chosen shall also be compatible with any water treatment or pipeline
cleaning chemicals. III some cases. leachates from insulating materials can be a sou rce of
corrosion.
c. Internal sleeves shall be specified in all applications involving flow velocities which
could induce resonant vibration in the bellows or cause erosion of the convoluti ons
resulting in substantiall y reduced bellows life. See Section 4.9.
d. The system design pressure and test pressure shall be specified realistically without
adding arbitrary safety factors. Excess bellows material thickness required for overstated
pressures may produce an adverse effect on the bellows fatigue life. In the case of
extreme high temperature operating conditions. i( may not be practi ca l 10 lest the
Expansion Joi nt to a pressure of more than 1.5 times the design pressure, see Section
7.2.1 . Th is is due to the variolls mrlferial s em ployed in the Expansion Joint. temperature
gradient utilized in design, pressure stabi lity criteria, anchor strength and other
considerations. The manufacturer must be consu lled.
c. The maximum. minimum and installation temperatures sha ll be accurately stated.
Where the ambient temperature can vary significantly during pipe line constructi on. prc-
positioning orthe Expansion Joint at insta llation may be requ ired. See Appendix J.
f. The Expansion Joint manufacturer sholl be advised if the Expansion Joint will be
insulated and the manner by which the Expansion Joint wi ll be insulated in order to
properly design the compone nt parts.
g. The movements to be absorbed by the Expansion Joint shall include not on ly piping
elongation or contraction. but also movement of attached vesse ls. anchors. and the
poss ibility of misa li gnment during insta llation. Unless included ill th e design
requirements. mi salignment of the Expansion Joint must be avoided. Where movements
are cyclic, the number of cycles ex pected shall be spec ified. As in the case of pressure.
the movement specified must be realistic. An excessive safety factor can resu lt in an
Expansion Joint which is highl y flexible and could have reduced stability under pressure .
h. If the flowing medium can pack or soli dify. provisions shall be made to prevent
entrapment or so lidifi cation of the material in the convolUlions which could result in
damage to the Expansion Joint or pipe line.
i.l.ntemal sleeves are usually insta lled in the direction of flow. If the stagnant flow
medium trapped behind the sleeve is undesirab le. drai n holes in the s leeve or purge
connections sha ll be specified. Where back flow will be encountered. an extra heavy
sleeve shall be spec ified 10 prevent buckling of lhe sleeve and possible damage to the
bellows.
j. The predicted amplitude and frequency of external mechanical vibrations to be
imposed on the bellows, such as caused by reciprocating or pulsat ing machinery. sha ll be
specified. The Expansion Joint musl be designed to avoid the resonant vibrat ion of the
bellows to preclude the poss ibil ity of sudden fatigue fa il ure. Field modifications to the
Expansion Joint or other system components may be necessary.
C. The pipi ng system drawings shall specify the location of all anchors. gu ides. supports and
fixed points. Considerable infonnation to assist the syslem designer in this regard is provided in
these Standards. See Section 2.10. Both the anchors and guides must be suitable for the highest
pressures.o be applied.o .he sySle m. (NOTE: I MOST CASES THE TEST PRESSURE WILL
BE SIGNIFICA TL Y HIGHER THAN THE SYSTEM OPERA TING PRESSURE.)
D. The system designer shall specify those spec ial features whi ch best accomplish persOlUlcl
protection in his particu lar system. Pi ping systems containing high pressure and/or hazardous
materials which are located in close proxim ity to personnel shall be provided with additional
safety features which will protect such personnel in the event ofa failure in the system.
Expansion Joints c:m be furnished with specia l features including. but not limitcd 10, thc
following:
a. Extra heavy covers which would serve 10 impede tbe effect of a jel flow produced by a
failure: however, such covers will not prevent the escaping medium from expanding and
filling the surroundings in which it is locatcd.
b. Limit rods designed for dynamic loading can be emp loyed to restrai n the longitudina l
pressure thru st in the event of an anchor failure. Such rods would nomlall y remain
completely passive until the anchor restraint is removed.
c. A two ply or two concentric bellows design may be emp loyed with each ply or bellows
designed to contai n the full line pressure. The annular space between the plies or
concentric bellows can be monitored conrinuously for leakage by means of suitable
instrumentation. A change in pressure in the annulus cou ld be used to detect be ll ows
leakage. (See Section 9. I),
£. The system designer shall provide for the accessibiliry of components such as anchors and
Expansion Joinls in-lhe piping system for period ic inspection after initial start up.
3.2 EXPANS ION J O I NT DESI GN
The Expansion Joint design shall confonn to the requirements of these Standards. the
AS MEJANS I Piping Codes and the ASME Boil er and Pressure Vessel Codes as applicable. The
design of structu ral attachments shall be in accordance with accepted methods. based on e lastic
theory. Circular bellows design sha ll be based on the equations contained in Section 4.13 with
substantiating test data as stated in Sec tion 4. I 2. Rectangular be llows design can be eva luated
based on the equations conta ined in Section 5.
3.3 EXPANSI ON J O INT MANUFACTURING QUALITY
The Expansion Joint manufacturer shall comply with the requirements of Section 6. Each
manufacturer shall be required to furnish , on request. a copy of his Quality Assurance Manual.
3A INSTALLATION
A. The necessary steps for insta llin g all Expansion Joints sha ll be preplanned. The installers
shall be made aware of these steps as well as the special instructions furnished by the
manufacturer. Section S.3. as well as the individual instructions tags furnished by the
manufacturer with the Expansion Joint. provides infonnation necessary to the proper handling
and installation of Expansion 10ints.
8. The most critica l phases of the Expansion Joint installation are as follows:
3. Care shall be exercised to prevent any damage to the thin bellows section. such as
dents. scores. arc strikes and weld splatter.
b. No movement of the Expansion Joint (compression. extension, lateral offset. rotation)
due to piping misalignment, for example. shall be imposed which has not been
anticipated and designed into the moycment capability of the Expansion Joint . !f such
movements are imposed. this can result in system malfunction. damage to the bellows or
other components in the system. Specifically, cyclic life can be substantially reduced ,
forces imposed on adjacent equipment may exceed their design limits. inrernal sleeve
clearance~ may he adver~ely affected. and [he pressure capacity and stabi li ty oflhe
bellows may be reduced.
c. Any field pre-positioning shall be perfonned in accordance with specific instructions
which include both the direction and magnitude of movement.
d. Anchors. guides and pipe supports shall be installed in strict accordance with the
piping system drawings. Any field variances from planned installation may affect proper
functioning of the Expansion Joint and must be brought to the attention of competent
design authority for resolution.
c. The Expansion Joint. ifprO\-ided with internal sleeves. shal l be installed with the
proper oriental ion with respect to flow direction.
f. Once the pipeline anchors or other fixed points are in place, the piping is properl y
supported and gu ided and the Expansion Joint installed, the shi pping devices sho uld be
removed in order to allow the Expansion Joint to compensate for changes in ambient
temperature during the remainder of the construct ion phase.
3.5 POST INSTALLATION INSPECTION PRIOR TO SYSTEM PRESSU RE TEST
A. A ca reful inspection of the cmire piping system shall be made with particular emphasis on the
fo ll owing:
a. Are anchors. guides and su pport's installed in accordance with the sys tem drawings?
b. Is the proper Expansion Joint in the proper location'!
c. Are the Expansion Joint flow direction and pre-positi oning correct?
d. Have all of the Expansion Join t shipping de vices been removed?
e. If the system has been designed for a gas, and is to be tested w ith water, has provi sion
becn made for proper support of the additiona l dead weight load on the piping and
Expansion Joint? Some water may remain in the be ll ows convolutions atter the test. If
this is detrimental to the be ll ows or system operat ion, means shall be provided to remove
such water.
f. Are all g uides, pipe su pports and the Expansion Join ts free to permit pipe movement?
g. Has Ex pansion Joint been damaged during handling and installation?
h. Is Expansion Joint mi sali gned? This can be detennined by measuring the joint overall
length. inspection of the convolution geometry. and checking clearances at critical points
on the Expansion Joint and at other points in the system.
i. Are the bel lows and other movable portions of the Expans ion Joint free of foreign
material?
3.6 INSPECTION DURI NG AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER SYSTEM PRESSURE TESTS
WARNIN G: Extreme care mu st be exercised while inspecting any pressurized system or
component.
A. A visua l inspection of the system shall inc lude checking for the following:
a. Evidence of leakage or Joss of pressure.
b. Distortion or yield ing of anchors. Expansion Joint hardware. the bellows and Dlher
piping componen ts.
c. Any unanti ci pated movement of the piping due to pressure.
d. Evidence of instability (sq uinn) in [he bellows.
e. The gu ides. Expansion Joi nts and other movable parts of the system shall be inspected
for evidence of binding.
f. Any ev idence of abnonnality or damage shall be reviewed and evalua ted by competent
design authority.
c. Consider rcpiaccmcm of the bellows expansion joint based upon inspection results. the
expected number of cyc les in the plant, the design cycl ic basis of the bellows, and the
hazardous naruTe of the service.
d. The frequency of the inspection depends on the nature o rthe service and conditions as
disclissed in 4.9.I.g. and the potential for mechanical damage. vibration. and con'osion.
Bellows handling ex tremel y hazardous or lethal material should be inspected regularly.
e. The fo ll owing can be used as a guide in making the inspection :
Bel/oil'S thickness. Inspect for pining or thinning.
BelloH"s deformation. Inspect the be llows while in service for squinn or excessive
movement.
Bellows sill/ace. Inspect the bellows surface for the fo ll owing conditions:
Wrinkles. Wrink les are an indication that torsion has been applied to the bellows
either in operation or installation. If wrinkl es are present, the bellows should be
replaced and the new bellows expansion joint should have measures such as
hi nges or round gimba ls installed to prevent torsion from be ing induced.
DeniS. Dents can reduce the li fe of a be ll ows significantly, depending upon the
radius of curvature of the dented surface. Sharp dents with sma ll radius of
curvature in the convo lution are more harmful than dents with a large radius of
curvature.
Weld splatfer. Weld sp latter can be detrimenta l to bell ows perf0n11ance. I f weld
sp laner is present, contact manufacturer for recommendations and consider
possible replacement.
Foreign II/(l/erial. Foreign material. such as scraps of metal. wood. nuts and bolts.
etc .. could possibly interfere with the normal movement of the bellows. Remove
any such foreign material.
Scmlches. Scratches on the surface of the bellows can act as stress risers and can
reduce the bellows cycle life. A sc ratch Ihat runs circumferentially is more
han11ful than a scratch that runs longitudinally or radially.
f. Attac hments to the expansion joint
In severe serv ice app li cations. attachment of lugs and rings is also a potential
source of cracks and these areas should be chec ked by dye penetrant, magne ti c
particle or ultrasonic DE for any incipient cracking. Any insulation should be
replaced in accordance with manufacturer's drawings.
Inspect lic rods. hinges. lugs. and rings for any di stortion. Tie rods, hinges. and
gimba ls should be insulated in accordance with manufacturer' s drawings.
E. SYSTEM OPERATION
A record shall be maintained of any changes in system operating conditions (such as
pressure. temperature. themlal cycli ng. water treatme nt ) and piping modili cat ions. Any
such change shall be reviewed by competent design authority to dcten11ine its effect on
the perfonnance of the anchors, guide" and Expansion Joints.
3-8 l.- Expansion Joim Manufacturers Assoc ialion. Inc. WW\\ .eJma.org
STANDARDS OF T HE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
x
e, = N (For a single be ll ows Expansion Joint) (4- I)
x
e, = IN (For a dual bellows Expansion Joint) (4-2)
In equation (4-2 ) above. the va lue of.\" should in clude the thennal expansion of the center pipe
nipple connecting the two bellows. This may be a signifi cant factor in applications in volving
long center pipe nipples. or a large differemial between the minimum and maximum design
temperatures. When the cen ter pipe nipple is anchored. as it is in a double Expansion Joinl (see
Section 1.2). each end of the assembl y should be treated as a single Expansion l oint. In such a
case. eq uation (4- 1) will apply and the va lue ofx sho uld include the thennal expansion oftha r
p'ortion of the center pipe nipp le whi ch is located between the anchor base and the bellows in
question.
Figure 4.3 illustra tes that an Expansion loint bellows absorbs pure angu lar rotation by
extend ing uniformly on one side and compress ing unifonnly on the other. The movement of
any convolution may be expressed as:
aDm
e = __ (For a sing le bellows Expansion Joint) (4-3)
It 2N
e = OD", (For a dual bellows Expansion Joint) (4-4)
!I -tN
As illustrated in figures 4.4 and 4.5. lateral deflection of an Expansion Joint is, in reality. a
special case of angular rotation. The two bellows in a universal type Expansion Joint. or each
end of the bellows of a single type Expansion Joint, rotate in opposite directions to produce the
total lateral deflection}'. Unlike the case of pure angular rotation, lateral deflection results in
unequal movement distribution over the bellows. the amount of displacement increasing with
the distance from the center of the Expansion Joint This applies to both single and universal
type Expansion Joints. Since we are concerned only with the maximum displacement per
convolution wh ich may be imposed upon any convolution in the Expansion Joint. the following
equations are arranged to arrive at Ihe maximum displacement figure. For universal Expansion
Joints. a factor Ku is introduced which is a function of the ratio of the total distance bern'eell
the outennost ends of the elements to the convo luted length of the Expansion Joint. The value
of Ku for any given ratio of L~ 2Lp may be found III figure 4 . 1 and the displacement per
convolution resulting from applied lateral deflection .\·, is as follows:
The growth orlhe center pipe nipple may be significant in certain Expansion Joint applications.
consequently, the value ofx given in equations (4-5) and (4-6) s hould be adjusted to include the
axial component of thi s growth. in mosl appl.ic3tions. the center pipe nipple will rotate through a
very small angle, so the latera l component can usually be neglected. It may be seen by reference
to figure 4.1 that the singl e bellows Expans ion Joint represents a special case w here the value of
Ku is always 1.50. The maximum di splacement per convo lution due to appl ied lateral deflection
in a sing le bellows Expansion Joint may be expressed as:
3DmY
e, (4-7)
N(L,±x)
A one convolution sing le bellows is highly resistant 1.0 shear loading and should not be used 10
absorb imposed lateral deflection .
4,2 C OMBI N ING MOVEMENTS
The effects o f combined move ment may be calc ulated as follows :
e = MAX e+e
, II ~ +le.l} (4-8)
, { eo/K, +le,1
e
where x is axial compression and y and occur in the same plane. Where x is extension, reverse
the signs for e, in the above equations. When y and e do not occur ill the same plane, they must
be added vectorially and combined with es to find the maximum values of e•. and e•. .
All bellows arc rated by the manufacturer in terms of maximum allowable axial displacement per
convolution, e, and e• . These values are established by the phys icallimit3tion of bellows
movement capab ili ty. The design of every Expansion .! oim must be such that the total
di splacement per convo lution from all sources does not exceed the rated va lues :
ec(calculated) ~ ec(rated) ~ ec (max) (4-10)
(4-11 )
When bellows with equa li zing rings are used, an additional calculation must be made to assure
that there will be no interference benveen adjacent rings w hen the bellows is in the deflected
position. The combined movement. e,. • is to be calculated using the outside diameter of the
equalizing rings in the formulas for e,. and e& in place of D,.,. The e, (ca lculated) mu st not
exceed the space between adjacent equalizing rings in the cold position.
The following limits should be observed to prevent excessive movements which could
pennanently damage the bellows:
...,o
-l
IA I
1\ Ir L. "I :I:
m
\,:1
~
'\ I I IT l~i---' m
><
.."
!~ »
"2,
,"C·
~
0
~.
,. ..., ~0
1.31 1 'I
\
\ 1 1.-
I I I I II I I I -
ttftUj-'" '-. .-. . -'--.. ,- UUU --
r111J 1J 11
Be
I
!
Z
Vl
is
z
~
~I
-...' r
r\ .... ...,...., o
/1/h~-l-jl
." I ) +X
~ is ,;
0
~
C ,
;0 .1 1 I
"
" Lb
"
"-... I
I f (I " Z
-l
m
"---,1//'" i' I,i ;::
0
0
'l 1.21 1 1 " I, I »
">- "'" [', '1P{I/II/11 I 'i z
" " '- ~(V y!- J-LLJ c...,
~ --11--x »
"n0
S·
~.
1.1 "
"
-l
C
T he unrestrained non-cycl ic movements of a universal expa nsion joint centerspool due to dead
weigh t should be considered in the design. T he movements applied to each be llows may be
calc ul ated as fo llows:
"Cold Springing" is defined as the lateral or angular offset of the ends of an Expansion Joint
when installed and should not be confused with Ihe tenns "pre-compressing." "pre-extending" or
"presetting." These laner lernlS apply 10 the adjustment of an Expansion Joint in an axial
direction to allow for specified amounts of axial compression or axial extension within the limits
e. and er established by the manufacturer. In some cases it may not be practical to cold spring
an Expansion Joint al the factory. The reasons for "Cold Springing" an Expansion Joint are
described below.
In a wide range of present day applications. the force required to defleci an Expansion
Joint is of significant importance. Where the Expansion Joint is used to relieve loading on
sensi tive equipment. or anchor struct ures are limited to extremely small loads. cold
springing the Expansion Joint at installation will effect a reduction in the maximum
deflection force value of as much as 50°0. In other cases. 100°'0 co ld spring may be used
10 provide minimum lateral deflection forces at the operating position.
Figures 4.3. -lA. and 4.5 illustrate the positions assumed by bellows subjected to angular
rotation and'or lateral deflection. In all cases, the movement is achieved by rotation of
the convolutions. so that one side is extended and the other compressed. It has been noted
previously thai a bellows displaced in this manner. when subjected to inlernal pressure. is
acted upon by an unbalanced pressure force or couple which. if su fficient ly large. cou ld
result in distortion of rhe bellows.
Beca use the magnitude of the unbalanced pressure force or cou ple is proportional to the
inlcmai pressure and the displacement orlhe convol utions. a reduct ion in either of these
va lues w ill improve the stab ili ty of the Expansion Joi nt. By cold springing the Expansion
Joilll 50% al installation. the maximum disp lacement per convolu tion is reduced by half
and. consequently, the Expansion Joint becomes far m OTC stable than wou ld be the case if
it wcre deflected fully in one direction. For Ihis reason. where Expansion Joints are
subject to large amounts of latera l deflection , or where opera ting press ures are relati ve ly
high, the Expansion Joint manufacturer may require that the Expansion Joint be installed
in a cold sprung condition.
Figures 4.2 tluough ·t5 show the forces and moments applied on the expansion joints [0
produce stalic equilibrium for the various types ofmovcment.
The preceding relationships are applicable to all Expansion Joints. It shou ld be noted.
that every equation is dependent upon data which must be supplied by the Expans ion
Joint manufacturer. For standard designs. all necessary data is available in the catalogs of
the individual manufacturer. or can be obtained on requesl. IN 0 CASE. S HOULD
DATA OF ONE MANUFACTURER BE APPLIED TO T HE PRODUCT OF
ANOTHER SINCE. DUE TO FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN DIFFERENCES. THESE
FACTORS MAY VARY.
NOTE: "x". "y". and "9" are all to be expressed from the initial installed position of the
Expansion Joint to the position under consideratioIl. When cold spring is involved or
when there are several sets ofthennal conditions to be considered (system at operating
temperature and system shutdown in a sub-zero ambient. for example), the x.y, and e
deflections should be determined for each condition and separate e,. e, . f!. e, ' e,_ . and e
calculations made for each condition as described in Section 5.4.
...I ~ N·CONVOLUTIONS
f---Lb----Y
't---n,,-,--.., t
::1.
I Om
F.-+--:~--
I I
-;--!'-T..J
Jq
AXIAL MOVEMENT (SINGLE EX PANSION JOINT )
FIGURE 4.2
FIGURE 4.3
~I-FnL+b~~~-_L,-_r'rnLNbIt:;:=:!t
_--i_tOm
y
f
/I_-&-+-F""'i-
' -'---1!-~+1 ) M,
ww\,,_eJ rna.org i;. Ex pans ion Join! Manufacturen; Association. Inc. -1-9
STAN DARDS OF THE EX PANSION JOINT MA ' UFACTURERS ASSOCIAT ION. INC
However. when an unrestrained expansion joint is emp loyed as shown in Figure 4.7. the flange
loading conditi ons change dramatically. In order to keep the expansion joint from freely
extend ing, a main anchor is nonna ll y utili zed to restrain the elbow. Thi s main anchor will also
carry the pressure thrust that resu lts from the pressurization of the system rmd releasc th is load
from the flan ge bolts. In thi s instance. the load in g on the flange due to pressure is a compressive
load that is equa l to the (F~ -Fp ) as shown in Fi gure 4.7. Thi s compressive load is in addition to
that nomlall y applied due to gasket seai ing.
YESSELWALL
FORCE DUE TO
-Fp
THRUST
LOADING
AXlAlLDADING
FIGURE 4.6
MAIN
DIFFERENTIAl PRESSURE ANCHOR
Th'TI.UST FORCE
FIGURE 4.7
4.9 VIBRATION
Metal bellows can be used in applications where the vibration is of high frequency and low
amp litude. They are nOI suitable for vibrations where the frequen cy is low and the amplitude
high. such as those resulting from reciprocating machines. Vibrations which arc the result of
pressure pul ses can not be removed by the installation of an Expan sion Joint. since the pressure
pulses are transmitted beyond the Expansion Joint through the fl ow media. In this case, a
pulsation dampener is required .
The piping system designer should insure that vibratio n loads in his piping system will nol be
detrimental to the function of the be ll ows. In reducing or e liminating vibration effects the
designer may wish to consider tbe use of externa l dampening devices or system mass
adjustments.
Where fl ow velocities are high, turbulent flow generated withi n the bellows secti on or hlrbulence
originating upstream of the bellows may induce vibration . To minimize this phenomenon, an
internal s leeve must be used. Refer to Section 4.10 for specifi c recommendations.
Theoretical nanlral frequencies of single bellows and dual bellows assemblies for axial and
lateral \'ibration may be calcu lated using tbe fo llowing equat ions.
~ .9. 1 SINGLE BELLOWS
When vibration is present and the frequency is known, the bellows shall be designed so
thai its narural frequency if,,) and higher modes do nO! coincide with the system
frequency. To avoid a resonant response in the bellows, the bellows natural frequency
shall be less than 2,3 of the system frequency or greater than 2 limes the system
frequency.
Axiall"ihrarioll: (Accordion Mode)
{"
.
~ C
" &'
- "
H"
(hertz) (4-19)
If' = Weight of the bellows including reinforcement (lbs.). For liquid media.
include the weight of liquid contained only between the convolutions.
c" = A constant used in the calculation of single bellows axial and lateral yibration
frequencies. Use C 1 for natural or fundamental frequency. C~ for first
hamlonic. etc.
J1 = I. 2, 3. -1, 5 ....
);, ~ CD
~, ' ~
/.; (he rtz) (4-20)
~
'
J" ~
4.43 -"- (hertz) (4-2 I)
W
II' = Weight of the spool pipe + one bellows including reinforcement + any
attachments to the spool pipe including liners. covers. trunnions. lugs.
nozz les. refractory, and insulation (lbs). For liqu id media , include the
weight of liquid contain ed only between [he convolutions of one bellows.
Lateral' 'ibra/ion: Ends of spool pipe in phase.
r ~ 9.38D'" ~
_" (hertz) (4-23 )
.III L , IV
W = Weight of the spool pipe + one bellows including reinforcement + any
attachments to the spool pipe including liners. covers. trunnions. lugs.
nozzles. refractory. and insulation (lbs). For liquid media, include the
weight of a column of fluid of diameter Dm and length (LI/ - Lb).
The rocking \ibration natural frequency equation is based on having the center of gravity
located (It the center of the spool pipe. Attachments to the spool pipe may shin the center
of gravity off center and reduce the nafural frequency below the calculated value.
NOTE: A properly designed, close tolerance. pantographic linkage could be used to
suppress possib le \'ibratioll tendencies in a universal expansion joint assembly.
.8IaJK,,/W
\1= (f\.lsee.) (4-24)
C,.
cr = Inside convolut ion width (in.).
W = Weight of the bellows including reinforcemclll (lbs.). For li quid media,
include the we ig ht ofliq uid contai ned only between the convolutions.
C,. = Correlat ion facto r used in the calcu lation of minimum flow velocity for
the inclusion of intemal liners in an Expansion joi nt assembly. See Figure
4.8. For U shaped convolutions. C · = .22.
An imemal sleeve must be used when the fl ow ve locity exceeds 75% of the va lues
calculated above.
A;--------,--------r---------------~
I~
.3 f------~+_------_+-
Co
1r--------t--------t--------t--------4
I~ I~ ~ ~ ~
FIGURE 4.8
f'uxial =
R:
~ .611'V-;t;- ftlsec (4-25)
where
lI' =Convolution height (in)
Ksr = Overa ll bellows axial spring rate (lbsJin)
W = Weight of bellows including media fluid (Ibs)
where
Dm Bellows mean diameter (in)
L" Bellows length (in)
K.r = Overall bellows axjal spring rate (lbslin)
IV = Weight of bellows including media fluid ( Ihs)
A cover must be used when the acrual frecstream ve locity over tbe bellows exceeds 75%
of the corresponding values from either of the above equations.
4.11.2 DRAG FORCE
The non-cyclic movement of the single bellows due to the drag force produced by lateral
flow over the outside of the bellows should be considered in the design. TIlis movement
should be combined with the other design movements to confirm that the total
movements per convolution e, and e,. do not exceed the maximum value e, {max} and
e., (max). In addition. the calculated total stress range (St) based on the lateral movement
with the design pressure must be less than 1.5 C",s"h. The lateral movement may be
calculated as follows:
' ( Lh±x)
pl'~N ,
y
46368t;D.
where
p Weight density of the fluid flowing over the bellows (lbs lfe)
V Flow velocity of the fluid (ftlsee)
This Standard contains a series of equalions intended ro provide the users and designers
of Expansion Joints with a meaningful method for evaluating the various parameters
affecting bellows design.
The equations in Section 4.13 can be used to design a bellows for spec ific pressure and
cyclic movement conditions only if they have been corre lated with actual bellows test
data in accordance with Section 4. [2.1.8. Modifying faclOfs may be used by a
manufacturer provided that they are in accordance with this test dam, When the available
h;:;stl1ata is not suffic ient to verify the equations for a speci fic application. an individual
bellows design may be cons idered acceptable for specific pressure temperature and
movement conditions when a history of successful operation ofa similar bellows size and
configuration for identical or more severe service can be demonstrated to the satisfaction
of the purchaser. Detennination of the suitabi li ty of the design may include the use of the
equations in Section 4.13 on a parametric basis.
4.12.1.1 UN REINFORCED BELLOWS
The equations for unreinforced bellows are based on those shown in Atomics
Lntemational Report NAA-SR-4527 "Analysis of Stresses in Bellows. Part l.
Design Criteria and Test Results," with modifications and additions by the
Association to reflect the experience of the members. These equations are based
on elastic shell theory and consider the parameters involved for bellows of the
"U" shaped configuration.
The equations shown in Section ..U 3.1 are taken from the Atomics International
report with modifications such that the calculated stresses in equations (4-27), (-1.-
28), (4-29). (4-30) and (4-31) can be directly compa red to the bellows mmerial
allowable stress al design temperature published in the ASME Piping Codes and
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. The system designer MUST
identify the specific design code to the Expansion Joint manufacturer. Contact
the Expansion Joint manufacturer for designs governed by other codes. An
unrein forced bellows is shown in Figure 4.13.
4.12.1.2 REINFORCED BELLOWS
The equations for reinforced bellows are based on those shown in Atomics
International Report NAA .. SR-4527 "Analysis of Stresses in Bellows. Part L
Design Criteria and Test Results," with modifications and additions by the
Association to reflect the experience of the members. These equations are based
on elastic shell theory and consider the parameters involved ror bellows of the
"U" shaped configuration.
The equations shown in section 4.13.2 are based on the Atomics International
Report for unreinforced bellows. Equations (4-+4). (4-45), (4-46). 14-47) and (4-
50) reflect the increased strength and stiffness of the convolution due to the
reinforcing member. Equations (4-38). (4-39). (4-41), (4-42). 14-43). (4-+4) and
(4-45) as modified may be lIsed to calculate stresses which can be directly
compared to Ihe bellows material allowable stress at design temperature published
in the ASME Piping Codes and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes.
The system designer MUST identify the specific design code to the Expansion
since they exceed the elastic limit of the material. They arc meaningful when
correlated with actual test resu lts in eva luating fatigu e lifc.
4.12.1.5 FATIG UE LIFE EXPECTANCY
The fa tigue life expectancy of an Expansion Joint is affected by various factors
such as: operating pressure, operating temperature. the material from which the
bellows is made. the movement per convo lution. the thickness of the bellows. the
convoluti on pitch. and the deplh and shape of th e convolution. Any change in
these factors will result in a cha nge in the life of the Expansion Joim.
The fatigue life expectancy can be defined as the tora1 number of complete cycles
whi ch can be expected from the Expansion Joint based on data tabulated from
tests perfonned at room temperature under simulated operating conditions. A
cycle is defined as one complete movement from the initial position in the piping
sys tem to the operating position and back to the initial positi on. Fati gue life is
dependent upon the max imum stress range to which the bellows is su bjected. the
maximum stress amplitude being a far less signifi cant factor.
Expansion Joi nts can be specially designed for very high cyclic life. When thi s is
required. the Expans ion Joilll manufacturer must be advised of the estimated
number of cyc les req uired.
The eq uati ons given for fa ti gue life should onl y be Llsed when the actual bellows
metal temperature under operating cond iti ons is below the creep range. Fatigue
life calculations for actual bellows metal temperatures in the creep range must be
substantiated by high temperature test data or history of successful operation of a
simi lar bellows size and configurat ion for iden tical or more seve re serv ice.
a. FATIGUE LIFE
The fat igue life ofa bellows is a fu nction of the sum of the meridional
pressure stress range and the lOtal meridional denectioll stress range. The
denection stress range must be based on the 10tal equivalent axial
movement range as discussed in Section 4.3.
The number of cycles to failure may be evaluated by equations (4-34), (4-
48) and (4-59). The constants are derived from graphs of the lOtal stress
range versus number of cycles to failure from actual fat igue tests of a
series of bellows of similar materials at room temperature evaluated by a
best fit continuous curve. These equations are meant to predict the
average fatigue life for the bellows design. Certain codes and standards
incorporate design fatigue curves which include factors that account for
th e nonnal effects of size. surface finis h and scatter of tbe data. Therefore.
the design cycle life should rea li st ically represent the estimated number of
opera ti ng cycles. An overly conservative estimate of cycles can result in
an increased number of convolutions and an Expansion Joint more prone
to instability.
h. CUMULATIVE FATIGUE
An Expansion Joint may be required to withstand a number of stress
cycles such as those produced by the start up and shut down of the sys tem .
While these cycles usually control the fatigue life of the bellows. there
may be instances where other conditions assume importance III
Step I: Superim pose the stress range of each condition for the applicable
number of cycles to find eac h casc as follows:
Step 2: For each stress range S'I. Sf! ' .... , use the app licable fat igue curve
to find the number of cyc les to fai lure N I. N2 •. _. for each case.
Step 3: For each case, ca lc ulate th e usage factor U1, U2 •... where UI =
I1.tN I , U2 = niN2' etc.
Step 4: Calcu late the cumulat ive usage factor where U = U I + U~ + ...
Step 5: The cumulative usage fac tor U shall nOt exceed 1.0.
d. INDEPE DENT CONDITIONS
Independent conditions are those that do not occur at exactly rhe same
rime or frequenc y. Independen t condit ions are nOI superimposed. MOSI
conditi ons in practice are independent. If the conditions described in the
above example are independent, the cumulat ive effect can be evaluated
using rhe following steps:
I Minor. Milton A.. "CulI1ululivt: Damage in Faligue." Joumul of Applied Mechanics. Sc!p,-. 1945.
Step 1: Summarize the st ress range and cycles for each condition to find
the cases as follows:
Step 1: For each stress range S" , S,;!, ... .. use the applicable fatigue curve
to find the number of cycles to failure N 1 • N::! .... for each case.
Step 3: For each case, calculate the usage factor UI, U::! . .. where UI =
1N 1• U2 = n21N.!. etc.
Jl 1
Step 5: The cumulative usage fac tor U shall not exceed 1.0.
e. CYCLE LIFE EXPECTANCY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
When the acrual bellows metal temperature is high, cycle life can be
affected by factors other than just the deflection stress range. Metallurgical
changes can mak e the material more sensitive to the microscopic flaws
which lead to fatigue failures. When temperarures are high enough. creep
strains and cycl ic deflection strains can interact to further reduce the cycle
life. The number of cycles to failure can be evaluated using the method
given in Appendix G.
~.12.1.6 BELLOWS STAB ILI TY
Excessive internal pressure may cause a multi-convolution bellows to become
unstable and squinn. Squirm is derrimental to bellows performance in thaI it can
greatly reduce both fatigue life and pressure capacity. The two most common
fanns are column squinn and in-p lane squinn. Column squiml is defined as a
gross lateral shift of the center section of the bellows. II results in curvature of the
bellows centerline as shown in Figure 4.9.
COLUMN SQUIRM
FIGURE 4.9
Th is condi tion is most associated with bellows which have a relatively large
length-la-diameter ratio and is anal ogous to the buckling of a column under
compressive load.
W
0:
:::>
'"'"
W
COLUMN INSTABILITY
0:
0-
...J
«
z
0:
w
t-
Z
FIGURE 4.10
Figure 4.10 depicts the critical column squ irm pressure for a series ofbcll ows
having the same diameter. thickness and convolution profile. See equatio n (4-35),
(4-49). or (4-60) for a method of evalualing 11 bellows for co lumn squiml. Factors
have been included to account for the effect of movements on the column squiml
pressure.
The equat ions assume thai each end of the expa nsion joint is rigidly supported
(fixed). For other end condi tions. the limiting design pressure should be
eval uated as follows:
Fixed/Pinned - .5Pf>C
Pinned/Pinned -.25Psc
Fixed/Laterally Guided -.25P>l:
Fixed/Free -.06Psc
It should be noted that external pressure does not produce column squi ml. When a
be llows is subjected to externa l pressure, its pressure capacity can be verified by
the method d iscussed in Section 4.13.
FIGURE4.11
In-plane squi nll is defined as a shift or rotation of the plane of one or more
convolutions such thai the plane of these convolutions is no longer perpendicular
to the axis of an unreinforced bellows. II is characterized by tilting or warping of
one or more convolutions as shown in Figure 4.11. This condition is
predominantly associated with high meridional bending stress and the formation
of plastic hinges at the root and crest of the convolutions. II is Illost common in
bellows which have a relatively smalllength-to-diameter ratio. See Equation (4-
36) for a method of evaluating an unrein forced bellows for in-plane squirm.
To prevent bellows squiml under test conditions. the test pressure should be less
than or equal to 1.5 times the limiting design pressure based on column or in-
plane instability using room temperature material properties. In addition. the test
fixture should duplicate the as-installed condition as closely as possible.
The equat ions given for squiml should only be used when the actual bellows
metal temperature under operating condi tions is below the creep range. Squirm
calculations for actual bellows metallemperatures in the creep range must be
substantiated by high temperature lest data or history of successful operation of a
similar bellows size and configuration for identical or more sc\·erc ser\'ice.
These equations inc lude fac tors such that the ratio between the limiting design
pressure and the critical squ irm pressure is approximate ly 2.25 for col umn squirm
and 1.75 for inplane squiml.
When a universa l rype expansion joint is subjected to lateral offset. the internal
pressure produces a force that tends to rotate the ccnterspool. This force is
res isted by the stiffn ess of th e bellows. Irthe force is suffi ciently high. instabi li ty
can occur. A method for evaluating thi s mode of instability is given in Metallic
Bel/oll's and Expansion Joinls· 1989. ASME PVP Vol. 168. Pgs 41-43.
4. 12.1.7 BELLOWS SPRING RATE
The force req uired to deflect a bellows axially is a funct ion of the dimen sions of
the bellows and the material from which it is made.. The curve of force vs.
deflection for most bellows indica tes motio n extending into the plasti c range as
shown by the solid line in Fi gure 4.12. The first porti on of the curve is a stra ight
line as the be llows is deflected throug h its elastic range. As bellows deflection
continues and extends into the plastic range, the force vs . defl ection re lati onsh ip
becomes non-linear until the point of maximum deflection is reached.
When the restrai ni ng force is released. th e curve aga in becomes linear umil the
appl ied force is zero at which point the residua l de fl ectio n of the bellows still has
a positive va lue. To return the bellows to its initial position. a restoring force
must be appli ed in the oppos ite directi on as shown by the curve below the
abscissa.
Line A in Fi gure 4. 12 represents the bellows theoretical in itial elastic spring rate .
.!:. This value can be detennin ed anal yticall y w ith reasonable accuracy from
eq uations based on e lastic theory. The bellows theoretical initial elasti c spring
rate, Ji is cal culated in accordance with Equations (4-37), (4-50), and (4-61 ).
Lines Band C represent bellows resistance factors or working spring ra tes.
j~" for bellows w ith operating deflections in the plasti c range.
The use of the initial elastic spring rate in place of the working spring rate for a
bellows whose deflection extends into the plastic range predicts forces whi ch can
be cons iderably hig her than actua l. This is recogni zed to be a problem and
various methods have been used to obtain more accurate results. Lme B, drawn
from the orig in to the point of maximum force and deflection, is used as the
bellows workin g spring rate..f~. but has the disad vantage of underestimating the
actual force over the full range. Line C. drawn from the point of maximum fo rce
and deflection to the va lu e of the restoring force required to rerum the bellows to
zero deflection, becomes line C' when transferred to the o rigin . A working spring
rate based on line C' can be used. Thi s reduces the discrepancy between the
indicated and true va lues a lthough the difference can sti ll be sign ificant.
For the g reat majori ty of applications. the manufacturers publ ished spring rates
have proved sati sfac tory. However. whe n the critical nature ofa partic ular
application warrants morc precise knowledge of the bellows working spring rate.
the user should require the manufacturer to supply infonnation as to th e mea ns by
which his data was deve loped. In special cases. prototype testing [Q determine the
precise load vs . deflection characteristics ofa particular bel lows des ign may be
necessary.
//
///1
/ I
FOR CE
DEFLECTIOH
/
/ GENERAL CURVE OF BE LLOW S FORCE VS DEFLE CTION
FIGURE4 .12
4.12.1.8 CORRELATION TESTING
The equations in Sections 4. 13.1. 4.13.1. and 4. 13.3 can be employed to design a bellows
if they have been correlated wi th actual test results to demonstrate predictability of
nlplurc pressure_ meridional yielding. squinn and cycle life for a consistent series of
bellows of the same basic design (unrcinforccd and reinforced bellows arc considered as
separate designs). A minimum affive meridional yield-rupture leSIS on bellows of
varying sizes. with not less than three convolutions. are required 10 vcrify Equations
(4-29), (4-30), ('""-31). (4-28), (4-44), (445). (4-37), and (4-56), A minimum of len
squinn tests on bellows of\'arying diameters and number of convolutions are rcquircd to
vcrify Equations (4-35). (4-49) and (4-60). A minimum oftwenty-fivc fatigue tests on
bellows of varying diameters. thickncsses. convolution profiles arc required to construCt a
fatiguc life versus combined stress plol. The eITects of pressure shall be considered in the
fatigue tests. The test bellows must be representative of typical bellows design and
manufacturing processes.
4.12.1.9 BE L LOWS I-I EAT TR EATMENT
Heat trcatmcnt after forming can havc a dctri mental effect on bel lows prcssurc
capacity. If is not normally considered beneficial for fatigue life to either stress
relieve or anneal after fomling. The necessity for this form of heat treatment is the
responsibility of the purchaser and shall be considered individually.
S, = !:...(~)' C
211 Ip P
(4-31 )
Note : The above stresses should be eval uated for pressure capacity as fo ll ows:
5, & S! :s: C...f, S,,J, 5', s e. ,s",
S.l +S~$CmS<lb (Below the Creep Range)
SJ + (S./1.25) ~ S", ( In the Creep Range)
Bellows Meridional Membrane Stress Due to Defl ection
S, (4-32)
S" (4-33)
4-28 l' Expansion Joint Manufacturers Assoc iation. Inc. WW\\ .eJllla.org
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
Fatigue Life
(4-34)
Limiting Design Press ure Based on Inplane Instability and Local Plasticity at
Temperatures Below the Creep Range
P" (4-36)
5 - .!!.....
~ - 2A,
(....!!..-.)
R+I
K
r
(4-4 1)
- -
5 ',- H (- I- )K (4-42)
- 2Ar Rl +I r
Note: III the case of equalizing rings. th is eq uation provides on ly the simpl e
membrane stress and does not include the bending stress call sed by the eccentri c
fas tener locati on. These stresses can be deteml ined by e lastic ana lysis and/or
actua l tests.
Fastener Membrane Stress Due to Pressure
s:= ~
. 2A(
(_I_)K
R~ +I r
(4-43 )
Note: The above stresses shou ld be evaluated for pressure capacity as fo ll ow:-.:
s; +5 1" ~K,C",S",
(4-47)
3( ",-4C, ,~ )' C.
Note: Modulus of elasti city. E~ in Equations (4-46) and (-+-47) is at room
temperature.
Fatigue Life
(4-48)
0.3"C,J"
p. (4-49)
N'q
For universal expansion joints. N - tota.l nu mber of convolutions in both bellows
for calculation of P"
Fatigue Life
N
,
=(_C
S, -b
)" (4-59)
For universal expansion joints. N = total number of convolutions in both bel lows
for calculation of P"
2A/,
S. (Limited to 0.25 S"h or other value
nl!rD~ (4-62)
detemlined by testing)
4M,L", N
0,
lTCIIID: (4-63 )
\\"" .eJma.org ( E:\pans ion Join! Manufacturers Assoc iation. Inc. 4-33
STAN DA RDS DF T H E EX PAN SION JOINT MA NUFACTU RERS ASSOCIAT IO '. I C.
Input
Variables
I , Ol:llu\\;. Tvpe
3 4
Sinl.!k· Unrcmforccd Universal Unrcinfurccd Sinl.!k Reinforced Smdc ToroIdal
D, 24 24 24 24
Db+ 1(W+ 27 27 27 N/A
nI)
D," N/A N/A N/A 27.496
I .03 .03 .03 .05
11 2 2 2 I
1m .25 .25 .25 N/A
IQ I I I 3.4625
IN 12 4 8 2
l., I 1.25 1.25 N/A
! ~ N/A ,"5 .375 I
!L N/A I N/A N/A
L, N/A 36 N/A N/A
A, N/A N/A . 15 2.282
A, N/A N/A .43 1.27
Zoo N/A N/A .0877 .27 1
11_ N/A N/A 8 12
I~ N/A N/A 14751 157 14
I N/A N/A N/A I
D, N/A N/A N/A 25. 1
L, N/A N/A N/A 2.106
P 40 100 100 500
X (Comp) I I I .75
X ( Ex t) .5 .5 .5 0
y .06 2 0 0
o (Dcg) 5 0 5 0
E, (RT) 28.3c6 28.31:6 28.3e6 28 .3c6
E,I DT) 25.8c6 25.8c6 25.8e6 25 .8c6
E, (DT) NIA N/A 26.606 26.6c6
~( DT) NIA 27.3c6 27.3c6 27.3c6
S, 59726 59776 59726 59726
Inpu! 1 2
Bellolls Tv
J ,
Variables Sin 'Ie Unreinrorccd Uni\crsal Unrcmrorc~'1i SinQlc Reinforced Sin 'Ie ToroidJI
Results
S, 6301 ~367 3194 8992
S, N/A -17-11 3613 10407
51" N,A N/A 12 105 "975
S, 26-l5 674-1 3810 5352
SC' N"A N/A 3929 9520
S., 495 1237 841 11123
S, 17972 44925 24. .BI N/A
S, 689 1130 2003 '529
S" 109067 178830 253583 87937
S, )?J68 I 112"74 273276 123836
N, 74317 -1349 8213 50710
p. 93 210 307 1851
P" 128 128 N/A NIA
I; 1256 1 12562 24548 1571-1
C 0.7342 0.7342 0.7342 NIA
Cf 1.4 703 1.4703 1.-1703 WA
C, 1.5324 1.5324 1.5324 N 'A
B', NIA NIA N/A 3.7463
B, N/A N/A N/A 1.0 146
B, N/A NIA N/A 2.3731
K, 1.0417 1.0625 1.0625 N'A
c 0.2525 0.4140 0.3756 0.3750
Notes:
l. The Cr. Ct. and CII factors are taken from Appendix I. The interpolation method is in accordance
with Section 1.2.
2. The B I _ 8 1, and BJ factors are taken from Appendix I with linear interpolation.
3. The lateral and angular movements are assumed to be concurrent with axial compression only.
4. Fatigue life is based on the equations in figure 4.20.
5. Reinforcing members and collars are integral with no fasteners.
6. The notation 2e6 is equivalent to 2.000.000.
7. RT is room temperature and DT is design temperature. The design lemperarure is below the
creep range.
,,,
,/~--", -" .
/'
". ,
"-'X
( 'm ' )
+ + +
,,-¥' /
UNRE INFORCED BELLOWS
,
-- - ,
Figure 4. 13
~.""" ....".. A,
VI(W,X X
/""- .""''''','~ IIINC;
~17----~V
,
" .,
Db
~.
REINFORCED BEllOWS
Figure 4. 14
'.
"",,'
- -t--- . - --I
TOROIDAL BEllOWS
Figure 4. 15
o~
~
· \~ '"t\
o
o.7
•
'" ~ "'" ~ ~
1\ I~ ~
o. • "'" ~ ~ ...
~,
0 .'
0<
0.'
r- 0.' 1.82,;.,
o . ' .0
JD.t p
u
o. • I\.
\J-.. t---
"
~ ~ t:
o.,
~ '0
I-- ,•
-........:: ,
r::::::: ~ .0
,••
o , •.0
o
o 0' 0' 0' o. 0 .' o. 07 0.8 0.9 , 0
1,.m
'"
C,• for Convo luted Bellows
FIGURE 4.16
,
0 .2
'0
1.5
:;;--
p-:
1.2
1.0
O'
O~
0 .7
0 .'
~
---
~ t'---- ~ ~
"
".
0 .5 1_82 1;,
Cr .......
~ ~ t-..
0 .'
0 .'
~~~
..............
- r-....... r-......
~D",1"
~
~
I~
0'
'\
~
~ "" ""
'"~~
" .5
0 .15
'\
" .0
'\.
n, \. '\.
~ '\
'\.
0 "-
0 0 .' 0.2 O.J O. 05 0 .' 0 ,7 0.8 O. "0
2rm
'" Bellows
c, for Convoluted
FIGURE4,17
,• ,.,
,• / ,o
,.
,. /' V
V/ o.
~
,. /' o.
o.
~~~
,• / ' 17,./ 0.'
, ••
, ~
h /
.
~/
/
. //
. /. / /
.,
•
/ /. V~ [7 / /
. / ' /-& ''/ v' /
. /A ~ /
Yff 7 /
/
/
V
l.0
~
/./"" / ./ ./ / " 1 .8 21 ~,
, 7/ / V / ~Dmlp
.~
I.--
C" /
••• 1 .S
~~ t-- '/
.J
, ""~ ~ I--..
~ ~ r---. ....
O.
, .0
o•
~ ~ r--......
........
OJ ,.
',.
~
"
Cd for Convoluted Bellows
FIGURE4.IS
25
81
II
1
20
IL
V
15 I
B I' B , V
& B, /
8~
10
f-'"
V V
/ V
/ V
V
5
V
V
1/ V ~
o
o 5 10 15 20 25
6.61r 2
Dm tp
ag
., ~ •• t ••.• f _.
(.
.
.~
~
..........
8»
.. .:. .:. .... : .. ':' z
'1
~
c ., .. ;EiMA .iRei·~.to~~ed: ~l;~'rr '"<5
a ." ~
z
~
;::
IS
<
;:.
Ci
c
'"
-
'":l,
';
EJ MA 'IUnreinforced IkIlOws)
:-'. r"·:·Tr·:· o
Z
-l
",~ ...
m ~ ;;:
'" ,00000 ..........,....... . ... : .... ,.. ... : .. ,'-.-: ..,..,..................,..........•.......•..... .. ... »
Nlt~~~L ~;ioJ.;
i~ ~
~
.. :
0 .. ..•. ... . i .. +.. ,. z
.
..•. j ..+ •
:. .;; ·1,·
I·
!.
I·
c."
"
~ ...~ i· ·t ..;.. ..+ ... _, .. -+ »
.. ,
~
... . . . . . . . . . . ·illlt
~ .; ;
,
<; ,
.~ i· ": . : ... ... -: . ,. '. .;- ..... . ';-11 'l'! j·f·
Cl
c
,r.
", ,--" +...• ,~ i.
:
,. i
:
Lu. L ............. ~
, : : : '"»'"
10000 L " 1 . 1 .' " , .--'---"---'----'--~='d '"o
100 1000 I 0000 I 00000 1000000
'"
Fatigue Life ( N , ) r")
:;
:j
o
UNREIN FORCED REINFORCED TOROIDAL z
N _( 1.86x 10')" N _(5.18XIO')" Z
• S, - 54000 • $,-41800
N _ ( 2.30x I O' )'"
• $,-41800 o
t 5, - 0 .7(S , + 5.)+ (S, + S,) 5, - 0.7(5, + $ .)+ (S, + S,) 5, -3 5,+5,+5.
STAN DARDS OFTHE EXPANSION JOINT MA UFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
~ ~ r="'-
- - I
~
l 2 2 )
FIGURE 4.21
4.15.1 The cyli ndri ca l pressure-containing portions of the Ex pansion Joint (end
connecti ons. center connector between the pair of be ll ows in a uni versal Expansion Joint.
for exam pl e). can be evaluated using the methods described in Secti on V III. Division I of
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vesse l Code. The moment of inert ia ofa single be ll ows
element (J I _I in Figure 4.21) is given by equation 4-64. The mo ment of inertia for the
section of pipe that the bellow replaces (1 2-: in Figure 4.21) is gi ven by equation (4-65).
If 1 1_1 multiplied by the modulus of elasticity ratio is equal to or greater than 12-1. as
given by equat ion 4-66, the bellows is considered to be eq ui va lent to the pipe for the
clasti c buckling analysis. The pipe including the bellows elements and the center
connecto r for a uni versa l expansion joint (if applicable) may be considered a continuous
length and the stiffening requirements eva luated on that basis. If 1 1 _ 1 limes the modu lus
of elasti city ratio is less than 1 2_2. the bellows is not considered to be equ ivalent to the
pipe fo r e lastic buckling analysis. The ends or the pipe on e ither side or the bellows and
on both sides of the center connector for a uni versal expansion joint (if applicable) shal l
be evaluated as having free ends unless stiffeni ng rings are provided adjacent to the
be ll ows.
(4-64)
(4-65)
(4-66)
where I P'li" = ominal pipe wall thickness being used less manufacturing tolerances and
corrosion allowance or minimum pipe wall thickness from externa l buck ling analysis for
the max imum length between stiffening elements that includes the bellows (in.).
The proper design of any externally pressurized system req uires evaluation of the system
as a whole. Des igning such systems one segmcnt at a timc may lead to e ither
mi sa ppli cat ions or uneconomical designs.
4.1 5.2 The externa l pressure circumferential buckling capacity of the bellows convoluted
length may be evaluated by methods such as that shown in the ASME Code. as a cyli nder
having a length equal to the bellows convoluted length. Lh and a thickness equal to that of
an element having a moment of inertia 1 1_J • lflhe beJlows tangent length is unsupported
internally it may be evaluated as a short cylinder supported by the connecting pipe on one
end and the bellows convolutions on the other end.
4.tS.3 Unreinforced and reinforced bell ows with external pressure sha ll be designed for
pressure capacity using equations (4-27), (4-29). (-l-30). and (4-31 ). External bellows
reinforcing members and external tangent co ll ars are nO( included in the calculations for
external pressure capaciry. The design of toroidal bellows with external pressure is not
covered by thi s standard.
4. 15.4 Press ure thrust absorbing members such as tie rods. hinges, gimbals may be
evaluated in the sam e manner as for an internall y press uri zed system. The effects of
compression loading on long slender members must be taken into account.
4.15.5 For mu lti -p ly unreinforced and reinforced bellows. the val ues of 11 and W lIsed in
the equations for determining external pressure capacity shall be based only on the plies
that actively resist the external pressure. [n the case of two ply designs. the fo llowi ng
method may be used to detemline the active pli es and the external design pressure for the
active plies:
If Pm ..,;; P then both plies are active and Pt' = P" - P, (zero ifnegative)
With respect to external buckling, the preceding method may be conservative and may be
modified ifsubstantiated by manufacturer's experience.
The summary of equations which follows is the rectangu lar counterpart of the circu lar bellows. Thc
c'<pla natiol1 for the li se of these equa tions is found in Section 4.6. 1.
5.1 MOVEMENT EQUATIONS
Rectangu lar Expansion Joints may be subjccted to ax ial movement, angu lar movement. la leral
defl ection or any comb inati on of these.
a. Axial movement for single bcllows Expan sion Joint
x
e~
, N (5-1 )
c. Eq ui valent axia l movemcnt per convolution for si ngl e or uni versa l bellows with angular
rotali on.
L,-_
8, (5-3)
SING LE BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.1
r
(5-4)
UNIVERSAL BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.2
e0, -- -2N
(JL
' -'
I (5-5)
8s
/
SI 'GLE BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.3
t ,-
(J,L,
e - -- (5-6)
" - 4N
UNIVERSAL BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.4
d. Equivalent axial movement per convolution for universa l be ll ows with lateral movement
For latera l movement in a direction parall el with the long side:
r, ":'""'---
L-
K"L/.)1I
,
,- 2N(L" -L, ±x/ 2)
e. - (5-7)
UN IVERSAL BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.5
K"L,Y,
e ,.~ (5-8)
2N(L" -L, ±x/ 2) J',
UN IVERSAL BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.6
5-2 www.ejrna.org
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
e. Equivalent axial movement per con volution for single bellows with lateral movement.
Y,
e _, == _.,.3=L""',,,',-,- I
(5 -9 )
, N(L,±x)
r
SINGLE BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.7
3L ,.,
\'
rL - Y,
j
r
e. =
(5 -10 )
" N(L, ±x)
t
SINGLE BELLOWS
FIGURE 5.8
Rated movements sho uld be obtained from the expansion joint manufacturer.
5.3 MOVEMENT RANGE
The total equivalent axia l movement range per con volution (e) is that which results from the
movement of an Expans ion Joint from its init ial position in the duct ing system to the operating
position. When an Expansion Joint is installed without lateral or angular co ld spring. e is the
greater of e(, or e,. as calculated from the initial to the operating position under considera tion.
Care must be exercised when eva luatin g rectangular bell ows. Maximum va lues for e( or e,. must
be found by calcu lating all movements in their respective planes. Vector addition can only be
applied to round bellows. When cold spring in g is invo lved. the e r or e.. due to the cold spring
must be added algebraically to the e r or e.. due to mOVCIlll.'!nt from the neutral to the operating
position in order to obtain the maximum movement range. e.
5-4 www.cjma.org
STANDARDS OF T H E EXPANSION JO INT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIAT ION. INC.
r.
_." L/Ill e "
I ,u-
(For latera l deflection parallel to the
(5-18)
long side of a single expansion joint)
L,
V = J~ L""e,., (For lateral deflection parallel to the
L short side of a single ex pansion joint) (5-19)
I.,
,
For lateral deflection parallel to the long
side of a universa l expansion joint (5-20)
,'~'
- ''\.,,
n w
\
( 'r
m
+,' )
-- ', I- Q-J
·U· SHA PE ·V·SHAPE
TYPI CA L CONVOLUTION SHAPES
Other shapes must be individually anal yzed.
FIGURE 5.9
The equations show n below pertain only to the sing le pl y convolution shapes shown in
Figure 5.9.
s = PL,,!
(shon side)
(5-13)
1. 2A,
otc : IfN= l. setS7/ andS7x= O.
PNqL;U'
(shon side) (5-26)
241
P(Nq + 2L, )'
(5 -27)
2/:
If 5&".,,:5 1.33K,S"h. then S& = S&a
If S RlU > 1.33KsSub. then S& = S &h
a les:
If the tangent is fully supported against the pressure, set L, = O.
If N= I. SCI S8/ and S,~. = O.
S, = P
2:
(cc)' ( 1.0 _ 1.31~ )
f II '
(5-28)
Note: the above stresses should be evaluated for pressure capac ity as follows:
S~I S~f
57/+ - - andS~, + - ' - 55""
1.25 1.25
59::::: 1.255""
511 ::::: 1.255,,1>
Bellows Deflect ion Due To Pressure (beam mode) At Center of Span and Midpoint of
Bellows Length
PNqL/
v
. ~ml" (5-31 )
384£, 1
PNqL,"
(5-33)
384£,1
OICS:
Irthe tangent is flill y supported against the pressure, sel Lt = O.
If N- I . set ),1>",1 and )'hm.• = O.
(5-35)
w here a, b. and (' arc material and manu facturin g constan ts. Fati gue data must be
fumi s hed by indi vidual manu fac turers. 5,= C l' S9 ~ S/(J c.,
1
Bellows T heoret ica l Axial Elastic Spring Rate
E~11I 1 (LI + LJ
(5-36)
The effect of comer configuration (see Figure 5.10) is not considered equation 5-36.
Corn er config uration will not signifi cantly effec t the spri ng rate perfo nnance w hen the
length of the shortest side exceeds l Ow: L, / H' > [0 . When this va lue is less than 10.
consult the bellows manu facturer for information.
longitudinal bending stress and mid-poim deflec lion can be reduced by the addition of
intermediate supports along the span .
FIGU RE 5. 10
a.) analysis of data and exa mination of product scrapped or reworked to determine
extenl or causes.
b.) analysis of trends in processes or pcrfonnance of work to prevent recurrence
of non-confonnances.
c.) introduction of required improvements and corrections. initial review of the
adequacy of stich measures and the cont inued monitoring of the corrective action
effectiveness.
6.11 WELDING
Unless otherwise specified by contractual agreement. the welding personnel and procedures shall
be qualified in accordance with the applicable sect ions of Sec lion IX of the ASME Boi ler &
Pressure Vessel Code or equivalent for all pressure containing welds.
6.12 HEAT TREATMENT
Unless otherwise speci fied by contractual agreement. heat treatment. when required. shall be
perfomled in accordance \"ith the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code requirements or
equivalent or the recommendations of the material manufacturers.
6.13 PA C KAGING. PRESE RVATION, SHIPPING AND STORAGE
The manufacturer shall utilize standard commercial practices in packaging. preservation.
shipping and storage to assure protection of the product during shipmen!. unless superseded by
contractual agreement. These commercial practices shall bc adequate to prolect the quality of
the products fabricated from deterioration to the point of final destination.
1 2 3
.
•
1 2 3
6.16.3 HYDRAULIC FORMING
A rube is placed in a hydrau li c press or bellows fanning mach ine. Circu lar external die
rings of sui table contour are placed ou tside the tube at longitudinal intervals
approximately equal to the deve loped length of the completed convo lutions. The tube is
filled wi th a medium such as waler and pressurized until circumferential yield ing occurs.
This forming operati on con tinues with a simultaneous circu mferen tial yield ing and
controlled longitudinal shortenin g of the tube until the proper config uration is obtained.
Indi vidual or multi ple convo luti ons may be fonned by this method. Depending on the
bell ows configu ration, several partial-forming steps with inrennedi atc hear treatment may
be required. Reinforced be ll ows may be formed by utilizing external reinforcing rings
that act as part of the forming dies. After com pl etion. when the dies are removed. the
rings rema in as an integral part of the bellows.
P~ESSURE
c' 3
..
1 2 3
.
6. 16.5 ROLL ED CONVOL UTED SH EET
A flat sheet is mechanically convoluted by either the press-brake method or the roll
forming method modified to produce straight secti ons. ThI s pre-fo nned rail is then rolled
imo a tube . The bellows is completed by longitudina ll y welding the convoluted ends of
the rail together.
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3 4
2 3
... PRESSURE
1 2
• J 4
G-8 (" Exp:msiull Joint i\:lanutb clurcrs Associ:.IIion. Inc. www.cj ma.org
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANS ION JOI NT MANUFACTURERS ASS OCI ATION. INC.
6. 17 FABRICATION TOLERANCES
This Section covers standard manufa cruri ng tolerances for fabricated assemblies containi ng
Expansion Joinls. Ifrequired. closer IOleranees than those indi cated may be ob tai ned but must
be subject 10 agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer of the Expansion Joint.
Flanges for Round Expansion Join ts
(U p to 96 in. Nominal Diameter)
Standard Flanges: Dimensions and tolerances confonn to
Flanges 10 standards such as ANSI the standard.
816.47. 816.5.
MSS S P44. A WW A C207
NOTE: Good practice suggests that one mating flange in the piping system remain unwelded
until the Expansion Joint has been located in position.
1:J.
r- r-
"-
- ---WI [-~
I _
~
I
,.
be
iL___JijI ~-~ [
I
~
FIGURE 6.1
ti----------------~
\ 1 ~---1fl1 =="""I"1~---1 ~
___ I ~ --.J...IM
___
Penni ssib le varialion of 5pecificd diam eler and ou t of roundness at the weld bevel sha ll
be in accordance with the rollowing :
24 in. diameter or less in accordance wi th pipe spec ification.
Over 24 in. diameter: Outs ide diameter 0.5% of the specified outside diameter based on
circum fere ntial measurement.
Out-of-roundness: Difference between major and minor diameters not to exceed I % of
nominal d iameter.
FIGURE 6.2
rr ---, f}i-'U] 7
- I
I .1
---
I
u_ _~ _1
•
'-- Permissible variation of specified
diameter and o ut of roundness at
I .& N CtiOR BASE
I I
the weld bevel shall be In
accordance with the following: f::t - - -- -l
24 in. diameter or less in accordance with pipe spec ification.
Over 24 in. d iameter: Outside diameler 0.5% of the specified outside diameter based on
circumferential measurement.
Out-of-roundness: Difference between major and minor diameters not to exceed 1% of
nomillal diameter.
FIGURE 6.3
IIlIl rE..t.
'11'1 f
Van Stlln e diam eter dim ensions lIla~
!
FIGURE 6.4
Flanges must be installed so that bolt holes straddle a common cemcrline within 111 6 in ..
NOTE: Good practice suggests that one mating flange in the piping system remain unwelded until the
Expansion Joint has been located in position.
f4---tJ--
,
Fl anges mllst be installed so that bo lt holes straddle a common centerli ne with in 1/ 16 in ..
NOT E: Good practice suggests that one mating fla nge in the pi ping system remain unwe lded until the
Expansion l oin t has been located in positi on.
FIGURE 6.6
"Cl
Flanges must be installed so that bolt holes straddle a common centerline within 1/ 16 in ..
NOT E: Good pract ice suggests that one mating fl ange in the piping system remain ul1wc lded until the
Expansion Joint has been located in posi tion.
fiGURE 6.7
t---R"---+------~'-------
Flanges must be installed so that bolt ho les straddle a common centerline within 1/ 16 in ..
NOTE: Good practice suggests that one mating flange in the piping system remain unweJded until the
Expansion loint has been located in position.
FIGURE 6. 8
.----++-+-+ -+-++
~ -f.- -
I 'i-
~
hI
I 1"'-
~
Holes to be located with 1/16 in. from true position
Flanges must be installed so that bo lt holes straddl e a common centerline withi n 1116 in ..
NOTE: Good practice suggests that one mating fl ange in the piping system remain unwelded unt il the
Ex pansion Joint has been located in pos iti on.
NOTE: Design of the d uct must provide for fie ld fi t-up connection to allow proper alignment of the
Ex pansion Jo int and duCI, wi thout producing unantic ipated load ings in the system. Closer
tolerances than those indica ted shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and
Expansion Joint manufactu rer.
_0-
- or
<I>
r~1
1! ~
I
I~
I f lTYPICAL) (I, 'I
j j ~ I I I
+ ~
": •.1,. I I ,
'\ ~
1<1>/ ~ '!l> <I>
,,//
Maximum camber 11 16 in. P" Maximum camber I 32 in. per fool of
fOOlof length measured al inside length measured al Inside edge of flange
edge of nange (Iypical) along each side
..
·Holes to be located w lthm 118 m. at rrue positIOn for L up to 12 f1. and wlthll13/ 16 m. of true
position for L greater than 12 ft.
NOTE: Options for providing true hole locations:
I. Purchaser may provide manufacturer with template haying the desired hole size
and pattern.
2. Purchaser may request blank flange or flanges with drilling to be made by
constructor al installation.
3., Expansion Joint manufacturer may provide loose mating flanges.
Closer tolerances than those indicated shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and
Expansion Joint manufacturer.
FIGURE 6.10
250 TYP
+ + + ~
+ +
+ -$-
-$-fo-$- -$--$--$-
1 Holes (0 be located
..
w lthm 1/8 in. of true positi on
Closer tolerances than those indi cated shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and
Ex pans ion Jo int manufacturer.
I. Purchaser may prov ide manu facturer wi th templ ate having the desired ho le size
and pattern .
2. Purc haser ma y request blank flan ge or fl anges with drilling to be made by
constructor at installation.
3. Expansion Joint manufacturer may provide loose mating flan ges.
FIGURE 6. 1I
End prqtanllion for pipe wall thickness Jfl6 in. to 3/4 in. End prtparalion for pi pe wall lhi<:kness above 3/4 in.
:-.Jote: Dimensions o f weld end preparations produced by means other than machining (Wrch CUI.
hand ground. etc.) are nominal only .
MACH fNE BUTT WE LD LNG END PRE PARAT ION ( Ref. AN SI BI 6. 25)
FIGURE 6.12
BELLOWS MANUFACTURING
DIMENSION (in .) TOLERANCE (in.)
Convolution Pitch (q)
< _ ttl + 1 16
> V2 1Q I + 1/8
> ltoJ'/~ + 3/ 16
> ]1 '2 102 ± 1/4
>2 + 5/ 16
C onvolution
Heioht (w) ..
<- ' .' ~ + 1/32
> y~ to I +1 16
> l to l Yl + JIJ2
> 11'1 t02 ± ] ,- 8
> 2 102 1/ Z ± 532
> 21'1 10 3 + J. 16
> 3 toJl~ + 7.32
> 31/z 104 + 1'4
>4 ± 932
C om'oluti on In side • .:: .. .
Dia meter (D b) • •• • • •••
< 8 58 + I 16
> 8 5.8 to 24 ±IR
> 24 to 48 + 3 16
> 48 1060 + 14
> 60 ± 5 16
FIGURE 6.1 3
It is imponam that the fit of the bellows tangent be tight to the duct. nUllge. or other method of end
attachment being used. Figure 6.14 shows two examples with the bellows tangent attached using a
preferred method and a non· prefcrrcd method. Ha mm er in g of th e bell ows l a ngenl 10 ac hieve t h e no n-
prefe rred attac hm ent is nol accepta ble.
Tangent is
angled and
not tight to
the duct
Weld end with acceptable but Flange with acceptable but not
not preferred tangent preferred tangent
TANGENT ATTACHMENTS
FIGURE 6. 14
7-' ..0 Expansion Juin! Man ufd..:imCI:' A:>~m;j<ltiulI, 1m:. WW\\ .~jma.o rg
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
Pressurize the spec imen in steps without relieving the pressure between steps. Each
illlerval should not exceed 10% of the final anticipated instability pressu re. although
sma ller intervals are preferred as the pressure increases.
Instability of axially aligned be llows is generally characterized by a sudden acceleration
of either the change in resultant lateral deflection and/or the change in convolution pilch.
However. in the case where bellows are tested in the laterally offset or rotated position.
no true stabilit y condition may appear. Instead. movement of the convoluti ons will occur
due 10 lateral pressure component being superimposed on the applied deflection. (See
Sec,;oll4.12 .1.6)
Squinn sha ll bc considered to have occurred ifunder internal pressure an initially
symmetrical bellows defomls resu lting in lack ofparatlelism and/or uneven spacing of
adjacent cODvol utions at any point on the circumference. This defomlation shall be
construed as unacceptable squirm when the convolution pitch under ,mema l pressure to
the convolution pitch before application of pressure exceeds 1.15 for unreinforced and
1.20 for reinforced bellows.
7.3.3 ME RIDI ONAL YIEL D- R UPTU R E TESTING
The objective of a meridional yie ld-rupture test is to detemline the internal pressure
wh ich will cause yielding and rupture ofa bellows. An accurate evaluation of the yie ld
pressure is quite important since it is this val ue, rather than nlpnlre. which usually
provides the limiting criteria for establish ing suitable opemti ng pressures. The test
specimen should have a minimum of three convolutions to minimize tbe effects of the
end attachments. Identification of tile bellows should be established using.the parameters
in Table I.
Place the Expansion Joint in any suitable fixture with the bellows fixed in the straight
position which will effectively seal the ends during pressurization. and most importantly.
will prevent any movement of the ends during testing. The fixture must also safely
restrain the bellows when rupture occurs. The test medium should be limited to water as
a safety precaution.
Pressurize the specimen in steps, returning to zero pressure after each step, up to at least
(\vice the yield pressure. Thereafter. the specimen may be pressurized continuously until
rupture occurs. The initial pressure intervals should not exceed 10°10 of the anticipated
yield pressure. A constant holding time at pressure should be established for each step
throughout rhe yield point determination.
As a minimum. the width or space between each convolution at the mean diameter.
should be measured and recorded before and after each pressure step.
Instrumentation. such as a pressure-time recorder. strain gauges. etc .. can also provide
valuable information.
Both meridional yielding (bulging of the flat sides of tile convolutions). and
circumferential yielding of the bellows root diameter will be experienced in a test of this
type. Although a plot of permanent deformation versus pressure will resemble that ofa
simple tensile test stress-strain curve. a well defined yield point does not usually appear.
Thus. close visual observation of the test and a careful analysis of the data is necessary to
accurately detennine the yield pressure. Beyond the yield point gross distortion. root
collapse. and ultimate failure will occur.
\\ '" \\' .eJma.org c Expansion Joint ManufaClurers Associat ion. Inc. 7-5
STANDARDS OF TflE EXPANS ION JO INT MANUFACT URERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
TABLE I
RECOMMEN DED IDENTIFICATION DATA REQ UIRED FOR
BELLOWS SUBJECTED TO DESTRUCTI VE TESTS
'" Distan ce between convolution sidewalls measured on outside for internal press ure tests or inside for
external pressure tests.
8,3 INSTALLATION
It is importanllhat Expansion Joints be in stalled at the proper lengths as recommended by tile
manufacturer. They should never be extended or compressed to make up deficiencies in pipe
length. or offset 10 accommodate piping which is nOI properly aligned unless suc h insta llation's
tolerances have been s pecified by the system designer and anticipated by the Expansion loint
manufacturer. Do not neg lect pre-compression or pre-extension of the Expansion loint where it
is required or as designated by the manufacturer. Generall y. s uch instructions arc included 011
the shipping tags and additiona l information is avai lable in Section 2.
All Expansion Join lS provided with internal sleeves should be provided with fl ow arrows or other
s uitable means of assistin g the installcr in properl y o ricnting the Expan sion Joi nt (0 fl ow
direction. Correci installation of Expansion Join ts with internal sleeves is most important and
should be checked by the installer. (See Section 4. 10)
In order to insure the proper fun ct ioning of any Expans ion Jo int. it is hig hl y important that all
pipe lines in w hi ch the Ex pan sion Joints are located be s uitably anchored. gu ided, and supported.
(See Sections 2.2 through 2. 10)
Remember, a bellows is designed to absorb motion by flexing. The bellows is sufficiently thick
to with stand the design pressure, but also suffi cientl y thin to withstand its cyclic movement.
Opt imum design will always require a bellows o f thinner marerials than virtuall y every other
component of the piping system in which it is in stalled. The installer mus t recognize this and
take all necessary meas ures to protect the bellows during installation. Avoid denting, weld
spaller, a~c strik es. or the poss ibility of allowing foreign matter to int erfere with the proper
fl ex ing of the bellows. With reasonabl e care durin g s to rage. handling. and in stallation, the user
will be assured o rthe reliabi li ty designed and built into the Expansion Joi nt.
8,4 GASKETS
When removable fl anged sleeves are inserted in the Ex pansion Joint. an ex tra gaskel is required
between the face of the Expans ion Joint and the back face of the flan ged sleeve. i.c .. two gaskets
per Expans ion Joint ordinarily, three gaskets if one flanged sleeve is used per Expansion Joint
and four gaskel s if a pair oftclescop in g flan ged sleeves are used. Cautio n should be used wi th
graphite impregnat ed gaskets in contact with stainless steel facing s or sleeves at high
temperature.
DO'S DON'T
Inspect fo r damage during shipment. i.l' .. dents. broken Do not drop or strike canon.
hardware. water marks on carlon. etc.
Do not remo,e shipping bars unti l installation is
Slore in clean dry area where it \\ ill not be exposed to complele.
heavy trallic or damaging environment.
Do not remo ... e any moisture-absorbing dessicant bags
Use only designated Ii fling lugs. or prOlccti\e coatings until ready for installation.
Make the pipi ng systems fit the expansionjoinl. By Do not use hanger lugs as lifting lugs withoul approval
stretch ing. compressing. or offsetting the joint to fit the of manufacturer
pIping. it may be overstressed \\hen the system ii> in
service. Do nOI use chains or any lifting dc\ icc directly on the
bellows or bellows cO\er.
It is good pmctice to lea\ e one nange loose until the
expansion joint bas been fi tted inlo position. Make Do not allow weld splatter to hit unprotected bellows.
necessary adjustment ofloose nange before welding. PrOiect \\ ith weI chlonde-free insulation.
Install joint \\ ilh arrow pointing in the direction of no\\- . Do not use cleaning agents that contain chlorides
Install single Van Slone liners pointing in Ihe direction of Do not use steel wool or wire brushes on bellows.
flo ..... Be sure \0 install a gasket between the liner and Van
Stone nange as .... ell as belween the mating nange and liner. Do not force·rota te one end of an expansion joint for
alignment of bolt holes. Ordinary bellows are not
With telescoping Van Slone liners. mstall the smallest 1.0. capable of absorbing torquc.
liner pointing in the direclion of now
Do not hydrostatic pressurt' teSI or e\,acuate the syslem
Remove all shipping de, ices after the inslal1;1I10n is before installation of all guides and anchor:..
complete and before an} pressure lest of the full) IIlstalled
system Pipe hangers are not adequate g.uides.
RemO\"e any foreign material that may have become ludged Do not excecd a pressure test of I 1/2 limes the rated
bel\\een the convolutions. \\orking prt'ssure oftne expan:.ion joint.
Do not use shipping ban. 10 retain thrust iftesled prior to
Refer 10 EJMA Standard.. for proper guide spacing and instnllation.
anchor recommendations.
The manufacturer's warranty may be void if improper installation procedures have been used.
FIGURE 9. 1
Multi- Pl y Response when Compared to an Equ iva lent ly Designed Single Ply Bell ows
9. 1.4 M ULTIPLE MATERIAL USAG E
Corrosion conSiderations may indicate the desirability of different materials for the inner
and outer bdlows plies to suit the internal I external environment. In this manner the
primary ply specified to resist corrosion can be supplemented by less costly add itiona l
plies.
9.1.5 RED UN DANT PLY CONSTR UCTION WITH THE SAME T HI CKNESS FOR
EAC H PLY AS A S ING LE PLY CONST R UCTION
Redundant (\\'0 ply be llows arc used when it is desired to continue Ilomlal system
operation ifone ply should fail. until suc h rime as a suitab le replacement can be made.
9. 1.5. 1 PRESSURE CA PA C ITY
The pressure capacity of each bellows ply is the same as an equivalent single ply
des ign since the redundan t plies have been designed to withstand the system
design pressure independently.
9. 1.5.2 FAT IGUE LIF E
The effect on fatigue life over that of a single pl y construction will be nominal.
9.1.5.3 S PRI NG FORCES
An increase in tbe spring forces will result since the spring rate w ill be higher due
to the greater total material th ickness.
9.1.5.4 BELLOWS STA BILIT Y
In-plane and column stability are increased due to the greater total material
thickness.
9.1.5.5 MONITORED PLY BELLOWS
The annular space between plies can be monitored for leakage to detect a ply
failure. This will serve as a warning of an impending problem. reducing the
chances of a costly unscheduled shutdown.
c. G IM BALS Bending and torsional effects in the gimbal ring due to pressure
thrust and other longitudinally applied loads. Gimba l rings may be circu lar or
square and may be evaluated using the concept of a ring under four point loading
and torsionally unrestrained. The hinge plate and pin portions of the gi mbal
assembly. as well as the shear and bearing effects at the gi mbal ring pin holes.
may be evaluated similar to paragraph 9.2.3. I-b.
9.2.3.2 ATTAC HMENTS TO P IP ING
A variety of structural attachments may be used [0 connect tie rods and hinge
plates 10 the piping portion of an expansion joint. These may be simple lugs. lugs
with gussets or solid single or double plates (or rings) extending comp letely
around the pipe circumference. See Figures 9.3 and 9.4 for typical examples. In
all such arrangements the stress in the pipe must be evaluated as well as the stress
in the structura l member. In the case of lugs or lugs with gussets it may be
necessary to evaluate local deflection of the pipe which could impose undesirable
stresses in the bellows attachrnem weld and cy lindrical tangent. In high
temperature applications involving so lid plate or ring structures, the effects due to
differen tial thermal expans ion should also be considered.
The published literature provides various methods for evaluating the structure and
the pipe stresses individually rather than in combination. Also. most published
work assumes that the loads on the pipe occur on infinitely long cylinders. This is
not true when the structural attachment is located adjacent to the bellows and
dose to an open pipe end. It is. therefore. customary to perfonn the necessary
evaluation by means of approximations based on published literature
su pplemented by empiri cal methods wh ich experience has shown provide
sa tisfactory results.
9.2.3.3 COM PONENT DESIGN STRESS LIMITS
Expansion joint load bearing component stress limits are required to compl y with
pressure vessel. piping. and structural codes and standards. The stress limits in
Table II apply for load bearing component design .
TABLE II
Componen t Design S tress Limits
Co n~~o n ent T vpc of Stress Stress Lim it
Tie or Lim it Rods ( Pipe or Tension S
Round Bar) Compression S'
9-6 ~ e xpansion Join! M anufad ur~r:!o A~:!oocj::Hj un . lite. \1'\1'\\ .rj l1l:t. urg
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANS[ON JO[NT MANUFACTURERS ASSOC[AT [ON. [NC.
Notes:
I. The stress limits are based on ASME Sectioll VIII Di v. I & 1. ASME 831.1 , ASME B31.3, the
AISC Manual of Steel Construction. and the ASME Criteria Document.
2. S is the basic allowable stress at the design temperaUire for the component from the applicable Code.
If a detailed stress analysis is perfomlcd suc h as Finite Element Analysis. the basic allowable s[ress
S may be used in place oflhe design stress intensity Sm. For welds. the basic allowable stress S is
based on the weaker of the two materials joined.
3. K., is the shape factor for the cross section (See Table III ).
4. S* is the lesser of S or the allowable stress for compression members from the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction.
5. S** is the average of the tabulated values of the basic allowable stress S for the highest and lowest
temperatures during the operation cyc le under consideration.
6. E is the weldjoint-efficiency/quality factor from the applicable Code.
7. At design temperatures in the creep range. additional considerations may be required.
8. Excessive dcfonnation or local buckling may limit the loading on components.
9. Membrane stress is unifoml and equal 10 the average stress across the section. Bending stress va ries
with location across the section.
10. For cyclic loading, additional fatigue evaluation may be required.
II. Bearmg stress limits for holes are based witb smooth machined surfaces.
12. Component stresses during the pressure test shall not exceed 1.5 times the applicable stress limit
where the stress limit is based on the test temperature.
TABLE III
Shape Factors
Solid Rectangk
B
So lid Cyl inder
K., = 1.5
e
Hollow Cylinder
fII]t
Ho llow rectangle. Beam , Chan nel
r tf tf
d ~ H - 21,
II I H
'f- I- t.
t.~ J.5H(d' l. +4WI ,(d+I , ))
K,
Lw-J Uw WH' - d'(W-,. )
d ~ H- 21J
'- il-t.
,
1. 51V( 21V 2f l +1,,:d)
K,
2W.1 f f +t"Jd
Lw-J
Channel, Tee
24
OL----.12-L---2r4L---3T6----'4~8----6TO-----7r2----8T4----~96
NOMINAL EXPANSION JOINT DIAMETER (IN.)
FIGURE 9.1
.n
u
1f
IAI IBI ICI
TYPICAL LUG TYPICAL lUG WITH
ON PIPE GUSSETS ON PI PE
r - - - - TIE RODS
OR
HINGES
(0 ) IE) IF)
FIGURE 9. 3
/'
.I
- ==
'-...
(0) (E I
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF
SING LE AND OOU BLE RINGS
TIE RODS
OR
HINGES
lEI IF I IG) IH I
TIE RODS
OR
HINGES
o / #"I=~
\I+(~
. - -.....
0_ """"~'"
III IJ I I KI
FIGURE 9.4
9,2,3.4 R EFERENCES
The following references arc not all · inc1usive but may provide infonnation useful
to the eva luation art ie rods. hinges. g imbal s. and their attachmen t to the piping:
4. Roark. R.J . and W.e. Young: Formulas/or Stress and Slrain. McGraw-
Hill Book Co,
9.3 FLANGES
Expansion Joints may be fined with flanges. The choice of flan ges will depend upon the
specified service cond itions. the flanges fumished on connec ted piping or equipment and the
Expansion Joint manufacturer's standards. Expansion .I oint flang es may conforn) to
ASME/ANSI standard dimensions and drilling. but special facings and drilling are available to
su it specifi c service conditions and appli cati ons.
There are three different types of construction used in the fabrication of Expansion Joints wi th
flanged ends. The Expansion Joint manufacrurer may li se anyone or all oflhe following
methods. depending upon the parti cu lar application in question:
a. Van Stoned Ends· The flanges are slipped over the tangents of the bellows and the bellows
material is flared out or "Van Stoned" over the faces of the flanges. The be ll ows material
prevents contact between the flanges and the medium flowing through the pipe. During
installation. the Expansion Joint flanges can be rotated to match the bolt holes in the mating
pipe line flanges. Although flat faced flanges are generally used for this type of constructi on,
the Van Stoned portion of the bellows material overlapping the face of the tlanges creates a
cond iti on which is. in effect. equivalent to a rai sed face.
b. Flanges Welded 10 Pipe Nipples - The manufacturer welds the bellows to short pipe nipples
and then welds the flanges to the other end of these pipe nippl es. Since tbe flanges will not
be free to rotate. it is sometimes desirable 10 ship the Expansion Joint wi th one flan ge
unwelded to faci litate fi eld insta llati on.
c. Flanges Welded 10 Bellows - The manufacturer welds the bellows directly to the flanges.
This consrruction genera ll y results in the shortest poss ible face-to-face dimension.
The c ustomer shou ld give consideration to the type of pipe line fl anges specified when
ordering Expansion Joints. since the foregoing differences in Expansion Joint construction
may have an effect on the type of mating flanges required. Ifflat faced flanges are specified,
it is not advisab le to specify Van Stoned Expansion Joi nts. since the Van Stoned portion of
the bellows is actually equi va lenl to a raised face. Consequently. if flat faced flanges must be
furnished. the Expansion Joints should be ordered with flanges welded on.
I f raised face flanges are speci fied. Van Stoned Expansion Joints are generally considered
satisfactory. providing proper gaskets are used. However. the face of the Van Stone is not a
machined finish and it may not comply in every respect with the ASME/ANS I dimensions for a
raised face. Consequently, jf ASMEIA Sl flanges must be furnished. or if a particularly fine
machined surface is required for use with metallic and similar gasket materials, it may be
necessary to specify Expansion Joints with flanges welded on.
Because of the wide variation in the type of flanges available, it is essential for the customer to
specify his flange requirements completely and accuratel y when ordering Expansion Joints.
Flange specifications for pipe sizes up to and including 24 in. are clearly defined by the
ASMEIANSI standards. In the case of pipe sizes larger than 24 in .. however, the ASME/ANS I
standards are incomplete and are su bject to frequent misinterpretation.
IN O RD ER TO PREVENT CONFUS ION WHEN SPEC IFYING LARGE DIAMETER
FLANGES. IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE CUSTOMER S PECIFY EIT HER A FLANGE
MANUFACTURER'S CATALOG AND PAGE NUMBER. OR THE ACTUAL MATERIAL.
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, TH ICKNESS. DRILLING AND FACING FINISH REQUIRED .
9.4 CORROSI ON
Corrosion can significantl y reduce the service li fe of a n Expansion Joint The design and
o perating characteristics of Expansion Joints are suc h that they may be subjc.:cted to corrosive
attack under conditions which might not affect piping and fi ttings of similar materials.
Poss ible types of corros ion that may be experienced in expansion joint ap pl ica tions are as
follows:
• Stress-corrosion. whic h is evidenced by a cracking of the material as the result of a
combina tion of stress and a corrosive environment
• Intergranular-corrosion. which is characterized by a preferential attack along the grain
boundaries in metal s
• Pining. which is a loca li zed attack on mcwls: general corrosion or the g radua l eati ng
away of the metals in a system
• Lmpi ngcmcnt and corrosion erosion, associated with the impact of a li quid or gas medium
on the surface of the material under attack
• Elevated temperature oxidation is another fonn of mare ri al degradation most commonly
encountered in hot air and exhaust lines.
Occurrence of all types of corrosion depends upon the material type and condit ion. as well as its
initial surface condi tion. Selection of the material lype should be such that there is no possib ility
of corrosi{Hl occurring or that it is not affected by corrosion to an ex tent greater than 0.002 inches
penetration per yea r.
The corros ion res istance of stainless stee l depends o n the fonnat ioD ora thin. unbroken. chromi c
oxide surface. whi ch wi ll fornl slowly in the atmosphere on clean stainless steel. Particles of
steel. such as weld ing spatter, will preven t the fonnation of this chromic ox ide surface; therefore.
to produce maximum general corrosion resistance. a ll sca le should be removed by pickling. The
adherence of weld ing spatter shou ld be prevented bot h in the shop and duri ng installation by
covering the bellows or by using an anti-spatter compound . Althoug h it is sometimes desirable
to heat treat austenitic sta inless steel piping com ponents in order to improve the ir resistance to
corrosion. thi s is not usually the case wi th bellows. Ex pa nsion Joint bellows arc invariably used
atlllovements producing high stresses, freque nt ly within the plasti c range; lhu s, any beneficial
effect of removing residual stresses would be q uick ly nullified by operating stresses . The
poss ible occurrence of stress corros ion in austeni tic stainless steel bellows cannot be eliminated
by heat treatment or by reducing the movement.
In the desig n of piping systems containing Expa nsion Joim s. attention is given to the internal
condi tions and medium: but little if any. to the externa l conditions. This practice can lead to
reduced service life. since externa l corrosion can be experienced where fumes or sprays may
contact the bellows or ill tunnel and manhole install ati ons where water is all owed to co ll ect.
Many corrosion problems encountered in the field can be reduced in magnitude, ifnot
completely c1 imillulcd. by careful plan ning and design. The process engineer or designer must
anticipate situations where corrosive attack might result from a certai n design configuration or
material selection and avoid such conditi ons wherever possib le.
Since corrosion problems may be complex. it is often advisable to consult a qualified corrosion
engineer.
MA~;r: :1======:::::J
OOUBLE EXPANSI ON
JOINT WITH INTER -
MEDIATE ANCHOR
1
MAIN ANCHOR
:1 I I: UNIVERSAL EXPANSION
JOINT WITH OVERALL
TIE RODS
II II:
DIRECTIONAL MAIN ANCHOR
UNIVERSAL EXPANSION
JO INT WITH SHORT
TIE RODS
&
INTERMEDIATE ANCHOR
PRESSURE BALANCED
EXPANSION JOINT
- I
~
DIRECTIONAL INTERMEDIATE
ANCHOR WITH GUIDE
INLINE PRESSURE
BALANCED EXPANSION
JOINT
F--:rr-~
SIDE VIEW END VIEW
PLANAR PIPE ALIGNMENT GUIDE
!
SPRING SUPPORT
,
"" ww .eJma.org ( Expansion Join! ManufaclUrers Association. Inc. ij·t
,I
TYPE MOVEMENT Cm.CULAR BELLOWS MOVEMENT PARALLEL WITH
RECTANGULAR BELLOwS
MOVEMENT PARALLEL 0 ,.'"z
-i
LONG SIDE WITH SHORT SIDE
'"
n
c ,.
Cl
I -'(({((((t??.)
~ -' . ~IIII,IT) I 'V L. · !:L(~l /~l') r
-e
'.-----., X
e• .:: N ,m. e. "" N ,in. X
e~ = N , ill. X Cl
1~""
-i
;z:
I, '. f
F. = f. ,e, , ill . F" =i.c"ill. F. =/",c.. ,11I f:i on
&']:
,'"
<. ---
•
'" Tr1-
'l-<:tL
J
' .
Y;=O V,, = O V/.t= O
,.
n
-i on
,.'"X
] " ...., .. ...... "00 .._ ...
"""-''-'- J .
M , =O
Ma= O
M u=O
Af<1l=O
M u=O
AI B. ",Q
Z
0 Z
§f
c
~
2"
ANG ULAR " T" e(J '" ~r;; ,ill. €fII = ~; ,ill. e(J. = ~~ ,il1. ,.
C
r '"
is
Z
;: ",( ill :J..V/~
!iT
rl, '
lPh0, ~",
F .O
v.o
. F .O
• F .O
• 's:" ,.~
"'0
;;:'Z
"cc 0
/
V .O V.O
~'
_ '-..~ '('</ . ' u " <
on Z -i
J.De J. L e J.t e
2
~
J"
• /~ M~ :~. ill.lbs.
4
/!fIJI = ... .
4
01 /OJ ,i/I./bs. M 8J = .. .,,8, ,ill .lbs.
4 s:on s:!s:
X"
,. M ,= O AlLI=O M J,,= O z n CZ
",
~
LATERAL (S INGLE BELLOWS)
',',_,,_ ,
e
r N(L~
3D.. y .
±x)
, 11/, eI
_
-
N(L.
3L/.I',
± x)
'
, III. e
3L,.I',
N (I,. ± x)
.
, III.
:-'
."
0
,.
."
•
Co
r--"-
J )f
n
~ r-== .- V/ " D.. e,
_ ,- , 1'- V£/--J.. L../e"- , IbS . V/., -- J.... L"" e,., , lb's, '"
n -i
c
c
C
".1H ~n ,
U
'r(lJ
I
\;Jd
• • \", 2(L, ±X)
Wi.
L, I., ,.
P'
f:i
v
. 'v-:::i
.c
j t M _ f .p .. e" . Ib
, - --
4
,111. s.
'
!Ll u -
_ f"L ..lc,., , Ib
2
,111. s.
'f
" Lo
_ f •.L<OJcyt . Ib
2
,III. S . Z
Cl
s:
,.''""
LATERALANDAXlAL
Mil ",, 0
.T K D y,
li-ft1/=O
x K [,)',
M,I,::O
.T K.L,y, .
0
s:on '"'"0
e = - 'C - " .. III C :: - 'e " ,III. e ::-; e - , III. n
(UNTVERSALBELLOWS) • 2/1" 2N(L.- L~tx/2'· , 21/ ' 2N(L.- LbtX/2 ' 211 " 2N(L,- Lb tx/2
, '1
z :;;
- ' ,'I F~ '" f •.e. ,1bs. F" == f" e, .Ibs. F. '" f.e. ,lbs. -i -i
on
. (.,n / f . D.. ey • Ibs.
0
~
•
-...,.
v.
-,
'
,/
~I ':
2(L. t x)
V
£1 -
f.L ..,e,; , Ib S.
L"
" _ f.,L,..e .. Ib'
1>'
{._
.
,.
10
C :z
z
y' lIII _J"-+1}'" _f.. D.. eJ, . I ' _ f.L..Jc!" . Ib -i
M
L. -_ J"L.,jc,. ' Ib
~.
~
l~
f..----, ... -
~' I
"-'
.±....
.,
M1 _
M o"' O
,m. bs.
4
Mu
M fII",O
2
,III. S.
M 6, = 0
2
, III. s.
is
Z "
'"
STAN DA RDS OF THE EX PANS ION JO INT M AN UFACTURER S ASS OCIA TI ON, INC.
APP EN DI X D
Conversion Facton
Accelerat ion
By To Ohrain
A ngle
A1l1llip~\" B" Tu Obruill
A rea
MulTiply By To Obtain
Density
B,' To Ob/llin
Force
B,' To Ohtain
Length
A1l1llip~\" B,' To Ohtain
Spring Constant
MlIll ip~l' 81 ' To Obrail1
Temperature
Convert To
Torque (Moment)
MlIJlip~r 8 1' To Obfllin
Velocity
Mulrip(\' By Tu Obwil1
Vo lum('
A111It ip~\' 8 1' To Ohtain
L _ __ _ _ _ __ _ l'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, C '_ _ _ __ __ _ _
( I
L-.+.!r
i~ ~~~
" !hl-.,j
11 I ~
!
! ,~ ,
• 00 •
T ,
14.00 1.875
6
8 16.50 2.188
8.S00
10.625
4.625
5.250
2.625 2.625
" 1.125 11.500
3.375
3.000
4.375
"
16
1.250
1.375
13.750
17.000
"
14
22.00
23.75
2.625
2.750
15.000
16.250
6.125
6.500
3.625
3 .687
4.625
5.000
20
20
1.375
1.500
19.250
20.750
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Pipe
Schedule
Wall
Thickness
Insi de
Ola . .....
Inside Sq. Ft.
Outside
Surface
Weight
per ft.
Wt. of
wate r
per ft.
Moment
of
Inertia
Section
Modulus
RadIus
of
GyralJon
(00) (10.) (10.) I (10'2) (po< ft) (lb.) ·(lb.) (10' 4) (lo'3J In.)
105 0.083 0.674 0.357 0220 0.671 0. 135 0.014 0.034 0 .269
40 0.109 0.622 0.304 0.220 0.851 0.132 0.171 0.041 0.261
Y, 405 0.109 0.622 0.304 0.220 0.851 0.132 0.171 0.041 0 .261
(0.604) 80 0.147 0.546 0.234 0.220 1.088 0.101 0.020 0.048 0.251
80S 0.147 0.546 0.234 0.220 1.088 0.101 0.020 0.048 0.251
160 0.187 0.466 0.171 0.220 1.304 0.074 0.022 0.053 0.240
XXS 0.294 0.252 0.499 0.220 1 714 0.022 0.243 0.058 0.219
55 0.065 0 .920 0.665 0.275 0.684 0.288 0.025 0.0467 0.349
105 0.083 0.884 0.S14 0.275 1.857 0.266 0.030 0.0566 0.343
40 0.113 0.824 0.533 0.275 1.313 0.230 0.037 0.0706 0.334
% 0.824 1.313 0.230 0.037 0.Q706
40S 0.113 0.533 0.275 0.334
(1.050) 0.742
80 0.154 0.432 0275 1.474 0.188 0.045 0.0853 0.321
80S 0.154 0.742 0.432 0275 1.474 0.188 0.045 0.0853 0.321
160 0.218 0.614 0.296 0.275 1.937 0.128 0.053 0.1004 0.30<
XXS 0.308 0.434 0.148 0.275 2.441 0.064 0.058 0.1104 0.284
55 0.065 1.185 1.103 0.344 0.868 0.478 0.050 0.076 0.443
105 0.109 1.097 0.945 0.344 1.404 0.409 0.076 0.1 15 0.428
40 0.133 1.049 0.864 0.344 1.679 0.374 0.087 0.133 0.421
1
405 0.133 1.049 0.864 0344 1.679 0.374 0.087 0.133 0.421
(1.315)
80 0.179 0.957 0.719 0.344 2.172 0.311 0.106 0.161 0.407
80S 0.179 0.957 0.719 0.344 2.172 0.311 0.106 0. 161 0.407
160 0250 0.815 0.522 0.344 2.844 0.226 0.125 0. 190 0.387
XXS 0.358 0.599 0.282 0.344 3.659 0.122 0.141 0.21 4 0.361
55 0.065 1.530 1.839 0.434 1.107 0.797 0.104 0.125 0.564
105 0.109 1.442 1.633 0.434 1.805 0.707 0.161 0.193 0.550
40 0.140 1.380 1.496 0.434 2.273 0.648 0.195 0.235 0.540
lYo 405 0.140 1.380 1.496 0.434 2.273 0.648 0.195 0.235 0.540
(1.660) 80 0.191 1.278 1.283 0.434 2.997 0.555 0.242 0.291 0.524
80S 0.191 1.278 1.283 0.434 2.997 0.555 0.242 0.291 0.524
160 0.250 1.160 1.057 0.434 3.765 0.458 0284 0.342 0.506
XXS 0.382 0.896 0.631 0.434 5.21 4 0.273 0.341 0.411 0.472
55 0.065 1.770 2.461 0.497 1.274 1.067 0.158 0.166 0.649
105 0.109 1.682 2222 0.497 2.085 0.962 0.247 0.260 0.634
40 0.145 1.610 2.036 0.497 2.718 0.882 0.310 0.326 0.623
",
(1.900)
40S
80
0.145
0.200
1.610
1.500
2.036
1.767
0.497
0. 497
2.718
3.631
0.882
0.765
0.310
0.391
0.326
0.412
0.623
0.605
80S 0.200 1.500 1.767 0.497 3.631 0.765 0.391 0.412 0.605
0.581
'"
XXS
55
0.281
0.400
0.065
1.338
1.100
2.245
1.406
0.950
3.960
0.497
0.497
0.622
4.S59
6.408
1.604
0.60S
0.412
1.716
0.483
0.568
0.315
0.508
0.598
0.265
0.549
0.817
105 0.104 2.157 3.650 0.622 2.638 1.582 0.499 0.420 0.802
40 0.154 2.OS7 3.360 0.622 3.653 1.455 0.666 0.561 0.787
2 3.653 1.455 0.561 0.787
405 0.154 2.OS7 3.360 0.622 0.666
(2.375)
80 0.218 1.939 2.953 0.622 5.022 1.280 0.868 0.731 0.766
80S 0.218 1.939 2.953 0.622 5.022 1.280 0.868 0.731 0.766
160 0343 1.689 2.240 0.622 7444 0.971 1.163 0.979 0.729
XXS 0.436 1.503 1.774 0.622 9.029 0.769 1.312 1.104 0.703
55 0.083 2.709 5.760 0.753 2.475 2.499 0.710 0.494 0.988
105 0.120 2.635 5.450 0.753 3.531 2.361 0.988 0.687 0.975
40 0.203 2.469 4.790 0.753 5.793 2.076 1.530 1.064 0.947
2Yo 405 0.203 2.469 4.790 0.753 5.793 2.076 1.530 1.064 0.947
(2.875) 80 0.276 2.323 4.240 0.753 7.661 1.837 1.925 1.339 0.924
80S 0.276 2.323 4.240 0.753 7.661 1.837 1.925 1.339 0.924
160 0.375 2.125 3.550 0.753 10.010 1.535 2.353 1.637 0.894
XXS 0.552 1.771 2.464 0753 13.700 1.067 2.872 1.998 0.844
55 0.083 3.334 8.730 0.916 3.030 3.780 1.301 0.744 1.208
105 0.120 3.260 8.350 0.916 4330 3.610 1.822 1.041 1.196
40 0.216 3.068 7.390 0.916 7.580 3.200 3.020 1.724 1.164
3 405 0.216 3.068 7.390 0.916 7580 3.200 3.020 1.724 1.164
(3.500) 80 0.300 2.900 6.610 0.916 10.250 2.864 3.900 2.226 1.136
80S 0.300 2.900 6.610 0.916 10.250 2.864 3900 2.226 1.136
160 0.437 2626 5.420 0.916 14.320 2.384 5.030 2.876 1094
XXS 0.600 2.300 4.150 0.916 18.580 1.801 5.990 3430 1.047
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
Nominal Pipe Wall Inside Inside Sq. Ft. Weight Wt. of Moment Section Rad ius
Pipe Schedule Thickness Dia. Area Outside per ft. Water of Modulus of
55
'In._
0.083
'In._
3.834
In,"21
11.55
,,"
1.047
Lb._
3.47
Lb.
5.01
In" 4
1.960
Un'"
0.980
~ il" .1
1.385
105 0. 120 3.760 11 .10 1.047 4.97 4.81 2.756 1.378 1.372
35 40 0226 3.548 9.89 1.047 9.11 4.28 4.280 2.394 1.337
(4.000) 405 0.226 3.548 9.89 1.047 9.11 4 .28 4.280 2.394 1.337
80 0.318 3.364 8.89 1.047 12.51 3.85 3.850 3.1 40 1.307
80S 0.318 3.364 8.89 1.047 12.5 1 3.85 3.850 3.140 1.307
55 0.083 4.334 14.75 1.178 3.92 6, 40 2.811 1.249 1.562
105 0.120 4.260 14 .25 1.178 5.61 6.17 3.960 1.762 1.549
40 0.237 4.026 12.73 1.178 10.79 5.51 7.230 3.210 1.510
4 405 0.237 4.026 12.73 1.178 10.79 5.51 7.230 3.210 '.510
(4.500) 80 0.337 3.826 11.50 1.178 14.98 4.98 9.610 4.270 1.477
80S 0.337 3.826 11 .50 1.178 14.98 4.98 9.610 4.270 1.477
120 0.437 3.626 10.33 1.178 18.96 4.48 11.650 5. 180 1.445
160 0.531 3.438 9.28 1.178 22.51 4.02 13.270 5.900 1 .4 16
XXS 0.674 3.152 7.80 1.178 27.54 3.38 15.290 6.790 1.374
55 0. 109 5.345 22.40 1.456 6.35 9.73 6.95 2.498 1.929
105 0.134 5.295 22.02 1.456 7.77 9.53 8.43 3.030 1.920
40 0.258 5.047 20.01 1.456 14.62 8.66 15.17 5.450 1.878
405 0.258 5.047 20.01 1.456 14.62 8.66 20.68 5.450 1.878
5 80 0.375 4 .813 18.19 10456 20.78 7.89 20.68 70430 1.839
(5.563)
80S 0.375 4.813 18.19 1.456 20.78 7.89 25.74 7.430 1.839
120 0.500 4.563 16.35 1.456 27.04 7.09 25.74 9.250 1.799
160 0.625 4.313 14.61 1.456 32.96 6.33 30.00 10.800 1.760
XXS 0.750 4.063 12.97 1.456 38.55 5.62 33.60 12.100 1.722
55 0.109 60407 32.20 1.734 5.37 13.98 11.85 3.580 2.304
105 0.134 6.357 31.70 1.734 9.29 13.74 14.40 4.350 2.295
40 0280 6.065 28.89 1.734 18.97 12.51 28.14 8.500 2.245
405 0280 6.065 28.89 1.734 18.97 12.51 28.14 8.500 2.245.
6
(6.625)
80 0.432 5.671 26.07 1.734 28.57 11.29 40.SO 12.230 2.195
80S 0.432 5.671 26.07 1.734 28.57 11.29 40.SO 12.230 2. 195
120 0.562 5.501 23.77 1.734 36.39 10.30 49.60 14.980 2.153
160 0.718 5.189 21 .15 1.734 45.30 9.16 59.00 17.810 2.104
XXS 0.864 4.897 18.83 1.734 53.16 8.17 66.30 20.030 2.060
55 0.109 8 0407 55.SO 2.258 9.91 24 .07 26045 6.130 3.010
105 0.1 48 8.329 54.50 2.258 13.40 23.59 35.40 8.210 3.000
20 0.250 8. 125 51.80 2.258 22.36 22.48 57.70 13.390 2.962
30 0.277 8.125 51.80 2.258 22.36 22.48 57.70 13.390 2.962
8 40 0.322 8.071 51.20 2.358 24.70 22.18 63040 14.690 2.953
(8.625) 405 0.32 2 7.981 50.00 2 .258 28.55 21 .69 72.SO 16.810 2.938
60 0 0406 7.8 13 47.90 2.258 35.64 20.79 88.80 20.580 2.909
80 0.500 7.625 45.70 2.258 43.39 19.80 105.70 24.520 2.878
100 0.593 7.439 43.50 2.258 SO.87 18.84 121.40 28.1 40 2.847
120 0.718 7.189 40.60 2.258 60.63 17.60 140.60 32.600 2.807
140 0.8 12 7.001 38.50 2.258 76.76 16.69 153.80 35.700 2.n7
XXS 0.875 6.875 37.10 2.258 72.42 16.09 162.00 37.600 2.757
160 0.906 6.813 36.50 2.258 74.69 15.80 165.90 38.500 2.748
55 0.134 10.482 86.30 2.815 15.15 37.40 63.70 11 .850 3.750
105 0.165 10.420 85.30 2.815 18.70 36.90 76.90 14.300 3.740
20 0.250 10.250 82.50 2.8 15 28.04 35.80 113.70 21 .160 3 .710
30 0.307 10.136 80.70 2.815 34.24 35.00 137.50 25.570 3.690
10 40 0.365 10.020 78.90 2.815 40.48 34.10 160.80 29.900 3.670
(10.75) 405 0.365 10.020 78.90 2.815 40.48 34.1 0 160.80 29.900 3.670
60 0.500 9. 750 74.70 2.815 54.74 32.30 212.00 39.400 3.630
80 0.593 9564 71 .80 2.815 64.33 31.10 244.90 45.600 3.600
80S 0.500 9.750 74.70 2.815 54.74 32.30 212.00 39.400 3.630
100 0.718 9.314 68.10 2.815 76.93 29.50 286.20 53200 3.560
120 0.843 9.096 64.50 2.815 89.20 28.00 324.00 60.300 3.520
140 1.000 8. 750 60.10 2.815 104.13 26.10 368.00 68.400 3.470
160 1.125 8.500 56.70 2.815 115.65 24.60 399.00 74.300 3.430
PROPERTJE S OF PIPE
Nominal
P' pe
~6Z;)
P'pe
Schedule
Wall
Thickness
fin.!
Inside
Cia.
fin.!
"' ..
Inside Sq. FI.
Outside
I fin"" ~:,a~~
Wei ght
per ft.
flb.!
WI. of
water
~e~.~.
lb.
Moment
of
:~e~~
In"4
Section
Modulus
In"J
Rad iu s
of
Gyration
' l'nJ
55 0.165 12.420 1212 3.34 19.56 52.5 129.2 20.27 4.45
105 0.180 12.390 120.6 3.34 24.20 52.2 140.5 22.03 4.44
20 0.250 12.250 117.9 3.34 33.38 51.' 191.9 30.10 4.42
30 0.330 12.090 114.8 3.34 43.77 49.7 248.5 39.00 4.39
405 0.375 12.000 113.1 3.34 49.56 49.0 279.3 43.60 4.38
12 SId 0.375 12.000 113.1 3.34 49.56 49.0 279.3 43.80 4.38
(12.75) 40 0.406 1'.938 1'1 .9 334 53.53 48.5 3000 47.10 4.37
80S 0.500 11.750 108.4 3.34 6542 47.0 362.0 56.70 433
tOO.:.! 73.16 40.U 4U1.0 62.60 4.31
'" 0.562 11.0:.10 ;j,:J4
80 0.687 11.376 101 .6 3.34 88.51 44.0 475.0 14.50 4.27
100 0.843 11 .064 96.1 3.34 107.20 41,6 562.0 88.10 4.22
120 1.000 10.750 90.8 3.34 125.49 39.3 642.0 100.70 4.17
140 1.125 10.500 86.6 334 139.68 37.5 701 .0 109.90 4.13
160 1.312 10.126 80.5 3.34 160.27 34.' 781.0 122.60 4.07
55 0.156 13.688 147.2 3.67 23.10 63.8 162.6 23.23 4.90
105 0.188 13.624 145.8 3.67 27.70 63.2 194.6 27.80 4.88
10 0.2SO 13.500 143.1 3.67 36.71 62.1 255.4 36.50 4.86
2<1 0.312 13.376 140.5 3.67 45.68 50.' 314.0 4490 4.84
14 30 0.375 13.2SO 137.9 3.67 54.57 59.7 373.0 53.30 4.82
(1 4.00) 405 0.375 13.250 137.9 3.67 54.60 59.7 373.0 53.30 4.82
40 0.437 13.12ti 135.3 3.67 63.37 587 429.0 61.20 4.80
80S 0.500 13.000 132.7 3.67 12.10 57.5 483.4 69.12 4.78
60 0.593 12.814 129.0 3.67 8491 55.' 562.0 80.30 4.74
80 0.750 12.500 122.7 3.67 106.13 53.2 687.0 98.2<1 4.69
100 0.937 12.126 '15.5 3.67 130.73 500 825.0 117.80 4.63
12<1 1.093 1I .814 109.6 3.67 150.67 47.5 930.0 132.80 4.58
140 1.250 11.500 103.9 3.67 170.22 45.0 1127.0 146.80 4.53
160 1406 11.188 98.3 367 189.12 42.6 1017.0 159.60 4.48
55 0.165 15.670 192.9 419 27.90 83.6 257 .3 32.17 5.60
105 0.'88 15.624 191 .7 4.19 31.80 831 291.9 36.49 5.59
10 0.250 15.500 188.7 419 52.05 81.8 384.0 48.00 5.57
20 0.312 15.376 186.7 419 52.36 80.5 473.0 59.20 5.55
30 0.375 15.250 182.6 419 62.58 79.' 562.0 70.30 5.53
16 405 0.375 15.2SO 182.6 4.19 62.58 79.' 562.2 70.30 5.53
(16.00) 40 0500 15.000 176.7 41' 82.77 76.5 732.0 91.50 5.48
80S 0.500 15.000 176.7 419 82.77 76.5 732.0 91.50 5.48
60 0.656 14.688 169.4 4.19 107.SO 73.4 933.0 116.50 5.43
80 0.843 14.314 160.9 419 136 46 69.7 1157.0 144.60 5.37
100 1.031 13.938 152.6 4.19 164.83 661 1365.0 170.60 5.30
120 1.218 13.564 144.5 419 192.29 62.6 1556.0 194.SO 5.24
140 '.437 13.12ti 135.3 4.19 223.50 586 1760.0 220.00 5.17
160 1.593 12.814 129.0 419 245.11 55.' 1894.0 236.70 5.12
55 0.165 17.670 245.2 471 49.10 106.3 367.7 40.85 6.31
105 0.188 17.624 243.9 4.71 55.85 105.8 417.3 46.37 6.30
10 0.250 17.500 240.5 471 74.02 1043 549.3 61.03 6.28
20 0.312 17.376 237.1 4.71 92.05 102.8 678.4 n.20 6.25
30 0.438 17.124 230.3 4.71 128.31 998 932.5 103.60 6.21
18 405 0.375 17.250 233.7 4.71 110.24 101.3 8068 89.64 6.23
40 0.562 16.876 223.7 471 183.46 1171.8 130.19 6.17
...
(18.00) 96.'
80S 0.500 17.000 226.9 471 145.95 98.4 1053.4 117.05 6.19
60 0.750 16.500 213.8 4.71 215.80 92.7 1515.0 168.33 6.10
00 0.938 16.124 204.2 4.71 2156.95 183.5 ..5 203.95 6."
100 1.156 15.688 193.3 4.71 32479 838 2180.2 242.25 5.97
120 1.375 15.250 182.6 471 381.29 79.2 2498.7 277.63 590
140 1 781 14438 1637 471 481.82 70.9 3021 7 335.63 5.77
PROPERTIES OF PIPE
No minal Pipe Wan Inside Inside Sq. Ft. We ight Wt. of Momen t Section Radius
Pipe Schedule Thickness Cia. Area Outside per ft. wate r of Modulus of
Size Surface per ft. Inertia Gyration
(00) (' " .) ('".) I ('"") ,~ ,ft
'Lb.' l b .l IIn"4 IIn"31 . ' 11n l
55 0.188 19.68 304.0 .4363 39.78 131.8 490.8 49.08 0.891
105 0.218 19.56 300.5 .4363 46.06 130.3 668.8 66.88 1.043
10 0.250 19.50 298.6 .4363 52.73 129.5 756.6 75.66 1.111
20 0.375 19.25 291.0 .4363 78.60 126.2 1113.8 111.38 1.356
30 0.500 19.00 283.5 .4363 104.13 122.9 1457.2 145.72 1.561
20 40S 0.375 19.25 291 .0 .4363 78.60 126.2 1113.8 111.38 1.356
(20.00) 40 0.593 18.81 277.9 .4363 123.11 120.5 1709.4 170.94 1.699
80S 0.500 19.00 283.5 .4363 104.13 122.9 1457.2 145.72 1.561
60 0.812 18.38 265.3 .4363 166.40 115.0 2252.4 225.24 1.971
80 1.031 17.94 252.8 .4363 208.87 109.6 2770.0 277.00 2.210
100 1.281 17.44 238.9 .4363 256.10 103.6 33 13.8 331.38 2.448
120 1.500 17.00 226.9 .4363 296.37 98.4 3755.1 375.51 2.634
140 1.750 16.50 213.8 .4363 341 .09 92.7 4216.7 421.67 2.836
160 1.968 16.13 204.3 .4363 379.17 88.6 4532.3 453.23 2.826
2.956
10 0.250 21 .50 363.0 .4799 58.07 157.4 1010.5 91.87 1.166
20 0.375 21.25 354.7 .4799 66.61 153.8 1490.0 135.46 1.424
30 0.500 21.00 346.4 .4799 114.81 150.1 1952.9 177.54 1.639
60 0.875 20.25 322.0 .4799 197.41 139.6 3245.7 295.07 2.149
22 80 1.125 19.75 306.4 .4799 250.81 132.8 4031.5 366.50 2.423
(22.00) 100 1.375 19.25 291 .0 .4799 302.88 126.2 4759.7 432.70 2.663
120 1.625 18.75 276.1 .4799 353.61 119.7 5433.4 493.95 2.877
140 1.875 18.25 261.6 .4799 403.00 113.4 6055.3 550.48 3.071
160 2.125 17.75 274.4 .4799 451 .06 107.3 6628.1 602.55 3.249
SS 0.218 23.56 435.9 .5236 55.37 189.0 11 62.2 96.85 1.143
lOS 0.250 23.50 433.7 .5236 63.4 1 188.0 1315.7 1OS.64 1.218
10 0.250 23.50 433.7 .5236 63.40 188.0 1315.7 109.64 1.218
20 0.375 23.25 424.6 5236 94.62 184.1 1942.8 161.90 1.488
30 0.562 22.88 41 1.1 .5236 104 .68 178.2 2834.5 236.21 1.812
40S 0.375 23.25 424.6 .5236 94 .62 184.1 1942.8 161 .90 1.488
24 40 0.687 22.63 402_2 .5236 171.29 174.4 3413.1 264.42 1.998
(24.00) 80S 0.500 23.00 415.5 .5236 125.50 180.1 2550.0 212.50 1.71 4
60 0.968 22.06 382.2 .5236 238.35 165.7 4662.2 388.52 2.363
80 1.218 21 .56 365.1 .5236 296.58 158.3 5681.2 473.42 2635
100 1.531 20.94 344.4 .5236 367.39 149.3 6849.8 570.82 2.932
120 1.812 20.38 326.2 .5236 429.39 141 .4 7819.9 651.66 3.169
140 2.062 19.88 310.4 .5236 483.12 134.6 8621 .1 780.33 3.361
160 2.343 19.13 287.4 .5236 542.13 124.6 8714.5 809.54 3.623
G\GE , , , ,..
, ,
, ,..
, ,
,,"
,,, ,
,
, =i ,
,,,
- ,
~
(Source: Jos..."h T Rycrwn & Son. Inc.1
A2·t0316 L:N 10028-7 (Flat produ.:l> sUlmlcss steels) 1.MOI XKrN;MoI7. 12~2
\:!-I03ItoL I.-N 10028·7 (Flu! product'; ~taln 1cSl> ~rccb I l+tW X1CrNiMoI7-11-!
\2-W 321 E:-.1 IO()!It· 7 (1'101 product> ~tall1kSsMccl~) L-I~I X6Cr"iTi Ill-I ()
E:>.r 1110211-2
Al05eS Flat proouels made of slcl.'l~ fur r~ssurc P"I"jX>IoI:"'
Pun 2: Non..allo\' and 0110\ sleels wnh spcci rkd ck\~!cd tcmpomItun: ropcmc~
.:\ lie 1'12 EN 10222-2 (~tcd forgifl~ ~I~cb lor ck:\aI~"<It~mrcr-Jturc, I I "'335 IJCrM04-5
:\53-8Isrnb) 110 EN Std. a\'ailable
EN 1021('-2
A 106-8 Scamlc..., ,[eel> tuW tor pressure pu~s
r3n 2, Noo-alio,' and allo\' ~[~'Cltubc~ wl1h M"lCcificd C1cllll,J tern ~aIUn' roOl.'n"."",
.\ 312 J~ El\ IU2L7-2 (\\~ld~-d ,tceltub.,..,,) I·UOI \5Cr"'118-IO
AJ12 Jln Ell, 10217-2 1\\~IJcd ~1~ellUbcsl 1.-1-101 XKr'iMoI7-12-2
\US PI I E!" I021n-2 I~amk-,., sl~cllUbc~1 1,733:- 1Kr\lo-I-:-
70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 70
100 0.23 0.22 O.J.< U.31 0.28 0.) 1 0.3-1 0_25 0.2:>: 0.2f> 046 100
125 0,42 0..10 0.62 0.58 0.52 0.56 0.62 0..17 0.52 0.41! 0.85 125
150 0.61 05~ 0.90 0.8-1 0.75 O.S:! 0.90 0.'" 0.76 0.70 1.23 150
115 0.80 0.76 1.1 ~ 1.10 0.99 1.07 1.18 0.92 0.99 0.92 1.('2 175
100 0.99 0.94 1.~6 1.37 L22 UJ 1..18 1.15 L23 1.15 2.00 100
225 121 1.13 1.75 1.64 1.-16 159 1.77 1.38 1..19 1.38 1.-11 225
250 l AO 1.33 2.03 1.91 1.7 1 LX6 2.05 1.61 L76 1.6 1 1.83 25 0
275 1.61 1.52 ~.Jl ~ .JJ 2.3-1 1.1\5 2.03 1.85 3.2-1 275
300 1.82 1.71 :::: ,61 2AO 1.62 ::.Ol! ::.30 2.09 3.67 300
32S 2.o.t 1% 1,90 n2 2A-I 2.Mt 2.91 2.J2 2.59 2,32 4 .09 325
350 2.26 1.10 320 ~_99 2.68 2.96 3.19 2.56 2.88 2.56 -152 350
J75 2.411 :Ull J50 3.~6 2.9 1 3.24 JA8 1.W 3.1X 2.1(0 -1.95 J75
400 1.70 2.50 HO 353 3.25 3.52 3,llg 3.05 JAR 3.05 539 400
425 1.93 2.72 ~.IO 3.80 1.52 4.17 3.30 3.76 3 .29 5.83 425
450 3.16 1.93 ~AI -1.07 3.79 1.17 1.55 1.01 J.5~ -ISO
4 15 3.39 3.14 ~.71 '.J.< HJ6 476 3.80 ·.1.31 3.78 6.72
500 3.62 3.35 5.01 -1.6 1 ·Ul H)t> ~ .05 459 4.02 7.17
5:5 3.S6 3.58 5.3 1 4.88 ~ .6 1 5.35 ~.31 4.87 -1,2 7 7.63 525
-1.11
""
575 4 ..'5
3.80
4.02
5.6J
5.93
5.15 4.90
5.18
'.64 ~_56
4.83
5.16
5.44
~,j2
4,77
~.IO
8.56
550
575
600 '60 -1.14 6.1-1 5.69 5..16 '.09 5.n 5.02 9.0J 600
·U:(, W
65' 5. 11 4.69
6.55
6J!7
''''
6.23
5.75
b.Oj
5.35
5.62 '"
630
5.27
553
625
650
TABLE IV (continued) Thermal Expansion of Pipe ill Inch es per 100 Feet
Cul>on 5C R-\1 0 ,\UMen iric
r r mp. ('"-\ 10. IhrolJ1!.h Stain l.... J lO SS A lloJ' 'I e mp
,\ lIo~' MO. I) l'\lr ~ n
~rH'S JCr -,\ I " 9Cr - \1 " Sl~b 25 Cr . \lI o~ 'kkcl
625.691 ,\ Iu min u m ,.
.-.
(,7~
$ I('<;'b S,,'<'1s I!lCr-8 ' i 20:-';
6,50
'" Cu·.lO'1 Copper 200
5.89
800.825
,...
750 6.16 5.62 8.15 ".31 7.25 (;,71 7047 6.5"7 750
775 6Al 5.86 8.47 7.58 7.55 7.76 ".M 775
800 6.70 6.10 8.80 7_85 7.85 'OO 7.10 800
!e; 6.97 6.34 9.13 8.15 H.16 7.54 IUS 7.38 825
~50 7.~5 6 .59 9.-16 8045 gAg 7_82 '66 7.67
'"
~i5 7.5) 6,~3 9.79 8.75 H.1I0 '.119 8.95 7.95 R75
7.ill 7.(17 10.12 9.05 9.11 IU7 9 ,26 lU:3 9011
9~5 10.4(> 9_35 9,44 9,56 8.52 9:!5
950
S,08
8.)5
7.31
7.56 10.80 9.65 9.77
""
S,92
." 8_flO "0
9_95 10,09 10_11'
'"
1(01)
8.62
8.119
7,81
>'116
11.14
11411 10.25 10042
9.20
9,-19 IOA9
9.09
9.37
'"
1000
1015 9.17 K30 11.82 10.55 10.75 9_77 10.80 9.66 1025
1050 9.-16 8.55 12. If. 10_115 11,09 10.05 1111 9,94 1050
l\OIClo Table .h(>\\) o;xpansion !'Clouh,"); from "hanS'- In tempo;r.llure !'rom 70" F 10 indiC3l~d Icmrcrmurc
2_ Thl~ ut>le I' lor mformatlon onl~ and II i;;; nol 10 be Implied Ihal m:llen31~ arc sullable for .. lithe temp<:I;Itun: ffinl;.'" shown
.,_ Th~ thermal c'(pansion ,"alu."!> in thi~ ubI<: muy be Interpolated 10 dclcrrrun.: '';Ilu~s for 111Icmlcdiale tcmrcr.ilun:~
-325 31.4 31.2 30.5 30.0 11.3 27.8 30.3 32.2 33.3 32.2 o."
-I
·200 30.8 30.6 29.9 29.3 11.1 27.2 29.7 31.4 32.5 31.4 :I:
m
:1 -100 30.3 30.1 29.3 28.8 10.9 26.8 29.2 30.9 31.9 30.9 m
X
~ 70 29.4 29.2 28.5 28.0 10.6 26.0 28.3 30.0 31.0 30.0
13 "
:»
il 200 28.8 28.6 27.9 27.4 10.4 25.s 27.5 29.4 30.3 29.4
,o· V>
is
~. 300 28.3 28.1 27.5 27.0 10.2 25.1 27.0 28.9 29.9 28.9 Z
§' > ~
,. 400 27.9 27.7 27.1 26.6 9.5 24.7 26.4 28.5 29.4 28.5 " 0
;;
E 500 27.3 27.1 26.7 26.2 8.5 24.3 25.9 28.1 29.0 28.1 "Z
mZ --I
'of"
c.
600 26.5 26.4 26.2 25.8 . 23.9 25.3 27.6 28.6 27.6 Qs:
X>
,." 700 25.5 25.3 25.8 25.4 - 23.6 24.8 27.2 28.1 27.2 O Z
c
"~
c
800 24.2 24.0 25.4 24.9 - 23.1 24.1 26.7 27.6 26.7
."
>
E,"
900 22.5 22.3 24.9 24.4 - 22.7 23.5 26.2 27.1 26.2 ~
lr C
, 1000 20.4 20.2 24.4 23.9 - 22.2 22.8 25.7 26.5 25.7
'"m
1100 18.0 17.9 23.8 23.4 - 21.7 22.0 25. 1 25.9 25.1 '"
V>
>
1200 - 15.4 23.2 22.8 - 21.2 21.2 24.5 25.3 24.5 V>
Preparation ofTcchnicallnquirics
Introducti on
The EJMA Technical Committee wi ll consider written requests for interpretations and revisions
of tile EJMA Standards. The Committee's activities in this regard. are limited strictl y to imerprerations
of tile Slandards. EJMA does not approve. certify. rate or endorse any item. cons truction. proprietary
device or activity. EJMA does not act as a consuhant OLl speci fi c engineering problems or on general
application or understanding of the EJMA Standards. Inquiries requiring such considera tion will be
retumed .
Requirements
lnquiries shall be limited strictly to interpretations of the Standards or to the consideration of revisions to
the present Standards on the basis of new dam or technology. Inquiries sha ll meet the following
requirements:
((I) Scope. Invo lve a single subjec t or closely related subjects in the scope of the Standard. An inquiry
letter concerning unrelated subjects will be returned.
(b) Background. State the purpose of the inquiry, which may be either to obtain an inrerpretation of the
Standard or to propose consideration of a revision to the present Standard. Provide concisely the
infomlation needed for the Committee's understanding of the inquiry. being sure to include reference to
the applicable Standard Section. Edition. Addenda, paragraphs. figures and tables. If skeCch ed are
provided. they shall be limited to the scope of the inqui ry.
(2) Proposed Rep(r(ies). Provide a proposed reply stating what it is believed that the Standard
requires. If in the inquirer's opinion, a re\'ision to the Standards is needed. recommended
wording shall be provided in addition to infonnation justifying the change.
Submitlal
Inquiries should be submitted in rypewr1uen fonn: however. legible handwritten inquiries will be
considered. They shall include the name and return address of the inquirer and be emailed.mailed. or
faxed (Q the following address:
The bellows used for fatigu e testing shall be representati ve of the bellows manufactured
for nomlal production purposes. The same shearing. rube rolling, welding. planishing,
convolution fonning. fe-rolling, final sizing. and thennal treatment methods sha ll be
empl oyed for the test speci mens.
The detailed steps of manufacruring sha ll be recorded for each test spec imen.
The finished test specimens shall have the same typical varia tions in dimensions. surface
fi ni sh. and condition of cold work as nonna l production bellows.
Multi-ply bellows sha ll have provisions for a leak path throu gh the outer plies.
1'-2.2 DIMENSIONAL ~IEASUREMENTS
Test spec imen as-built dimensions shall be measured and recorded. The nomenclature is
as follows:
i=1 2 N
r I + D•.
+
I -----
1-1-jL, I /=1 2
L, - - - - - - - - -
N-'
where
D Vi = Outside diameter of convolution crest. i (I to N). as detennined by
circumferential measurement.
D b! = Inside diameter of convo lution roOt. j (I (0 N-I). as determined by
circum ferentia l measurement.
" I.k = Convolution heigh!. j (I to N-I). al k (1 to 4) locations equally spaced
around the circumference
I,., Bellows material thickness at the tangent. m (1 to n)
Lb = BeI!O\'v's con\'oluted length
L, = Bellows tangell! length
N = Number of convolutions in the bellows
1/ = Number of bellows material plies
F-: If ' . expansion Jo int ManllflldUlcl!I A~:-.U\:ia ( ivu . Illc. www.c.:j ma.urg
STANDARDS OF T HE EXPANS ION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
AP PEND IX F
F-3 TEST APPARATUS
F-3.1 GENERAL REQ UI RE ~I ENTS
The test apparatus sha ll be construc ted and controlled so (hat the test specimens can be
rig idly held in position and cycled repeatedly with the specified movement. Bellows
failure shall be defined as a leak through the materia l which causes a reduction of the
internal pressure below a se t minimum limit andlor allows for penetrating liquid to
bec.omc visible on the outer surface of the bellows.
F-3.2 CYCLE COUNTERS
The apparatus shall provide for reliable cycle counters which record the total number of
cycles to failure for eac h test bellows.
F-3.3 TEST MEOlA
Testing shall be completed using an internal pressurizing media andlor an internal
penetrating liquid.
A liquid or gas media may be used to pressurize the test specimens internally during the
fat igue test. The test media shall not be detrimental to the bellows ma terial. The pressure
may be constant or variable during the test. The apparatus sha ll be constructed so that the
loss of media through a leak wi ll result in a rapid reduction in pressure. The reduction in
pressure below a set minimum limit may be used to iden ti fy the presence of a leak.
Controls shall assure that a reduction in pressure below the set minimum limit results in a
recording of the total number of movement cycles shown on the bellows cycle counters.
The pressure during the movement cycles sha ll be constant but may differ from as low as
possible up to the allowable pressure but. shall in no case cause bellows instability or
convolution defbnnation during the test.
An internal penetrating liquid in contact wi th the inside surfaces of the test specimens
may be used during the fatigue test. The liquid shall nO[ be detrimental to the bellows
material. When a leak develops during the test, the penetrating liquid shall rapidly
become visible on the outer surface of the bellows and the total number of movement
cycles shall be recorded.
F-3A TRA YEL SPEED
The apparahis shall control the motion to be smooth over the length of trayel. The travel
speed shall not exceed 60 in / minute.
F-3.S BELLOWS' MOVEMENT
The bellows test specimens shall be cycled with a:'{ial movement only. One cycle is
defined as movement through the full movement range (amplitude) and return to the
starting position.
The bellows movements for the test specimens shall be selected to produce cycles to
failure that cover the desired range for the fatigue curve. The movements shall not be
excessive and shall not cause detrimental convolution defomlation.
The bellows movement range shall be measured and recorded at the beginning and end of
the test. The tolerance for the measured movement range is +...- 0.5%).
q = L.! N
f. Mean Diameter of the Bellows ( Duo )
D", = D~ + 1I ' +nt
F-5 TEST DOCUMENT A TI ON
The following documents are required:
a. Certified mill test reports for lhe bellows material
b. Heat treat charts (where applicab le )
c. Photographs of the test
d. Test log sheets and records
e. Final report of the results
The test specimens shall meet the requirement of Section F-2 of the Standards.
G-3 TEST A PI'ARA TUS
The test apparatus shall meet the requirements of Section F-3 of the Standards.
G-3. 1 TEM PE RATU RE CONT RO L
The test apparatus shall be constructed so that the bellows metal temperature can be
maintained within +/- 10 degrees F of the set test temperature.
G-3.2 HOLD TI M E CONT ROL
The test apparatus shall be constructed so that the time between deflection cycles can be
maintained within +/- I percent of the set hold time.
G-~ TEST REQU IREMENTS
A total offour (4) bellows specimens labeled 1 through 4 are required for each separate test.
The specimens shall meet the following requirements:
a. No. I and 2 shall have the same design.
b. No.3 and 4 shall have the same design.
c. No. I and 1 shall differ in calculated total stress range ( 5, ) from No.3 and 4 by a factor of at
least 1.0.
d. No. I and 3 shall differ in hold time at temperature between cycles ( H , ) from No.2 and 4 by
a factor of at least 100.
One cycle is defined as movement from the starting position to the final position, holding at the
final position, and then returning to the starting position.
G-5 CYCLE LIFE CALCULATION PROCEDURE
1. Perfonn the cycle tests and record the results.
1. Calculate the total stress range (S,) for each specimen in accordance with Section F-·U of the
Standards. Label the results corresponding to each specimen and tabulate the results using the
nomenclature as follows:
.... W\" .eJma.org <.. Expan~ion Joint Manufacturers A~sociation. Inc. G-l
STAN DA RDS OF THE EXPANS ION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
APPENDIX G
log(tV" l tV , )
II (G·)
log( H" I H ,, )
log(N'.1t N ,.t)
8 (G-4)
log(H," I H , 1)
5. Find the constants as follows:
log
tV H
,4 I~
B.,,]
[ tV, .,
a (G·5)
log(S,,, I S,,,)
(G·6)
(G·7)
(G·S)
6. Find the average cycles 10 fa ilure for any tOlal stress range and hold time as fo llows:
tV = bS-·"
"
"'H H, J (G .9)
This equation is applicable for the tested bell ows material and material condition up to the set tcst
temperature.
The ho ld time 31 1em peratu re between cycles (H,) can be determ ined based on historical records
and planned operating schedu les. Ho ld times may vary between cycles.
where 11 is the total number of different ho ld times and N" is the calculated number of cycles at
ho ld ti me H 11 •
An overly conservative estimate of the cycle life requirement can result in an increased number
of convolut ions and a bellows more prone to instability.
f"D~~e (H- I)
2N
,
3.1:. D,,'8 (H-l)
" 4N(L, ±x)
28D",
etJ= - - (H-3)
N
"N" CONVOLUTIONS
--------~#-
\
\ ~
VI
\~e i
\
L Lb
\
'\
\1
+
FIGURE HI
f .D,,;1J
Mo ( H-4)
4N Ku(J
3f . D.'IJK.,
V, (H-5)
8N( L, ±x)
( H-6)
l V,
._1"'-.1' i...t Jl.i1Jl-.---
I i ----- ----------,-/1.11..;'\ ~,J'"lJU\,
KU M
\-.-1 ______ 1\
Me \
f ../
\ /'
' . _._ .. ~~
li --------- --- - '-'.".--. ""
- - - - --------- - - - - - - - t:. _.,---.-:_-
1 ,
.-=---&-- M
, ~S~'SIIIJ'J---------______ I,
:~ --'-I. f""l n r, ,.., " n'" ;-
\. ~JUi.Ju,-,:.;uu
\
,
VI
'.A - - Lb - -
__ 0 ""
Lu
FIG URE HZ
The follow ing equations can be used as a guide for linear interpolation between the tabulated values for
C" , C ( and CJ • The boxes below represents below represent the tables in Appendix l. They are
used to organize data for two d imensiona l interpolation.
I J.
( TK.
0,.
M
J.
- I---'?'---
1., 1::1 t I Q:
T= - ", (1- I )
(1-2)
J , and K , are the values in the table that surround T. J~ andL: are the va lues in the table that
su rround M. J,. K , L, and Q._ are the tabular values found at the intersection of the J " K, . J ;
and L. val ues.
( 1-4)
0.60
C 0.63
0.65
I
2.3
2.00
2.5G [J 0.322
0.272 I
0.315
0.260
2,.
T = ---"- = 0.63
U"
AI = I. 82,~ = 2.3
JD.",
A =( 0.6~ -060 ) (0.3 15 -0.322)+0.322 =0.3 I 78
0.6)-0.60
0.65
0.6 K 2.0
(0.6,0.322,2.0) (0.65,0.3 I 5,2.0)
T,
2.0 J ~----11- Solving for Cp
Cp
2.5 L
(0.6,0.272,2.5) (0.65,0.260,2.5)
B ,'
0.6 Q 2.5
0.65
,'~"
n 1.4 0.950 0.840 0.7« 0.651 0.564 0.495 0.462 0.460 0.458 0.455 0.4H 0.450 0.447 0.444 0.442 0 .439 0.437 0.435 0.433 0.432 0.431 z-l
0.950 0.841 0.731 0.632 0.549 0.481 0.432 0.426 0.420 0.414 0.408 0.403 0.398 0.394 0.391 0.388 0.38S 038< 0.382 0.38 1 0.380 0:;:
1.6 S<_ »Z
2.0 0.950 0.841 0.731 0.632 0.549 0.481 0.421 0.388 0.369 0.354 0.342 0.332 0.323 0.316 0 .309 0 .304 0.299 0 .296 0.294 0.293 0.292
>- 0.950 0.840 0.732 0.6)0 0.550 0.480 0.421 0.367 0.))2 0.)15 0.)00 0 .285 0.272 0.260 0 .2SI 0.242 0.236 0 .230 0.224 0.219 0.215
c
"
g 2.5
3.0 0,950 0.840 0.732 0.6) 0 0.5S0 0.480 0.421 0.367 0.328 0.299 0.275 0 .2!!8 0.242 0.228 0.215 0 .20) 0.19S 0 .188 0.180 0.175 0.171
:;;
~ n
0.950 0.840 0.732 0.630 0.550 0.480 0.421 0.367 0.)22 0.287 0.262 0.241 0.222 0.208 0. 194 0 .182 0.171 0. 161 0. 152 0. 146 0.140 -l
, 3.5
" 4.0 0.950 0.840 0.732 0.630 0.550 0.480 0.421 0.367 0.31 2 0.275 0.248 0.225 0.205 0.190 0 .176 ~16_3_ 0.152 0 .142 0.1)4 0.126 0.11 9
C
~
~
Tnble II Tabulntcd Values for e,l (From Figu re 4. 16) '"
Vl
»
Vl
Vl
o
n
;;
-l
(5
Z
Z
(")
z:
r
...,
'"»
2
~
'"o
'"o."
2, ...,
1.82r. -"- :I:
w m
'J
,'"
JD.I, 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
m
><
1.000 I.JJ6 1.211 1.297 1.]76 1.524 UP? 1.669 1.740 1.812 1.882 1.952 2.020 2.087 2. 153 2.1 17
1.451 2.282 2.349 2.421 ."
]
g,
0.2
1.000 1.094 1.174 1.241 1.319 1.386 1.452 1.517 1.582 1.646 1.710 1.775 1.841 1.908 1.975 2.045 2.116 2.189 2.265 2.345
2.501
2.430
»
2
0.4
c
c
~
c
0.6 1.000
1.000
1.092 1.163 1.225 1.281 LJ36 1.392 1.449 1.508 1.568 1.630 1.692 1.75) 1.8)) 1.871 1.929 1.987
1.0<6 1.122 1.171 1.217 1.260 1.300 1.340 1.380 1.422 1.465 1.511 1.560 1.611 1.665 1.721 1.779
2.049 2.1 19 2.20 1 2.305 '"
(5
§.' 0.8 1.838 1.896 1.95 1 2.002 2
1.000 1.026 1.052 1.077 1.100 1.124 1,147 1.1 71 1.195 1.220 1.246 1.271 1.298 !.l2S 1.353 1.382 1.4 15
:;: 1.0 1.451 1.492 1.54 1 1.600
/; 0
c
c
c
1.2
1.4
1.000
1.000
1.002 1.000 0.995 0.989 0.983 0.979 0.975 0.975 0.976 0.980 0.987 0.996 1.008 1.022 1.038 1.056
0.983 0.962 0.938 0.915 0.892 0.870 0.85 1 0,834 0.820 0.809 0.799 0.192 0.787
1.076 1.099 1.1 2.5
0.711l 0.780 0.779 0.780 0.78 1 0.785
1.154
0.792
'"C
~ ...,
z
"'~
Co
1.6 1.000 0.972 0.937 0.899 0.860 0.82 1 0.184 0.750 0.1 19 0.691 0.667 0.646 0.627 0.611 0.598 0.586 0.516 0.569 0.563 0.560 0.561 0:;::
,
Co
2.0 1.000
1.000
0.948 0.892 0.836 0.782 0.730 0.68 1 0.636 0.595 0.557 0.523 0.492 0.464 0.439 0.416 0.394 0.373 0.354 0.336 0.319 0.303
::: 2
~ »
> 2.5 0.930 0.867 0.800 0.130 0.665 0.610 0.560 0.510 0.470 0.430 0.392 0.360 0.330 0.300 0.275 0.253 0.230 0.206 0.188 0.170 C
""c 3.0 1.000 0.920 0.850 0.780 0.705 0.640 0.580 0.525 0.470 0.425 0.380 0.342 0.300 0.271 0.242 0.212 0.188
."
!:: .
0. 167 0. 146 0.130 0. 11 5
>
;:.
c·
c
3.5
4.0
1.000
1.000
0.900 0.830 0.750 0.680 0.6 10
0.900 0.820 0.735 0.655
0.550 0.495 0.445 0.395 0.350 0.303 0.270 0.233 0.200 0.174 0.150 0.130 0. 11 2 0.092 0.08 1
0.590 0.525 0.470 0.420 0.370 0.325 0.285 0.252 0.2 13 0.182 0. 152 0.130 0.109 0.090 0.074 0.061
Clc
c
o ~
Tabl e 12 Tabulated Valu es for C, ( From Fi gu re 4.1 7) '"'»"
'"'"
R
:;;
...,
(5
2
~
-h.
2
o
~
""
••
•
~
g
"
.r. ~
Z
~
~
o
1.82r", ! 2r. ":I:...,
w
JD.,p 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
m
m
X
1'g" 0.2
0.4
1.000 1.128 1.198 1.269 1.340 1.411 1.480 1.547 1.614 1.679 1.743 1.807 1.872
1.061
1.000 1.066 1.1l7 ) ,209 1.282 1.354 1.426 1.496 1.565 1.633 1.700 1.766 1.832 1.897
1.937 2.003 2.070 2.138 2.206 2.274 2.341
1.96) 2.029 2.096 2,164 2.234 2.305 2.378
-;
Z
-
o
§
0.6
0.8
1.000 1.105 I.US 1.277 1.352 1.424 1.492 LSS9 1.626 1.691 1.757 1.822 1.886 1.950
1.000 1.079 1.171 1.271 1.374 1.416 1.575 1.667 1.75) 1.832 1.905 1.973 2.037 2.099
2.0 14 2.077 2.141 2.206 2.213 2.344 2.422
2.160 2 .221 2.183 2.345 2.407 2.467 2.521
» ~
<fl
o
Z
::: 1.0 1.000 1.051 1.128 1.208 1.294 1.384 1.476 U7l 1.667 1.766 1.866 1.969 2.075 2.182 2.29 1 2.399 2.505 2.603 2.690 2.758 2.800 ..,,0
..,, -
1; 1.2 1.000 1.031 1.080 I.BO 1.185 1.246 1.311 1.381 1.457 1.539 1.628 1.725 1.830 1.943 2.066 2.197 2.336 2.483 2.634 2.189 2.943
m Z
"
,'"
n 1.4 1.000 1.016 1.039 1.067 1.099 1.135 t.17S 1.220 1.269 1.324 1.385 1.452 1.529 1.614 1.110 1.819 1.94 1 2.080 2.236 2.412 2 .6 11 Z""
!;23:
~ 1.6 1.000 1.006 1.01S 1.025 1.037 1.052 1.070 1.091 1.116 1.145 1.181 1.223 1.273 1.333 1.402 1.484 U78 1.688 1.813 1.957 2.121
X»
2.0 1000 0 .992 0.984 0.974 0.966 0.958 0.952 0 .947 0.945 0.946 0 .950 0.958 0 .970 0.988 1.011 1.042 1.081 1.130 1.191 1.267 1.359 _ Z
» c
"
~
2.5
3.0
1.000
1.000
0 .980 0.960 0 .935 0.915 0.895 0.875 0 .840 0.833 0.825 0 .815 0.800 0.790 0 .785 0.780 0.780 0.785 0.795 0.8lS 0.845 0.890
0 .970 0.945 0 .910 0.885 0.855 0.825 0.800 0.775 0 .750 0 .730 0.710 0 .688 0 .670 0.657 0 .642 0.635 0.628 0.625 0.630 0.640
;;;
g n
...,
1.000 0 .965 0.930 0 .890 0.860 0.825 0.790 0 .760 0.730 0 .700 0 .670 0.645 0 .620 0 .597 0.575 0 .555
~ 3.5 0.538 0.522 0 .5 10 0.502 0.500
c
1.000 0.9 55 0 .910 0 .870 0.830 0 .790 0 .755 0.720 0.685 0 .655 0.625 0.595 0 .567 0.538 0 .510 0 .489 0.470 0,452 0 .438 0,428 0,420
o
n
4.0 f;;
Table 13 Tabulated Values for Cd (From Figure 4.18) '"
<fl
»
<fl
g
';:
...,
is
Z
Z
,
,~
"
STAN DARDS OF THE EXPANSION JO INT MANUFACTURERS ASSOC IATION. INC.
AP PENDIX I
6 .6Ir' H, H2 H,
D",lp
0 1.0 1.0 1.0
I 1.1 1.0 1.1
2 1.4 1.0 L3
3 2.0 1.0 L5
4 2.8 1.0 1.9
5 3.6 1.0 2.3
6 4.6 1.1 2.8
7 5.7 1.2 3.3
8 6.8 1.4 3.8
9 8.0 1.5 4.4
10 9.2 1.6 4.9
11 10.6 1.7 SA
12 12.0 1.8 5.9
13 13.2 2.0 6.4
14 14.7 2.1 6.9
IS 16.0 2.2 7.4
16 17.4 2.3 7.9
17 18.9 2.4 8.5
18 20.3 2.6 9.0
19 21.9 2.7 9.5
20 23.3 2.8 10.0
Table 14 Tabu lated Va lues for 8" 8}, BJ (Fro m Figure 4.1 9)
EXAMPLES
Examples for calc ulating the forces and moments acting on va rious points of typical piping
systems due to the spring and pressure forces ofmeral bellows Expansion Joints are presented
below.
ASSUMPTIONS :
I. The piping system and Expansion Joillls are properly supported and guided.
2. The weight of the piping system and the fluid being conveyed is carried by properly designed
supports and hangers and is. therefore. not included.
3. Friction forces caused by guides, supports, and adler hardware extraneous to the piping are
zero.
4. The origin of the pipe system is located at the point under consideration.
5. Forces and moments due to pipe flexibility are neglected.
GENERAL EQUATIONS :
All examples presented depict systems where static equilibrium exists.
... y
FIGURE JI
•y
.. M,.-
FIGURE J2
A straight run of 24 in. diameter carbon stee l pipe 60 feet long and anchored at each end,
(reference Figure 12). is 10 operate at 150 psig at 500°F. A single be llows Expansion Joint is
utilized 10 absorb the themlal growth orthe pipe. Themlal growth is calcu lated to be 60/ 100 x
3.62 = 2.17 in. What are the forces acting on the anchors?
SOLUTION:
Forces acting on Mai n Anchor "A"
F,= - F,-F"
F, =-76605-6668
F, = -83273 Ib,.
Where:
F, = the static thrust due to intemal pressure to the Expansion Joint (lbs)
= A(.Pd Equation (2-2) Section 2. 10. 1.2.1
= (510.7)(150)
= 76605 Ibs
ex = axial movement per convolution
x. .
- Equatton (4-1) Sect ion 4.1
N
2.17
12
0.181 in.
Fa = the force required to deflect the Expansion Joint.
=f"e, Equalion (4-14) Section 4.6.1
= (36840)(0.181)
= 66681bs.
Forces acting OD Main Anchor "8"
F.=F, +F"
F, = 76605+ 6668
F, = 83273 Ibs.
NOTE: Because the pipe system is linear \\"ith no bending. F, ' ~ = O. and AI, AI, and
Me =0 at Main Anchors "A" and "8".
Example 2: Si ngle Expan sio n Join. subject ed to axial and la tera l m o\'c lnenl (si milar 10 Fig ure
2.10, Sectio n 2.4).
.A.
N
l.
/A .y
.x
FIGURE J3
A single be ll ows Expansion Joint is pl aced in a 24 in. d iameter carbon steel pipeline that runs
between a main anchor and an imcrmediale anchor. and has o ne 90° elbow (refe rence Figure J3).
The line is to operate at 125 psig. and 400G F. The thenna! growth that the Expans ion Joint is to
absorb is calcul ated to be 0.405 in. ax ially, and 0.216 in. laterally. Pipe lengths are: LI = 8 fl. .
L1= 2 ft .. L" = 1 ft. . L) = 12 f1. What are the forces and mo ments acting al points "A." "8." and
"e"?
Data provi ded by the Expans ion Joint manufacturer:
ri, =5 10.7 in.'
D. = 25.50 in.
f. = 36840 Ibs.lin. per convolution
LJ, = 12 Ill.
N= 12
Calculation of F, . F. I"
F, ~. I P"
~(510.7)(125)
~ 63838 Ibs.
F. ~(f )(e.)
~(36840)(.034)
~ I ~53 Ibs.
M ~F X-F,)'
~ (4658)(~.5)-0
~ 11645 fi.lbs.
M , = FZ
.• - FX
=
=0
M , = F, X - F,Y
=0
Mr =
=0
F: )' - F, Z
X =-( L, +; ) =- 12.5fl.
=0
M,= F, X - F,. Y
= (-4658)( - 12.5)-0
= 58225 ft. lbs.
.x
FIGUREJ4
A tied single Expansion Joint is placed in a carbon steel 24 in. diameter pipe line that runs
between two intemlediatc anchors and has a 90° bend. (Refer to Figure J4.) The line is to operate
at 135 psig and 5500 F. The pipe lengths of the system are L, = 2 ft .. Lh = 2. ft.. L! = 3 f1.. L.1 = 24
ft. It is assumed that the tie rods are the same temperature and material as the pipe. The
calculated themlal growth is .287 in. for the horizontal run and. 984 in. for the vertica l run of
pipe. What are the bellows forces and moments on the intennedjale anchors. "A" and "S"? Note:
Forces and mOments due to flexure of piping are nOI presented in these calculations.
Data provided by Expansion Joint manufacrurer:
Dm = 25.50 in .
.t:, 36840 Ibs .lin. per cony.
=
N~ 18
L" = 24 in.
SOLUT ION:
Equivalem ax ial movement per convolution
x
e = -
.I" N
= 0 (tie rods prevelll axial displacement)
3D",Y
N(L,-x)
(3)(25 .5)(.984)
(18)(24-0)
=. 174in.
Ca lculation for V/
J-8 www.ejnm.org
STANDARDS OF T HE EXPANS ION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIAT ION. INC.
A PPEND IX J
Forces and moments acting on intemlediate anchor. LA. "A"
F, = 0 (note assumpt ion 2 and 5)
F, = -I ',
X ~ L, + L, ~ 3 ft.
2
AI , ~F),-FZ
= \
~O
M ,. ~ F,Z-F, X
~O
M = ~Fr X - F),
f
~(-3405)(3)-0
~-10215 Ribs.
F ~O
AI, ~O
M ,.~ O
~ -13620 ft.lbs.
+Y
·My
IA
.Mx
I
+X
FIGURE J5
A 24 in. diameter carbon steel pipe line runs between two intermedia te anchors A and B. as
shown in Figure J5. The line operates at 100 psig. and 3500 F. The pipe lengths are ~ ::::: 35 ft ..
L: = 3.5 ft. . L" = 4 ft .• Ll = 3.5 ft. , L~ = 65 ft .. and Lit = I ft. The calcu lated thennal growth
for each of these lengths is A~ = .788 in. , ilL! = .079 in. . AL. = .09 in. , M J = .079 in ..
M J = 1.463 in. and JlL" = .023 in. What are the forces and moments at the intemlediate
anc hors, lA, "A" and "R"?
N~12
Equivalent axial movement per convolution. Equation (4-2) and (4-6), Section 4.1.
x
e =-
• 2N
.248
(2)(12)
=.010 in.
K"D",Y, NOTE: First subscript applies to direction related to the
(e, ), bellows ax is. second subscript system coordinate
2N(L" -L" -x/2)
axis.
(1.285)(25.5)(.788) Where x = thennal growth occurring between tie rod plates
(2)(12)( 48 -12 - .248/2)
-illOi~ -~+~+~
- .079 + .090 + .079
=.248 in.
K"-1.285at ,LL" -2
-,
K"D",y~ .r , = .788 in.
(e, )
2N(L,,-L,-x/2j Y: = 1.463 in.
(1.285)(25.50)(1.463)
(2)( I e)( 48 -12 - .248/2)
= .056 Ill.
J-12 {' Cxpansion Joint ManUra.. lulcl!l A:'~l)1.:ialiull. 1m:. WW\\ .ejma.org
STANDARDS OF T HE EXPANS ION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
AP PEND IX J
Forces and moments acting on intennediate anchor IA. "8"
FIGURE J6
A 66 in. diameter turbine exhaust duct system. shown in Figure J6. is fabricated of stee l and
operates at full vacuum and 2500 F. Movements at the turbine ex hau st out let fl ange and
condenser inlet are determined to be (for the direct ion shown):
Axis X y z
Point A 0.07 in.
Tl JRRI NE 0. 11 in. o in.
Po int B 0.26 in .
CON Dl:.NSER 0.18 in 0.12 in.
(Directions shown in Figure J6)
Thennal growth calcu lations for the 66 in. diameter piping are:
Detennine the forces and moments due to the bellows stiffness at the condenser and turbine
connections.
Data pro\'ided by the Expansion Joint manufacturer:
.0",
= 68.00 in.
I~ = 35425 Ibs ./in. per convolution
N, = 6 (Number ofconvolulioLlS in one flow bellows)
Nh = 6 (N umber of convol ut ions in balancing bellows)
SOLUTION:
Ca lcu late the total movement rhe Expansion Joint must absorb.
Flow bellows:
x=l1L J +Mu +6L-t +&\'j +~rl1
~ .084+ .070+ .392 + .07 +.26
~ .876 in.
X,· =~ +~y~ +liYB
~ .140+0.12+ 0.18
~ .440 in.
,", = flZ I +ilZg
=0+.12
=.12 in.
Balancing bellows:
x ~ (ill, -ill, )-ill, +&1' < + fiX,
~ .392 - .024 - .042 + .07 + .260
= .656 in.
.876
=--
(2)(6)
= .073 in.
x
e = (Balancing Bellows)
, N,
.656
=
6
=. 109 in .
K D ,- I,
w here K = 1.22 at _ " = 2.5
(e, ), = P I (L "- "L'- ~ / ?)
_ 1\ I " / . .\ ...
" ?L-,
(1.22)(68)(.44)
(2)(6)(60 - 12 - .876 / 2)
=. 064 in.
KD l'
(e ,. ): = " m· =
2N , (L" - L, - x / 2)
8),,,(..:,:12=,)~
= :-,(.:,:1.:::22::.)(",6""
= (2)(6)(60-12-.~76 / 2)
= .017 in .
Calculation of F, _ (V,) , and ( '~ ) , . Equations (4- 14) and (4-18) Sect ion 4_6.1.
F.f =1.(e
. . . . II"..
+eX,",,/._.,"I( )
= 35423(.073 + .109)
= 6447 Ibs.
1L
"
(3541 5)(68)(.064 )
(2)(60)
= 1285 Ibs.
("D.(e ),
2L"
(35415)(68)(.017)
(2)(60)
=341Ibs.
Forces and moments acting on turbine flange "An
F, = -6447 Ibs.
F, =(1;), = 12851bs.
F, =-(1';), =-341Ibs.
L
M=F)"-FZ
where: X =1., + ~' =8.5 n
\ = ,
F, ~( I~ ) , ~34 1Ibs.
M .'
~FY-~- Z
- I w here: x=-(~' +L~ ) =-30.5 ft.
~3 41(0) - (-1285)(0) Y~ Z~ O
~O
M, ~ F, Z-F, X
~0-(341)(-30.5)
Example 6: Single Expan sion Joint. attached to vesseillozzle, subj ected to axial and lateral
movement.
'c'
.-
+My
FIGURE J7
A large vert ical vesscJ which operates at 150 psig at 500 0 F is equipped with a 24 in. diameter
outlet line as shown in Figure J7. The outlet line contains a single bellows Expansion Joint
which is designed to absorb the thennal growth ofIhe vessel and pipe line. The lengths and
calculated Ihemlai growths for the all-carbon steel system are as follows:
L,=15f1. 6.L , = .543 in.
L.=6ft. IlL. = .217 in.
De tennine the forces and moments act ing on the nozzle flange "8"
D. = 25.50 in.
D1 -~? .... , - ·111 .
- -'--)
SOLUTION :
-- ~(O-
.. ) . )-)'
4
=510 . 7in.~
~ (510.7)(150)
Pol :::: 150 psig
~ 76605 Ibs.
F" ~ (A , )(P, ) A, ~:(D,')
~ (424.6)(150)
~ 63690 Ibs. ~ .:c(23.25)'
4
= 424.6 in.!
,
I'
2L" L" = [2 in.
(36840)( 25.50)( .308)
(2)(12)
~ 12056 Ibs.
\\ W\\ .eJma .org t" Expansion Joint Manuracturers Association. Inc. J-21
STAN DARD S OF T HE EX PANSI ON JO INT MANU FACT URER S ASSOCIA TION, INC.
APP EN DIX J
M -' = FY-FZ
= , =O where: X = ~(L. + L~ 12) = -6.5 ft.
,11 , =F,Z - F, X=O Y=L, =15 fl.
M , =F,X-FJ Z=O
= (- 12056)(- 6.5) - (78926)(15)
= -1.1 05. 526 1"1. Ib,.
= 15236 Ibs.
F,. = - 12056 Ibs. -- -
F =0
F,
- -- Fp
--
Fp - (Fa • F,l
---
F,
- -
FIGU RE J8
F =0
M , =FY-F,Z=O Where X = L] + L~ 12 = 14.5 ft.
M , =FZ - FX=O
:\
: y=Z=O
M, = F, X - F, Y = (12056)(14.5) - 0
= 174812 fl. Ibs.
A 24" diameter stai nless steel line runs between intemlcdiatc anchors <D and @ as shown in
Figure 2.17. Three hinge expansion joints, located at points "A." "B" and "c" are used (0 absorb
the themla[ expansion of the piping system . The line operates at 100 psig and 10000 F. Calcu late
the angular movements of each hinge expansion joint.
The following in fomlati on is known about the system:
SOLUTIO"':
MOVEMENT CALCULATIONS
L, ~(L, )(SINO) ~ 38 in. L, ~ (L, )(eDS 0) = 38 in.
L ,, ~(L, )+('-<)-(L,, ) ~ 20in. L" ~(L , )+(L,)+(L,) ~ 254 in.
1." ~(L , ,)(o) ~0.19 in. L" ~ (L" )(0) ~ 2.43 in.
An!!Ies
A' B' C'
63.17
B' = COS" [ (A ' B' )' (B'C' )' - (II 'C' )']= 120.87
(2)(A ' B' )(B'C' )
29.29
L.
I
'e'
@
IA
FIGUREJ9
A 24 in. diameter stainless stee l line runs between intermediate anchors 1 and 2 as shown in
Figure J9. Three hinge Expansion Joints. localcd at points "A", "8" and "C" are used to absorb
the themlal expansion of the piping. The line operates at 100 psig and 10000 F. Calculate the
resultant forces and moments on each anchor.
The following infomlalion is knowll about the system:
O~45deg.
L, =60 in . LHI = 60 in .
SOL UTION :
In Example 7 the angular movement for each Expansion Joint was calculated to be:
F.. .y
! I
F"~X) lAG fL. x
M,
~---:M
F"
I IA®
M,
CO-+ J L~
FIGURE J 10
"
~L,--l
Calculate the equ ivalent axial movement per convolution for each hinge Expansion Joint.
Equation (4- 3) Section 4.1 .
e ~ -
eD.
~I 2N
e ~ (0.019)(25.50) 0.020 in.
" (2)( 12)
(0.072)(25.50) 00 .
e = . 77 Ill.
" (2)(12)
e~ ~ (0.053)(25.50) 0.056 in.
(2)(12)
Calculate the moments at each hinge Expansion Joint. Equation (4· 16) Sec tion 4.6.1.
M ~ f..D"e,
" 4
\I ~ (36840)(25.50)(0.020) 4697 in. Ibs.
J II.~ 4
(18084)+(13152)
(72)
~434 Ibs.
F" = --43-1- Ibs.
M", + /1.1" + (F" )(L,,) (4697) + (18084) + (434)( 42)
F,t
L, (60)
~ 683 Ibs.
F, ~ -683 Ibs.
SOLUTION:
Condition I
e = K ,- D",.I' (1.33)(295)(1.5) _ .131 in.
, 1N{L. -L, -x/1) (1)(5)(36 -I 0 - .50)
elJ =0
x 1
e = - = - - = . 10 m. compression eo
, 2N (2)(5)
Conditio" }
KD,..y (1.33)(29.5)(.50)
e .075 in.
2N{L. -L, +x/1) (1)(5)(36 -I 0 + .25) ee
ell =0
e = x- = -.50
- = .0-0
) 111. extension
2N (2)(5)
c< =e, +etl -le,I=.075+0-.050=.025 in. <.500 m. (rated)
ec =e, +€,,+Ie 1=.075+0+.050:::::.1:!5 in.<.250 in. (rated)=e
Case 2: Assume the same 28 in. diameter uni\crsal ExpansIon JOIl1I except thalli is 10 be iOstalled with
0.50 in. lalcrnl co ld spring and 0.25 in. a.xial pre-compression and is to be subjected 10 the follOWing
operating deflection:
SOL UTION:
Cold Spring
( 1.33){29.S){.50)
e, .076 in.
2N( L,,- L,- x/2) (2)(S)(3 6 -I 0 - . 12S)
eo = 0
e = ~ = ~ = .025 m. compression eo
, 2N (2)(5)
c" = e,- + e/J +le~ 1 = .076 +0 +.025 = .IO! in . < .500 in. (rated)
e" = e, + eo - le ,1= .076 + 0 -.025 = .051 in. < .250 in. (rated )
Operllfing
K "D ",~v (1.33)(29.5)(1)
e, . 154 in.
2N(L,, - L, -x/2) (2){S)(36 - I 0 - .5 0)
eo = 0
ee
\' I
e = - ~ -- = . IOO Ill. compression
, 2N (2)( S)
e~ =e,, +e/J + le~ I =. 154 +0+. 100=.254 in . < .500 111. (rated)
e~ =e,, +eo - l er l =. 154 + 0 -. 100 =.054 il1. <.250 m. (rated)
e, (cold spring) + e,.(operaring ) = . 10 I + .054 = . 155 m.
e,,(co ld spring)+ e, (operating) = .051 +.254 = .305 in. = e
Exa mple 10: Rect a ng ular Expan sion Joint ~ l o \' e l11 e nl s
Condition 1
x = I in. compression
Yf = .25 in.
y, = .45 in.
e~ 0
Condition]
SOLUTION:
Bel/oU's Dafa:
Lu= 50 in.
e ::::: K L t'
" /. I (1.23)(11-1)(.25)
.111 in.
" 2N(L" - L, -x / 2) (2)( 4)( 50 - I0 - .50)
K"L,,'", (123)(72)(.45)
. 126 in.
2N(L" -L" -x / 2) (2)( 4)( 50 - 10 -50)
x I
(' ::::: - = . [25 in. compression
, 2.'1 (2)(4)
e~ = e)l+c~, . +e/J + le~. 1 = .111 +.126 +0+ .1 25
=.362 in. < .75 in . (rated) = e
ee= e~ l+eY' +eo - le,·I=·III+ . 126+0-.125
= . 112 In. < .50 in. (rated)
Condition 2
K"L,y , (1.23)(114)(.38) 8.
e ", .16 111.
2N(L,, - L,-x / 2) (2)(4)(50-10-.25)
K"L.y, (1.23)(72)(.25) .
e = .07 Ill .
" 2N(L,, -L. - x I 2) (2)(4)(50- 10- .25)
B,L, (.0175}(1 14) ?.
em ~ 4N (4)(4) ~ . L) Ill .
Co., = 0
x .5
e = .062 in . ex tens ion
. 2N (2)(4)
Cc = c yl+c ys + c o + Ie. I= .168+ .07 + .1 25 + 0 + .062
= .425 in. < .75 in. (rated) =e
c= 1 C)i+C)"S +cO/ -le.1= .168+ .07 + .125+ 0 -.062
= .301 in. < .50 in. (rated)
Case 2: Assume the same 108 x 66 in. rectangular universal Expansion Joint except that it
is 10 be installed with a .25 in. lateral cold spring (long side) and .5 in. axial pre-extension
and is to be subjected to the following operating deflection:
y, = .45 in.
SOLUTI01'i:
Co ld Spring (1.23)(114)(.25)
e,'1
2N(L. -L, +x/2) °
(2)( 4)( 50 -I + .25)
.109 in.
e'l =0
x 5
e =- -;-::e.:;:0,-; = .062 .111. extenSion
.
, 2N (2)(4)
e c = e~l+e,,, +e(! +Ie, 1= .109+ 0+0+.062
=.171 in. < .75 in. (rated)
ec- = e,l+e" +c/J -le,1 = .109 +0+ 0-.062
=.047 in. < .50 in. (raled)
e. =
K " L ,.I ' < (1. 23 )( 72 )(.45)
. 125 in
,. 2N(L. -L.- x / 2) (2)(4)(50- 10 -.25)
eo = 0
x .50 0 .
e =- = . 62 In. compression
, 2N (2)(4)
Cc =e~l+ey.. +e(J +le,1= . 110+.125 +0+.062
~ .297 in. < .75 in. (rated)
e, =e~1 +e~~ + elJ -Ie. I= . 11 0+ . 125 + 0-.062
:::: .173 in. < .50 in. (rated)
e, (coldspring) + e, (operating) ~. J7 I. +. I 73 ~ .344 in.
e, (eoldspring)+e, (operating) ~ .047 + .297 ~ .344 in. ~ e
Ex ampl e 11: Sa mpl e Calcul a ti on for a Strai ght Run of Pip e Co ntaining 3n Axi a l Expan sion J oint
(See Tabl e IV)
Gi ven a 150 foot lengLh of carbon stee l pipe operating between 25° F. and
375 0 F.
Expansion at 375 0 F = 2.48 in .llOO ft.
Expansion at 25° F = -0.32 in.l lOO f1.
SOL UTION:
The difference = 2.80" in.l lOO ft.
The chan ge in length for 150 feet wo uld be (2.80) (150/1 00) = 4.20 in.
Although bellows Expansion Joints can be designed to absorb both axial compress ion and ax ial
extension. for purposes ofa sample ca lcu lati on. it is assumed that the Expansion Joint can absorb
only axial compression.
The above sample calcu lati on would be compl ete if the Expansion Joint were being installed at 25°
F. Frequent ly, an Expansion Joint is insta lled at a temperature hi gher than the minimum design
temperature of the piping system. The piping will contract in such a case and the Expansion Joint
will be extended beyond its installed length. It is obvious in the sample calcu lation above that if
the J;:xpansion Joint was installed al 70 0 F. the pipeline wou ld contract a total of 0.32 x 150,'100
inches or 0.48 inches and would ex pand 2.48 x 150/100 inches or 3.72 inches from thi s installation
temperature. Since the Expansion Joint selected is rated for axial compression only. it must be
pre-compressed prior to installation in order to provide for extension when the pipeline contracts
from 700 F to the minimum design temperature of25° F.
The amount of pre-compression equa ls:
(Rated Moremel1f)x(Coef!iciellfat 7;",/ - CoeffiCient Of Tmm ) (J-4)
Coe/liciellf af Tm:J\ - Cae/fidem af Tmm
Assuming the selected Expansion Joint is rated for 5 Inches axial compression. and substituting
numerical values from the above example in this fomlUla. we have:
(5)-,[0-(-032)]
0.57 inches of pre-compression
[2.48-( -0.32)]
Thi s leaves 4,43 inches for compression from the installed position. Thus. the usc of an Expansion
Joint rated for 5 inches axial compression. installed pre-compressed 0.57 inches will provide a
means for absorbing the contraction of the pipe from the installation temperature to tbe minimum
temperature (0.48 in.) as well as the expansion of the pipe from the installation temperature to the
maximum lemperanlre (3.72 in.).
No allowance bas been made in this sample calculation for conditions a, b. or c in Section 2.1.
It may be necessary to field pre-compress Expansion Joints where infomlation 011 themlal
expansion coefficients is nO! available. When this occurs pre-compression may be approximated
by the following formula:
(Rated Movemem .r(T", - Tm,n ) (J·S)
j·)6 f" [:xpansion Joint r"l anur(u.: lu H:I ~ A:.~ut.: ialiuli. Iw.:. www.t:j nm.urg
STAN DA RDS OF T H E EXPANS ION JOINT MANU FACTU RERS ASSOC IAT ION, INC
IN DEX
BARLOW FORMULA, 4.12.1.3: Eq. 4-17; Eq. 4-29: Eq. 4-38: Eq. 4-41
BARS. ilmgc, 1.2
Shipping (See Shipping De\ ices)
S\\ 109, 1.2: 2.5
BELLOWS. 1.2: Fig. 4.13: Fig. 4.14
Am!lysis. 4.12: 4.12.1
Benchmark Calculation:., 4.14
Damage. 3.1.B.1: 3.4.B.a: 3A.B.b: 3.7.F.a; 8.3
Design, 3. L 3.2: . U: -1.12.
Diaphragm (Disc) . 6.1""6.7
Effecti\ e Area (See Effecli\e Area)
Equations {Unrein forced) .. 4.12.1.1: 4.13.1
(Reinforced). 4.12.1.2.: -I. [3.2.
(Toroidal). 4.1 ::!.I.::!.a: -1.13.3
Erosion.3.I.B.c
Mean (Pilch) Diameter, 1.3
Mo .... ement. 3.I.B.g
Mo\emenl Equations. 4.1 AA
Multi-ply. 3.1.0.c: 4.12: 9.1
;-";omencJature. 1.3
Pressure, 2.10. 1.2.1 : 3. 1.B.d; 3.1.0: 4. [2.1.3: ·.\.15
Reinforced. -1.12.1.2: -1.13_2.: Fig. -1.1-1
Specification. 1.2: 3.1: -I_I: 4_12.1.5: 5A 9.3: App. A-I: App. A-2
Spring Rale. -1.12 1-7: Eq. 4 .. 37: Eq. 4-50: Eq -1-61: Eq 5-36
Stabili ty (Instability ). 3.4.B.b: 4.5.2: 4.12: 4.12. 1.6: Fig. 4.12 : Eq. 4-31: Eq. 4-35: Eq. 4-36: Eq. 4-45: Eq. 4--60:
7.3.2
Tabulated Values for Design Factors. App. J
Tangenl. 1.2: 1.3: ..t 12: Eq. 4-27; Eq. 4-38: Eq. -I-51 : -I.15.b: Fig. 6.13 : App. F
Tangent Collar. 1.3: 4.12.1.3; Eq. 4-28: Eq. 4-39: Eq. 4-51: Fig. 4.14: Eg. 4--40: Eq. 4-53
Temperature. 1.3: 2.1: 3. I.B.d: J. t.B.c: App. G
Toroidal. 1.3: 4. 12: 4. 12. l.1.a: 4.12.1.3: 4 . 13.3: 4. 14: 4. 15.b: Fig. 4.15: 6.16.9
Unreinforced. 4.12.1.1: 4.13.1: Fig.4. 13
Vibr.lI ion (See Vibration)
BELLOWS. FORMING. 6.16
ElaSlomeric.6.16.1
Exp:ms ion.6. 16.2
Hydrau lic. 6.16.3
Pneumalic. 6.16.-1
Press Brake (Rectangular), 6.16.8
Roll. 6.16.5; 6.16.6: 6.16.7
BEL LOWS. HEAT TREATME NT. 1.3: 4.12: 4.12.1.9: 4.16.3: Fig. 4.20: 6.12: 9.4; App. F
BELLOWS. MATERIAL. 1.3: 3.I.B.b: 3.1. 0 .d: 3. 7.F.e: -1 .10.2: 4.12: 6.5: 6.9: 7.3: 9.3.a: 9.4: App. F
Elastic Range.4.12.1.7
Plastic Range. 4. 12.1.7: 9.-1
Work Hardening. 4. 12.1.5
Yield Point. 4.12: 7.3.3
BELLOWS. RECTANGULAR. (S~e Rectangular Expansion Joinl)
BEN D ING STRESS. (See Stress)
STRESS.
Allowablc.~.I:!.11.4.12.1.2
Ana lysis ...U 2:
Bending . Merid ional. Deflection. -I.. [2: 4.12.1.4: 4. [2.5<1: Eq. 4-33: Eq. 4-47
Bending.. h1cridionul. Pressure.. 4.12: ..I. 12.1.3: 4.12.5a: Eq. 4-31: Eq. 4--45
C ircumferemial (See Stress. Hoop)
Component Design Limits. 9.2.3.3
Corrosion (See Corrosion)
Hoop. 4.12: 4.12.1.3: Eq.4-27: Eq. 4<~M; Eq. 4-29: Eq. 4-38: Eq. 4-39: Eq. 4-4 [: Eq. 4--41
LImit. ComponeD!. Table II
Membrane. Meridional , Deflection. 4.12: -t.12.' A: 4.11.1.5.a: Eq 4-31: Eq 4...Ui
Membmne. Meridional. Pressure. 4.12: 4.11.1.5.a: Eq. 4-30: Eq. 4-44
rvlembra ne, Pressure. Fastener. 4.12: Eq. 4-B
Range.4.12.1.5
Rectangu lar Expansion Joinl. (See Rectangular Expansion Joint)
Toroidal 8ellO\\5.. Eq. 4-51 through Eq. 4-58
STRESS RELIEF. (See Bellows.lleat Treatment)
SU PPORTS. Pipe (See Pipe SupPOr1s)
SW ING. Bars. 2.5
SWING EX PA ~SION JOINT. (See Expansion Jom!)
SYMB OLS. EXPA "JSION JOII\TS. App_ B
SYSTEM O PERAT ro r-.;. 3.7.E
VAN STONE FLANG ES. (See fab rication. Expansion Joints). (See Flanges. Van Stone)
VIBRATION. 2.7: 3.1.B.c: 3.I.B.j: 3.7.C.a: J.7.D.d: 3.7.F.g: 4.9
Dual Bellows. (Universal Expansion Joint), 4.9.1: Eq. -1-2 [: Eq. 4-22: Eq. 4-23
External (Flow Induced). 4. 11
Liner (Flow Induced), "'.IO. I.b; -t IO.I.d: -t. IO.2.a: -l.IO.2.h
Single Bellows.4.9.1. Eq. 4-19. Eq. 4-20