450 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems

cccc EXAMPLE 8.1 c

Analyzing an Ideal Rankine Cycle

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and satu-
rated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine for the cycle (a) the thermal # efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, (c) the mass flow rate of the steam,
in kg/h, (d) the rate of# heat transfer, Qin, into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, (e) the
rate of heat transfer, Qout, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, (f) the mass
flow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if cooling water enters the condenser at 158C and exits at
358C.

SOLUTION
Known: An ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam as the working fluid. The boiler and condenser pressures
are specified, and the net power output is given.
Find: Determine the thermal efficiency, the back work ratio, the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h, the rate
of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, the rate of heat transfer from the
condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water,
which enters at 158C and exits at 358C.

Schematic and Given Data: Menurut “state principle” keadaan 1

terdefinisi, sebab 2 nilai sifat intensif independen
di sini diketahui, yaitu: p = 8.0 MPa dan x = 1
(saturated vapor). Artinya: semua nilai sifat
˙ in
Q lainnya bisa ditentukan, termasuk entalpi.
p1 =
Boiler 8.0 MPa ˙t
W
Turbine
T
1
Saturated Proses 1-2, dan 3-4 (menurut ctt 2 & 3
8.0 MPa 1 dlm Engineering Model, ideal & adiabatik,
vapor 2
atau dengan kata lain “isentropik, s = tetap”).
Dg. demikian, s2 = s1, dan s4 = s3.
Condenser
˙ out
Q
Keadaan 2 terdefinisi; 2 nilai sifat independen
4 0.008 MPa diketahui, yaitu: p = 0.008 MPa, s2 = s1.
Pump Cooling
water 3 2 Keadaan 4 terdefinisi; 2 nilai sifat independen
4
diketahui, yaitu: p = 8.0 MPa, s4 = s1.
s
3 Keadaan 3 terdefinisi;
˙p Saturated
W 2 nilai sifat independen
liquid at 0.008 MPa Fig. E8.1
diketahui, yaitu: p = 0.008 MPa,
dan x = 0 (saturated liguid) Dgn semua keadaan (1, 2, 3, dan 4)
TERDEFINISI maka persoalan pun
terdefinisi, dan bisa diselesaikan.
Engineering Model:
1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes are shown
on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines.
2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible. ideal / tanpa kerugian
3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. tanpa disertai perpindahan kalor, Q-dot = 0
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
5. Saturated vapor enters the turbine. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid.
kualitas uap, x = 1 kualitas uap, x = 0
❶ Analysis: To begin the analysis, we fix each of the principal states located on the accompanying schematic
and T–s diagrams. Starting at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 8.0 MPa and the steam is a saturated
vapor, so from Table A-3, h1 5 2758.0 kJ/kg and s1 5 5.7432 kJ/kg ? K.
 8.2 The Rankine Cycle 451

State 2 is fixed by p2 5 0.008 MPa and the fact that the specific entropy is constant for the adiabatic, internally
reversible expansion through the turbine. Using saturated liquid and saturated vapor data from Table A-3, we
find that the quality at state 2 is
s2 " sf 5.7432 " 0.5926
x2 ! ! ! 0.6745
sg " sf 7.6361
The enthalpy is then
h2 ! hf # x2hfg ! 173.88 # 10.674522403.1
! 1794.8 kJ / kg
State 3 is saturated liquid at 0.008 MPa, so h3 5 173.88 kJ/kg.
State 4 is fixed by the boiler pressure p4 and the specific entropy s4 5 s3. The specific enthalpy h4 can be found
by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because compressed liquid data are relatively sparse,
it is more convenient to solve Eq. 8.3 for h4, using Eq. 8.7b to approximate the pump work. With this approach
# #
h4 ! h3 # Wp / m ! h3 # y31p4 " p32
By inserting property values from Table A-3
106 N/ m2 1 kJ
h4 ! 173.88 kJ/ kg # 11.0084 $ 10"3 m3/ kg218.0 " 0.0082MPa ` ` ` 3 `
1 MPa 10 N ! m
! 173.88 # 8.06 ! 181.94 kJ/ kg
(a) The net power developed by the cycle is
# # #
Wcycle ! Wt " Wp
Mass and energy rate balances for control volumes around the turbine and pump give, respectively,
# #
Wt Wp
# ! h1 " h2    and     # ! h4 " h3
# m   m
where m is the mass flow rate of the steam. The rate of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through
the boiler is determined using mass and energy rate balances as
Analisis pd CM / # Analisis pd CV / Sistem Terbuka (bab 4):
Sistem Tertutup (bab 3): Qin Turbin : W-dot out = m-dot (h in - h out)
# ! h1 " h4 Pompa : W-dot in = m-dot (h out - h in)
efisiensi = (W-dot out-net) / (Qdot-in) m
Boiler : Q-dot in = m-dot (h out - h in)
The thermal efficiency is then
# # Kondenser: Q-dot out = m-dot (h in - h out)
Wt " Wp 1h1 " h22 " 1h4 " h32
h! # !
Qin h1 " h4
312758.0 " 1794.82 " 1181.94 " 173.8824 kJ/ kg
!
12758.0 " 181.942 kJ/ kg
! 0.371 137.1%2
(b) The back work ratio is
bwr = (W-dot in) / (W-dot out) #
Wp h4 " h3 1181.94 " 173.882 kJ/ kg
❷ bwr ! # ! !
Wt h1 " h2 12758.0 " 1794.82 kJ/ kg
8.06
! ! 8.37 $ 10"3 10.84%2
963.2
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam can be obtained from the expression for the net power given in part (a). Thus,
#
# Wcycle
m!
1h1 " h22 " 1h4 " h32
1100 MW2!103 kW/ MW!!3600 s/ h!
!
1963.2 " 8.062 kJ/ kg
! 3.77 $ 105 kg/ h
452 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems

#
(d) With the expression for Qin from part (a) and previously determined specific enthalpy values
# #
Qin ! m1h1 " h42
13.77 $ 105 kg/ h212758.0 " 181.942 kJ/ kg
!
!3600 s/ h! !103 kW/ MW!
! 269.77 MW
(e) Mass and energy rate balances applied to a control volume enclosing the steam side of the condenser give
# #
Qout ! m1h2 " h32
13.77 $ 105 kg/ h211794.8 " 173.882 kJ/ kg
!
!3600 s/ h! !103 kW/ MW!
! 169.75 MW
# #
❸ Note that the ratio
# of Qout to Qin is 0.629 (62.9%).
Alternatively, Qout can be determined from an energy rate balance on the overall vapor power plant. At steady
state, the net power developed equals the net rate of heat transfer to the plant
# # #
Wcycle ! Qin " Qout
Rearranging this expression and inserting values
# # #
Qout ! Qin " Wcycle ! 269.77 MW " 100 MW ! 169.77 MW
The slight difference from the above value is due to round-off.
(f) Taking a control volume around the condenser, the mass and energy rate balances give at steady state
# 0 # 0 # #
0 ! Qcv " Wcv # mcw1hcw, in " hcw, out2 # m1h2 " h32
# #
where mcw is the mass flow rate of the cooling water. Solving for mcw
#
# m 1h2 " h32
mcw !
1hcw, out " hcw,in2
The numerator in this expression is evaluated in part (e). For the cooling water, h " hf1T2, so with saturated
liquid enthalpy values from Table A-2 at the entering and exiting temperatures of the cooling water

# 1169.75 MW2 0103 kW/ MW 0 03600 s / h 0

mcw ! ! 7.3 $ 106 kg/ h
1146.68 " 62.992 kJ/ kg

❶ Note that a slightly revised problem-solving methodology is used in this

example problem: We begin with a systematic evaluation of the specific ✓ Skills Developed
enthalpy at each numbered state. Ability to…
❷ Note that the back work ratio is relatively low for the Rankine cycle. In ❑ sketch the T–s diagram of
the present case, the work required to operate the pump is less than 1% the basic Rankine cycle.
of the turbine output. ❑ fix each of the principal
states and retrieve
❸ In this example, 62.9% of the energy added to the working fluid by heat
necessary property data.
transfer is subsequently discharged to the cooling water. Although consider- appl
❑ y mass and energy
able energy is carried away by the cooling water, its exergy is small because balances.
the water exits at a temperature only a few degrees greater than that of
❑ calculate performance
the surroundings. See Sec. 8.6 for further discussion. parameters for the cycle.

Quick Quiz If the mass flow rate of steam were 150 kg/s, what would be
the net power, in MW, and the thermal efficiency? Ans. 143.2 MW, 37.1%.